International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology (Revista INFAD de Psicología)
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El duelo de la muerte en la etapa de la adolescencia
Get PDFIn our society, death is not an issue that is addressed from the educational point of view, either formal or non-formal. Even more, it can be affirmed that it is one of the tabooest subjects in our society. Paradoxically, it is an absolutely irremissible reality and, on the contrary, it is obviated and psychologically and socially rejected. Both the negativity and the fear block a normalized perspective and relegate a healthy and preparatory approach until it is unavoidable due to the death of a close person. And in that inevitable moment we face and handle the stressful and painful reality of the death and the grief as we are capable. This is especially significant in the adolescence stage, a decisive vital period of continuousphysical, psychological and behavioral changes. In this line, the present work addresses the question of the grieving process and the need for an education for death in this evolutionary stage. Specifically, it aims to analyze, from a quantitative methodology of a descriptive type, the concept, feelings and attitudes that adolescents have regarding the death of a relative or a friend. Thus, an ad hoc questionnaire was designed, consisting of 14 items that combine both closed and open questions. It was applied to a sample of n=70 adolescents, aged between 12 and 17 years. Most of the subjects in the sample have lived a relatively close experience of grief and death and only a 4.29% having not suffered the death of a relative or a close friend. The results reveal that the feelings experienced are crushingly negative, expressing it to family and friends, although not always in the same way to both groups. On the other hand, they mainly carry out different farewell behaviors that start the grief and, in general, they express to have been able to overcome the different stages of that.En nuestra sociedad, la muerte no es un tema que se aborde desde el punto de vista educativo, formal o no formal. Incluso se puede afirmar que es uno de los asuntos más tabuizados en nuestra sociedad. Paradójicamente, es una realidad absolutamente irremisible y, por el contrario, se obvia y rechaza psicológica y socialmente. La negatividad y el miedo bloquean un enfoque normalizado y relegamos un abordaje sano y preparatorio hasta que es ineludible por haberse producido el deceso de una persona cercana. Y en ese momento, inevitable, enfrentamos y manejamos la realidad estresante y dolorosa de la muerte y el duelo como buenamente somos capaces. Esto es especialmente significativo en la etapa de la adolescencia, un periodo vital decisivo de continuos cambios físicos, psicológicos y conductuales. En esta línea, el presente trabajo aborda la cuestión del proceso de duelo y la necesidad de una educación para la muerte en esta etapa evolutiva. Concretamente, pretende analizar, desde una metodología cuantitativa de tipo descriptivo, el concepto, sentimientos y actitudes que tienen los adolescentes con respecto a la muerte de un familiar o amigo. Así, se diseñó un cuestionario ad hoc, conformado por 14 ítems que combinan preguntas cerradas y abiertas. Se aplicó a una muestra de n=70 adolescentes, de edades comprendidas entre 12 y 17 años. La mayoría de los sujetos de la muestra han vivido una experiencia relativamente cercana de duelo y muerte y tan solo un 4,29% no han sufrido la muerte de un familiar o amigo próximo. Los resultados revelan que los sentimientos experimentados son abrumadoramente negativos, expresándolo así a familiares y amigos, aunque no siempre de la misma forma a ambos grupos. Por su parte, mayoritariamente llevan a efecto distintas conductas de despedida que inician el duelo y, en general, manifiestan haber podido superar las distintas etapas de éste
Dispositional traits and their impact on teachers’ health: a cress-cultural comparison between India and Italy
