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Factors associated with weight loss difficulties in adults
No full textKaalulangetamine on väljakutse, mida mõjutavad mitmed bioloogilised, käitumuslikud, psühholoogilised, keskkondlikud ja sotsiaalmajanduslikud tegurid. Vaatamata ulatuslikele uuringutele jäävad selged järeldused üksikute uuringute segaste tulemuste tõttu raskesti mõistetavateks. Selle lünga kõrvaldamiseks viidi läbi katusülevaade, sünteesides metaanalüüse ja süstemaatilisi ülevaateid, et analüüsida põhjalikult olemasolevat kirjandust täiskasvanute kaalulangetamise raskustega seotud tegurite kohta. Uurimistöö eesmärk oli tuvastada järjepidevad ja mõjukad tegurid, mis korreleeruvad kaalulangetamisega, võttes arvesse nii kaalulangetamise kiirust kui ka säilitamist. Integreerides mitmest uuringust saadud tulemusi, oli töö analüüsi eesmärk selgitada välja peamised takistused edukale kaalulangetamisele ning tuua välja kõige mõjukamad tegurid, et aidata kaasa välja töötada tõhusamaid sekkumisi täiskasvanutele, kes võitlevad kaalulangetamisega. See uuring aitab kaasa paremate tervisetulemuste ja elukvaliteedi saavutamisele
A Mansi FST and spellchecker
Get PDFThe article presents a finite state transducer and spellchecker for Mansi, an Ob-Ugric Uralic language spoken in northwestern Siberia. Mansi has a rich but mostly agglutinative morphology, with a morphophonology dominated by sandhi phenomena. With a small set of morphophonological rules (32 twolc rules) and a lexicon consisting of 12,000 Mansi entries and a larger set of propernouns we were able to build a transducer covering 98.9 % of a large (700k) newspaper corpus. Being a part of the GiellaLT infrastructure, the transducer was turned into a spellchecker. The most common spelling error in Mansi is the omission of length marks on vowels, and for the 1000 most common words containing long vowels, the spellchecker was able to give a correct suggestion as top-five in 98.3 % of the cases, and as first suggestion in 91.3 % of the cases
Russian propaganda techniques: the case of the Russia-Ukraine war
No full textRussia, which has been promoting its propaganda narratives for years, is a complex and acute
topic for research. The reason is that the Kremlin’s propaganda is characterised by its
complexity, diversity, and multi-orientation. Despite the immense interest in its investigation
since the beginning of the Russian Federation’s war in Ukraine, few works have examined how
its propaganda has changed over time. This raises a research problem that I attempt to close in
this thesis. Hence, I analysed two periods of the Russia-Ukraine war to find out how Vladimir
Putin’s propaganda techniques changed and what their proportion was during the hybrid warfare
and the beginning of the full-scale invasion. By creating a more systematic approach to analysing
propaganda techniques in the form of three separate categories — emotional, social, and
cognitive propaganda methods, I detect that propaganda has altered since the beginning of 2022,
compared to 2014. The findings show there have been changes in the prioritisation and
proportion of propaganda techniques. The work facilitates a better understanding of the
approaches of Russia’s information warfare, its strategies during the war, and what
countermeasures should be developed to resist the Kremlin’s propaganda. The comparative
analysis was carried out based on a selection of speeches by President Vladimir Putin. It included
152 articles mentioning information about Ukraine, where examples of propaganda techniques
were identified.https://www.ester.ee/record=b5733971*es
The Devil’s in the Details: the Detailedness of Classes Influences Personal Information Detection and Labeling
No full textIn this paper, we experiment with the effect of different levels of detailedness or granularity—understood as i) the number of classes, and ii) the classes’ semantic depth in the sense of hypernym and hyponym relations — of the annotation of Personally Identifiable Information (PII) on automatic detection and labeling of such information. We fine-tune a Swedish BERT model on a corpus of Swedish learner essays annotated with a total of six PII tagsets at varying levels of granularity. We also investigate whether the presence of grammatical and lexical correction annotation in the tokens and class prevalence have an effect on predictions. We observe that the fewer total categories there are, the better the overall results are, but having a more diverse annotation facilitates fewer misclassifications for tokens containing correction annotation. We also note that the classes’ internal diversity has an effect on labeling. We conclude from the results that while labeling based on the detailed annotation is difficult because of the number of classes, it is likely that models trained on such annotation rely more on the semantic content captured by contextual word embeddings rather than just the form of the tokens, making them more robust against nonstandard language
Digitaalne õppemäng I kooliastme õpilastele klassikaliste mõistatuste lahendamisoskuse arendamiseks
No full texthttps://www.ester.ee/record=b5732857*es
The Roles of English in Evaluating Multilingual Language Models
No full textMultilingual natural language processing is getting increased attention, with numerous models, benchmarks, and methods being released for many languages. English is often used in multilingual evaluation to prompt language models (LMs), mainly to overcome the lack of instruction tuning data in other languages. In this position paper, we lay out two roles of English in multilingual LM evaluations: as an interface and as a natural language. We argue that these roles have different goals: task performance versus language understanding. This discrepancy is highlighted with examples from datasets and evaluation setups. Numerous works explicitly use English as an interface to boost task performance. We recommend to move away from these imprecise methods and instead focus on language understanding
Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Among Estonian Youth: Prevalence and Risk Factors
No full textUurimistöö keskendub Eesti koolinoorte enesevigastamise riskiteguritele ja levimusele tuginedes Eesti laste vaimse tervise uuringu andmetele. Uuring viidi läbi küsitlusena õpilaste ja nende seaduslike esindajate seas. Osales 492 õpilast üle Eesti vanuses 11–17 aastat. Tulemused näitasid, et enesevigastamine on kõige enam levinud tüdrukute ja 15+aastaste noorte seas. Peamiseks riskiteguriks osutus riskikäitumine, näiteks alkoholi, tubaka ja narkootikumide tarvitamine. Sotsiaalmajanduslik taust ning kiusamine ei olnud olulisteks enesevigastamise ennustajateks. Laste vaimse tervise uuring on ellu kutsutud, et töötada välja noorte vaimse tervise seireks sobiv metoodika. Tulemused võimaldavad Eesti riigil tõhustada ennetusprogramme ning kujundada tervisepoliitikat, mis toetab noorte vaimset heaolu. Uuringu tulemused informeerivad lapsevanemaid, koolipersonali ja tervisevaldkonna eksperte olema tähelepanelikumad riskirühmade suhtes, et enesevigastamist õigeaegselt märgata ja ennetada
Real-Time Economy: A New Frontier in Business and Economic Growth
No full textThis article delves into the concept of the Real-Time Economy (RTE), defined as a joint digital ecosystem where economic and administrative transactions between private and public actors take place as close to real-time as possible. It is an emerging economic paradigm characterized by instantaneous (or near-instantaneous) data exchange, real-time decision-making, and automated business processes. We conducted a systematic literature review across research domains such as information systems, business management, accountancy, and economics to capture and understand this continual transition toward digital business and economy. Our findings suggest that RTE has the potential to become an important topic in digital transformation, enabling the economy to function independently of the physical location and human intervention. We identified the factors that have contributed to the rise of RTE, such as rapid advancements in digital technology, big data, and artificial intelligence. Further, we explore the potential benefits and challenges of embracing RTE, including increased efficiency, reduced transaction costs, and enhanced competitiveness. Our article also highlights the role of governments in promoting the adoption of RTE through policy interventions, infrastructure investments, and public–private partnerships. Lastly, we conclude by discussing the transformative potential of RTE and the challenges to ensure a sustainable and secure economic future
Principles of Musicality and Music in the Estonian Drama Theatre Production of Brother Antigone, Mother Oedipus
Get PDFSummary available in English / Kokkuvõte inglise keelesThis article analyses the musical principles and their performative function in Vend Antigone, ema Oidipus (Brother Antigone, Mother Oedipus, Estonian Drama Theatre, 2023, directed by Tiit Ojasoo). The production, based on Mati Unt’s play, emphasizes the significance of musicality as both phenomenological and performative, integrating live music, choral singing and a diverse array of borrowed musical elements, including folk songs, classical fragments and intertextual references. Utilizing a dual perspective inspired by Bert O. States’s phenomenology and semiotics and supported by David Roesner’s approach to musicality, the analysis explores how music functions as a structural model, a means of creating atmosphere, and an agent of emotional and symbolic expression. The production employs a polyphonic and ritualistic approach, where physicality, vocality, rhythm and spatiality intertwine to evoke visceral and collective experiences. The study highlights how the musical design fosters a multisensory engagement, blurring the boundaries between traditional theatre and musical performance, and demonstrates the integral role of music in shaping the theatrical space, emotional impact and cultural intertextuality within contemporary theatre.Eesti Vabariik, KultuuriministeeriumRepublic of Estonia, Ministry of Cultur
David Kellner and the Revival of the Cembal d’amour
Get PDFSummary available in English / Kokkuvõte inglise keelesThis article examines the life and work of David Kellner (1670–1748) in connection with the cembal d’amour, a rare eighteenth-century keyboard instrument invented by Gottfried Silbermann. The study is based primarily on the writings of musicologist Kenneth Sparr, whose extensive research on Kellner provides the main scholarly foundation, while the author supplements it with new geographical and cultural perspectives.
Born near Leipzig, Kellner studied in Tartu (Dorpat) and pursued parallel careers as jurist, poet, military officer, and musician before settling as an organist in Stockholm. His theoretical treatise Treulicher Unterricht im General-Baß (1732) became an influential and widely disseminated basso continuo manual of the eighteenth century. Kellner’s only surviving musical collection, XVI. Auserlesene Lauten-Stücke (1747), reflects his connections to lute traditions and the repertory of Sylvius Leopold Weiss.
The article also foregrounds Kellner’s stepdaughter, Regina Gertrud Schwartz (later König), recognized as Livonia’s first female poet and possibly Estonia’s first female composer, who commissioned Silbermann’s innovative cembal d’amour. Through biography, theory, composition, and instrument history, the study highlights under-explored dimensions of Kellner’s legacy and demonstrates the significance of reconstructing the cembal d’amour for both historical performance and musicological research.Eesti Vabariik, KultuuriministeeriumRepublic of Estonia, Ministry of Cultur