Get PDFBackground: Teachers’ health has emerged as a crucial topic of the quality of the school system. In fact, high rates of attrition and burnout among teachers have emerged to cause their turn-over, sick leave and early retirement, as well as poor quality of the educational activities. The role of negative emotions and feelings experienced at work, in fact, has undoubtedly proven to have a strong impact on the general health of teachers. On the other hand, studies on well-being have proven to offer important opportunities to set up effective policies dealing with public health. More specifically, the role of dispositional, positive affect, such as happiness and self-esteem, has proven to be linked to individuals’ health. Quite surprisingly, this link have not been addressed yet adequately among teachers. Moreover, observing the mediating role played by the teachers’ working environment between dispositional traits and their health may help to develop effective measure for improving teachers’ well-being and the educational attainments of their students. In this respect it is interesting also to operate cross-country comparisons, in order to shed a light on the possible different, effects due to the different educational system and cultural environment. Aims of the study: To develop an exploratory study, aimed at investigating the mediating role played by job satisfaction between teachers’ happiness and self-esteem on the one hand and their physical and mental health on the other. To compare India and Italy, in order to highlight the possible differences between the two countries. Methods: A questionnaire was administered, containing questions about participants’ background information and the following scales: the Job Satisfaction Survey, the Rosenberg Self- Esteem Scale, the Physical and Mental Health Scales (SF12), and the Ivens Scale in the Adapted Version for Teachers: School Children’s Happiness Inventory (SCHI). Participants were 300 primary and middle school teachers from the India and about 250 teachers from Italy. Results: Job satisfaction fully mediates between both happiness and self-esteem, and health teachers in both groups of teachers. Happiness and Self-esteem are linked positively to teachers’ health. Conclusion: Work is a relevant domain to promote teachers’ health, through job satisfaction
Mindfulness y técnicas de estudio en un caso de bajo rendimiento académico
Get PDFThe objective of this case study was the application of Mindfulness combined with study skills in order to improve the student concentration, mood and coping mechanism with his academic life. The participant is a 13- years-old secondary student and comes to therapy because he has failed 6 subjects and show serious depression, mild anxiety and experiential avoidance pattern with respect to the academic field. Regarding the methodology, it is an A-B-A design was carried out, in which Hamilton’s questionnaires of anxiety and depression and Acceptation and Action Questionnaire were applied. The participant also fulfilled some self-records along the treatment: on the one hand, time studying and doing homework, practice of Mindfulness task, academic progress, time of sleep and breaks; on the other, intensity of worries, intensity to go towards values and satisfaction with that day. Flow- Meditation and study skills from a Mindfulness perspective were applied. The student improved his depression, anxiety and AAQ scores in a clinically significant way and make progress in his academic performance, passing all the failed subjects. As a general conclusion, Mindfulness, as a metacognitive method, combined with study skills, can be a useful tool, not only to improve concentration, but also, to cope with academic tasks in a more positive way.El objetivo de este estudio de caso único fue aplicar Mindfulness combinado con técnicas deestudio para mejorar la concentración del alumno, así como su estado de ánimo y afrontamiento de su vida académica. El participante tiene 13 años y acude a consulta porque ha suspendido 6 asignaturas de 2º de ESO y presenta depresión grave y ansiedad leve, así como un patrón de evitación de todo lo académico. Respecto a la metodología, se trata de un diseño A-B-A, donde se aplicaron los cuestionarios de ansiedad y depresión de Hamilton validadas en castellano y la Adaptación Española del Cuestionario de Aceptación y Acción. Asimismo, completó una serie de autorregistros durante el tratamiento: por una parte, tiempo que dedicaba a estudiar y a hacer trabajos, si practicaba o no el ejercicio de Mindfulness recomendado, aprovechamiento de esas horas de estudio, horas de sueño y tiempos de descanso; por otra parte, intensidad de sus preocupaciones, intensidad con que se dirige a sus valores y satisfacción con ese día. Se aplicó el protocolo de la Meditación Fluir y, posteriormente, se trabajaron técnicas de estudio desde la perspectiva de la conciencia plena. El alumno mejoró sus puntuaciones en depresión, ansiedad y AAQ de manera clínicamente significativa y mejoró su rendimiento académico, llegando a aprobar todas las asignaturas suspendidas. Como conclusión general, el Mindfulness, como estrategia metacognitiva, combinada después con técnicas de estudio, puede ser una herramienta útil, no sólo para mejorar la concentración, sino también para sobrellevar las tareas académicas de una manera más positiv
Desejo de ter um filho em jovens adultos: impacto do contexto sociodemográfico e auto-estima
Get PDFBackground: The Portuguese Synthetic Fertility Index (ISF) is among the lowest in Europe. However, the desire of each young individual to have a child without any restriction is higher than the reference value for the replacement of generations. Objective: Understand the relationship between sociodemographic variables and self – esteem variables with the desire to have a child. Methods: Quantitative, descriptive-correlational study. A non-probabilistic for convenience sampling, composed of 398 participants with an average age of 20.79 years (sd = 2.785). The research protocol was questionnaire that characterizes the sociodemographic sample. Also included, the Questionnaire about desire to have a child (Cameira, Cabral, Leal, and Pais-Ribeiro, 2000), with three dimensions (parenting, needs of the couple and ego needs) and Rosenberg Self – esteem scale (Rosenberg, 1965, adap.). Results: It is amog women and in the age group ≤ 19 years that the desire to have a child is higher. Having a boyfriend, belonging to an extended family or not having siblings are related to higher desire to have a child, however without significant statistical differences. Self-esteem impacts the desire to have a child. Conclusions: Multiprofessional teams that relate directly to young adults should promote birth, taking into account not only the preparation and training for parenting, but also the promotion of sexual and reproductive health.Enquadramento: O Índice Sintético de Fecundidade (ISF) português é dos mais baixos daEuropa. No entanto, o desejo de cada individuo jovem ter um filho, sem qualquer restrição é superior ao valor de referência para a substituição de gerações. Objetivos: Compreender a relação entre as variáveis sociodemográficas e a auto-estima no desejo de ter um filho em jovens adultos. Métodos: Estudo quantitativo, descritivo-correlacional, com uma amostra não probabilística por conveniência, constituída por 398 participantes, com uma média de idade de 20,79 anos (sd=2,785). O protocolo de investigação foi um questionário que caracteriza o perfil sociodemográfico. Foi ainda incluído o questionário de desejo de ter um filho de Cameira, Cabral, Leal, e Pais- Ribeiro (2000), constituído por três dimensões (parentalidade, necessidades do casal e necessidades egóicas) e escala de autoestima de Rosenberg (Rosenberg, 1965, adaptado). Resultados: É no sexo feminino e no grupo etário ≤ 19 anos que o desejo de ter um filho é maior. Ter namorado(a), pertencer a uma família alargada ou não ter irmãos está relacionado com maior desejo de ter um filho, sem diferenças estatísticas significativas. A autoestima tem impacto no desejo de ter um filho. Conclusões: As equipas multiprofissionais que se relacionam diretamente com jovens adultos devem promover a natalidade, tendo em consideração não só a preparação e capacitação para a parentalidade, mas também a promoção da saúde sexual e reprodutiva
Perfil de las personas sin hogar que habitan en casas de acogida
Get PDFHomelessness is not a phenomenon indifferent to our society and most of the homeless people who have been in this situation for a long time become highly vulnerable people and in manifestly socially excluded situation, a fact that make difficult professional interventions leading to their reintegration. One of the transitory measures is shelters, a type of long-term residence resource, but temporary. In the present work, the profile of homeless people living in Spanish shelters is analyzed from a socio-educational perspective. To do this, a qualitative research is conducted -following the life stories methodology- on a sample of homeless people living in shelters, specifically in the town of Fuenlabrada (Madrid, Spain), aged between 23 and 67 years. In this sense, we find that the results, in essence, agree with the previous studies found in the literature. Thus, the reasons why they are found in shelters are usually: a precarious economic situation, a lack of both employment and alternative economic resources, a little or absent social network and their difficulty to speak Spanish. We recognize that the process of reintegration of these people into the society is long and laborious in terms of efforts from multidisciplinary teams. For this reason, some psychosocial and educational intervention guidelines are proposed, which can contribute to the reintegration of this collectiveEl sinhogarismo no es un fenómeno ajeno a nuestra sociedad y la mayoría de las personas sin hogar que llevan un tiempo en esta situación se convierten en personas altamente vulnerables y en manifiesta exclusión social, hecho que dificulta las intervenciones profesionales conducentes a su reinserción. Una de las medidas transitorias son las casas de acogida, un tipo de recurso de residencia de larga duración, aunque temporal. En el presente trabajo se analiza, desde una perspectiva socio-educativa, el perfil de las personas sin hogar que habitan en casas de acogida españolas.Para ello, se realiza una investigación cualitativa –siguiendo la metodología de historias de vida– sobre una muestra de personas sin hogar residentes en casas de acogida, concretamente en el municipio de Fuenlabrada (Madrid), con edades comprendidas entre los 23 y 67 años. En este sentido, encontramos que los resultados, en esencia, concuerdan con los estudios previos hallados en la literatura. Por ejemplo, las causas por las que se encuentran en las casas de acogida suelen ser: situación económica precaria, carencia de empleo y de recursos económicos alternativos, una escasa o nula red social y la dificultad para hablar español. Reconocemos que el proceso de reinserción en la sociedad de estas personas es largo y laborioso en cuanto a esfuerzos por parte de los equipos multidisciplinares. Por ello, se proponen unas pautas de intervención psicosocial y educativa, que pueden contribuir a la reinserción de este colectivo
Las altas capacidades en la educación primaria, estudio de prevalencia con niños ecuatorianos
Get PDFEcuador is a country with quite recent policies regarding attention to intellectually gifted individuals. While these normative frameworks are good intended, it is necessary that their statement and scope consider the situation of children with these conditions. The objective of this work is to determine the prevalence of giftedness in children attending at primary schools in Cuenca-Ecuador and compare with the index reported by the Ministry of Education. For this study the participants were 2021 children enrolled in second, fourth and sixth year of primary education, from public and private schools. To analyze the giftedness construct, two factors of the tripartite Pfeiffer model were used. The first factor, IQ, was assessed by combining the scores of two tests: Ravens and, according to the age of the participants, BADyG E1, E2 or E3. The second factor refers to academic performance, for this study we evaluated five academic fields: science, social studies, mathematics, language and general performance. Ad hoc tests, the BADyG subtest, and the general average of the students’ academic performance were used. Children were considered to be gifted if they met two conditions: 1) IQ of 120 or higher and 2) One or more academic performance test ranking within 92nd percentile or higher. Prevalence of giftedness was obtained for IQ, general academic performance as well as for each individual academic field. The average prevalence was 2.75%, percentage substantially greater than that reported by the ministerial entity, with higher percentage reported in private schools and second grade children. These results could affect educational policies, as they not only make it possible to discern the number of gifted children in classrooms, but also, demand actual educational responses in search of a successful promotion of talent.El Ecuador es un país con políticas bastante recientes para la atención de altas capacidades. Si bien estos marcos normativos pueden tener buenas intenciones, es necesario que su declaración y alcance considere la situación de los niños con estas condiciones. El objetivo del presente trabajo es establecer la prevalencia de niños con altas capacidades en escuelas primarias de Cuenca-Ecuador y comparar con el índice reportado por el Ministerio de Educación. Participaron 2021 niños de segundo, cuarto y sexto de primaria de escuelas públicas y privadas. Para analizar el constructo altas capacidades, se utilizó dos factores del modelo tripartito de Pfeiffer. El primer factor es el CI, que se valoró combinando las puntuaciones de dos pruebas, el Raven y según la edad de los participantes, el Badyg E1, E2 o E3. El segundo factor se refiere al rendimiento académico, para este estudio evaluamos 5 áreas académicas: ciencias naturales, matemáticas, escritura, ciencias sociales y rendimiento general. Se utilizaron pruebas creadas ad hoc, los subtest de los Badyg y el promedio general de rendimiento escolar de los participantes. Seleccionamos a los estudiantes que cumplieron con dos condiciones: 1. C.I. de 120 o más y 2. Una o más pruebas de rendimiento académico con una puntuación a partir del percentil 92 en adelante. La prevalencia de altas capacidades se obtuvo para el CI, para el rendimiento académico general, así como para cada una de las áreas académicas evaluadas. La prevalencia promedio fue 2,75%, porcentaje sustantivamente mayor que el reportado por la entidad ministerial. Se reportó mayor proporción en las escuelas privadas y en los niños de segundo de primaria. Estos resultados podrían afectar las políticas educativas, pues no solo posibilitan percibir la cantidad de niños con altas capacidades en los salones de clase, sino también, demandar verdaderas respuestas educativas en busca de una acertada promoción del talento
Atención personal centrada en las residencias a largo plazo: cómo evaluar la satisfacción al cliente
No full textThe evaluation of client’s satisfaction allows improving the quality of services as a result of feedback from their clients. The purpose of this study is to develop a scale to assess the client s satisfaction under the scope of personal-centered care model (PCC). A cross-sectional study, based on personal interviews by using a client’s satisfaction questionnaire, was conducted among 160 older adults from 12 long-term care services (LTC). Principal component analysis was performed to assess the underlying scale structure and factor loadings were computed. We excluded questions on issues that are not easily assessed by the elderly and we reworded others items to make them clear and simple questions for comprehension among elderly and unambiguous in regards the theoretical construct. We proposed a more succinct instrument, sensitive to the personal-centered care issues, to assessing the client’s satisfaction of the LTC.La evaluación de la satisfacción del cliente permite mejorar la calidad de los servicios como resultado del feedback de sus clientes. El propósito de este estudio es desarrollar una escala para evaluar la satisfacción del cliente en el ámbito del modelo de atención centrada en la persona (PCC). Se realizó un estudio transversal, basado en entrevistas personales mediante el uso de un cuestionario de satisfacción del cliente, entre 160 adultos mayores de 12 servicios de atención a largo plazo (LTC). Se realizó un análisis de componentes principales para evaluar la estructura de escala subyacente y se calcularon las cargas de los factores. Se excluyeron las preguntas sobre temas que no son fácilmente evaluados por los ancianos y se reformularon otros ítems para hacerlos preguntas claras y sencillas de comprensión entre los ancianos y sin ambigüedades en cuanto al constructo teórico. Propusimos un instrumento más conciso, sensible a los problemas de cuidado centrado en la persona, para evaluar la satisfacción del cliente con el LTC
Presentación
No full textPresentation of NO. 2, Vol. 2, 2019 of INFAD Journal ("International Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology"): Psychological Develpment of Senior AdultsPresentación del nº 2, vol. 2, año 2019 de la Revista INFAD de Psicología ("International Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology"): Desarrollo Psicológico en Adultos Mayore
Avc - literacia dos idosos
Get PDFIntroduction: Literacy is a multidimensional concept. It has implications for health decision making. Stroke is the first cause of death of the Portuguese. In Alentejo, the statistical are high. Campaigns of DGS, underline the need to increase literacy about this pathology. This suggests studies, where susceptible and / or vulnerable populations, such as the elderly, can be observed. Aim: To describe the knowledge about stroke of elderly who attend leisure associations in the city of Évora. Methods: Descriptive, quantiqualitative cross-sectional study. Participants are 35 people of both sexes. Sample age average is 72.11 years old (SD = 6.86). Ethical principles was followed. Study got positive opinion of the Ethics Commission of the University of Évora. Instruments: Mini-Mental Stateto identify cognitive skills and defined theinclusion /exclusion of potential participants. It was applied to Cincinnati PreHospital Stroke Scale - CPSS and performance algorithm of the Portuguese Stroke Society. Data analysis was performed by IBM SPSS 24.0. Results: the average years of school attendance was 5.97 (SD = 3,204). Stroke literacy has two dimensions: 1) “empowerment to act”, consisting of categories 1a) knowledge of stroke signs, 1b) action towards a victim, 1c) associated with health services as a source of information; dimension 2) “stroke signal recognition” is formed by 2a) knowledge of signs and 2b) recognition of changes in the upper limbs and speech. Conclusion: Although the participants recognized stroke signs, this knowledge needs clarification. In the social context studied, new strategies are needed to improve literacy. Programs for specific situations, such as stroke, can be an influential factor in the region. It is urgent that the population can act for rapid signaling and better health outcomes.Introdução: A literacia é um conceito multidimensional. Tem implicações na tomada de decisões em saúde. O AVC é a primeira causa de morte dos portugueses. No Alentejo, a casuística é elevada. Campanhas da DGS sublinham a necessidade de elevar a literacia sobre esta patologia. Tal sugere a realização de estudos em populações suscetíveis e/ou vulneráveis como são os idosos. Objetivos: descrever o conhecimento sobre AVC de idosos que frequentam associações de tempos livres na cidade de Évora. Método: Estudo descritivo, quanti qualitativo de abordagem transversal. Participaram 35 pessoas de ambos os sexos. Média de idades de 72.11 anos (DP=6.86). Princípios éticos acautelados. Estudo com parecer positivo de Comissão de Ética da Universidade de Évora. Instrumentos: Mini-Mental State para identificação das capacidades cognitivas e inclusão/exclusão dos potenciais participantes. Aplicou-se a Cincinnati PreHospital Stroke Scale - CPSS e algoritmo de atuação da Sociedade Portuguesa do AVC. Análises dos dados realizada com IBM SPSS 24,0. Resultados: a média dos anos de frequência escolar era de 5.97 (DP=3.204). A literacia sobre AVC tem duas dimensões: 1) “capacitação para agir”, constituída pelas categorias 1a) conhecimento dos sinais de AVC, 1b) atuação face a uma vítima, 1c) associadas aos serviços de saúde como fonte de informação; a dimensão 2) “reconhecimento de sinais de AVC” é formada pelo 2a) conhecimento de sinais e 2b) reconhecimento das alterações nos membros superiores e na fala. Conclusão: o conhecimento dos participantes, embora reconheça um quadro de sinais de AVC, sugere necessidade de clarificação. No contexto social estudado, novas estratégias se impõem para melhorar a literacia. Programas para situações especificas como o AVC, podem ser fator influente na casuística. É urgente que a população possa agir para rápida sinalização e melhores resultados em saúde
Factores de riesgo en el ictus - influencia de la edad
Get PDFObjective: To analyze the influence of different risk factors on the age at which a stroke occurs. Method: An observational cross-sectional study was conducted including all patients admitted consecutively with ischemic stroke at the University Hospital of Burgos (Spain). Sociodemographic and clinical, parameters were collected, exploring possible association with patient’s age by univariate and multivariate analysis. Results: 436 patients were included, with a mean age of 75.39 years (SD ±12.674). The most frequent risk factors were high blood pressure and cardiovascular disease. In the case of having a personal history of arterial hypertension (Odds Ratio [OR] 2.49; 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 1.49-4.16), having a sedentary lifestyle (OR 3.24; 95%CI 1.97-5.31) was related with a greater probability that the patient is aged 75 years or older. However, being overweight/obese (OR 0.51; 95%CI 0.30-0.88), being an active smoker (OR 0.47; 95%CI 0.02-0.11) or alcohol consumption (OR 0.42; 95%CI 0.26-0.69) increased the probability of stroke occurrence before 75 years. Conclusion: The age of occurrence of a case is related to the occurrence of certain risk factors, which are determined in the planning of future education campaigns.Objetivo: Analizar la influencia que los distintos factores de riesgo ejercen sobre la edad a la que se produce un ictus. Método: Estudio observacional transversal en el que se incluyeron a todos los pacientes con ictus ingresados de forma consecutiva en el Hospital Universitario de Burgos (España). Se recogieron parámetros sociodemográficos y clínicos, estudiándose su posible relación con la edad mediante análisis univariante y multivariante. Resultados: Se incluyeron 436 pacientes, siendo la edad media de 75,39 años (DE ±12,674). Los factores de riesgo más frecuentes fueron la hipertensión arterial y la enfermedad cardiovascular. Se observó que el tener antecedentes personales de hipertensión arterial (OR 2,49; IC95% 1,49-4,16) ó el no tener un estilo de vida sedentario (OR 3,24; 1,97-5,31) se relacionó con una mayor probabilidad de que el paciente tuviera una edad igual o superior a 75 años. Sin embargo, el tener sobrepeso/obesidad (OR 0,51; IC95% 0,30-0,88), el ser fumador activo (OR 0,47; 0,02-0,11) ó el consumir alcohol (OR 0,42; 0,26-0,69) aumentó la probabilidad de que el ictus ocurriera antes de 75 años. Conclusión: La edad de aparición de un ictus se relaciona con la ocurrencia de determinados factores de riesgo, los cuales deberían ser considerados en la planificación de futuras campañas educacionales