International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology (Revista INFAD de Psicología)
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Benefícios da verticalização do parto
Get PDFThere are several historical findings that confirm that childbirth, in antiquity, was performed in an upright position. However, over time, social, scientific, cultural and religious aspects have changed the vertical way of giving birth. Gradually, the birth chairs fell into disuse, giving way to the birth in a horizontal position. However, it has been proven that the verticalization of childbirth has in itself intrinsic advantages that increasingly weaken the practice of childbirth in a horizontal position. As methodology, an integrative literature review of articles published in the years 2017-2020, in Portuguese and English, available in the Medline (n = 236), CINAHL (n = 163) and B-On (n = 244) databases, following the PICOD strategy. In December 2020, the survey was conducted using the Boolean search term “Delivery, Obstetric” [Mesh]) AND “Patient Positioning” [Mesh] OR (“Delivery, Obstetric” [Mesh] AND upright) OR (upright labor positioning) OR (Vertical [Title] OR upright [Title]) AND (childbirth [Title] OR labor [Title]), in full text and open access, of qualitative, quantitative, randomized controlled studies (RCT), reviews and clinical trials (Inclusion criteria). Research that resulted in only abstracts, conference presentations or magazine articles without peer review was not considered. Based on the research method, 10 articles were selected, where the following main results emerged: verticalization of childbirth has benefits caused by the action of gravity, favors fetal well-being, improves uterine dynamics and fetal statics, decreases the duration of labor, decreases the incidence of episiotomy, increases pelvic diameters and provides psycho-affective benefits to the parturient woman. Based on the different studies, it is concluded that giving birth in an upright position benefits the parturient and the fetus due to physiological and biomechanical factors.São vários os achados históricos que confirmam que o parto, na antiguidade, era realizado em posição vertical. Contudo, com o passar do tempo, aspetos sociais, científicos, culturais e religiosos foram modificando a forma vertical de parir. Aos poucos, as cadeiras de parto foram caindo em desuso, dando lugar ao parto na posição horizontal. No entanto, tem-se vindo a comprovar que a verticalização do parto, tem múltiplas vantagens que fragilizam a defesa de uma prática de parto na posição horizontal. Nesse sentido, pretendeu-se com este estudo, identificar os benefícios da posição vertical no trabalho de parto. A opção metodológica foi a revisão integrativa da literatura, de artigos publicados no friso temporal de 2017-2020, em Português e Inglês disponíveis nas bases de dados Medline (n= 236), CINAHL (n= 163) e B-On (n= 244), seguindo a estratégia PICOD. Em dezembro de 2020, fez-se a consulta às bases de dados, utilizando a expressão de pesquisa booleana “Delivery, Obstetric”[Mesh]) AND “Patient Positioning”[Mesh] OR (“Delivery, Obstetric” [Mesh] AND upright) OR (upright labor positioning) OR (Vertical[Title] OR upright[Title]) AND (childbirth[Title] OR labor[Title]). Foram critérios de inclusão artigos em texto integral, de acesso livre, estudos qualitativos ou quantitativos, estudos randomizados controlados (RCT), revisões e ensaios clínicos. Não foram consideradas publicações de resumos simples, comunicações em conferências ou artigos de revista sem avaliação por pares. Com base no método de pesquisa foram selecionados 10 artigos, dos quais emergiram os seguintes resultados principais: a verticalização do parto tem benefícios provocados pela ação da gravidade, favorece o bem-estar fetal, melhora a dinâmica uterina e a estática fetal, diminui a duração do trabalho de parto, diminui a incidência de episiotomia, aumenta os diâmetros pélvicos e proporciona benefícios psicoafectivos à parturiente.Com base nos diferentes estudos, conclui-se assim que parir na posição vertical beneficia a parturiente e o feto devido a fatores fisiológicos e biomecânicos.
Uso de internet para conocer parejas sexuales y/o románticas: preferencias en función del género y de tener o no pareja estable
Get PDFA main motive for consuming cybersex is tomeet people for romantic and/or sexual purposes. It seems that gender could be important as modulator in performance of this type of Online Sexual Activity (OSA); however, the data are scarce and do not always point in the same direction. Likewise, the impact of having a steady relationship on the consumption of this type of OSA has not been extensively studied. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to analyze the influence of gender and having or not having a steady partner in the use and selection of OSAs involving sexual and/or romantic interaction with other online users. For this purpose, 120 people aged 18-48 years (59.17% women, 40.83% men; 56.65% without a steady partner, 43.35% with a steady partner) completed a questionnaire on online sexual behaviors and practices. Flirting and innuendo to other users are the most common interactive OSA among men (55.1%) and women (45.1%). Men tend to prefer those interactive OSA focused on offline sexual contact seeking, while women show preferences for online cybersex. However, gender differences are only statistically significant for online sexual partner seeking (χ2= 3.870; p=.049). Interactive cybersex consumption is very common in people in a stable relationship (89.5%-92.9%), so that no statistically significant differences are seen with respect to singles for any OSA. This paper has allowed us to demonstrate that gender is a clear modulating factor in the use and selection of OSAs to meet people for sexual and/or romantic purposes. Nevertheless, it seems that having o not having a steady partner is not an explanatory factor of this use.Una de las principales motivaciones para consumir cibersexo es conocer a otras personas con fines románticas y/o sexuales. Parece que el género podría ser importante a la hora de modular la realización de este tipo de Actividad Sexual Online (ASO); sin embargo, los datos son escasos y no siempre apuntan a la misma dirección. Así mismo, tampoco se ha estudiado ampliamente el impacto que puede tener el hecho de tener una relación estable sobre el consumo de este tipo de ASO. Por ello, el objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la influencia del género y tener o no pareja estable sobre el uso y la selección de ASOs que impliquen la interacción sexual y/o romántica con otros usuarios online. Para ello, 120 personas de entre 18-48 años (59.17% mujeres, 40.83% hombres; 56.65% sin pareja estable, 43.35% con pareja estable) cumplimentaron un cuestionario sobre conductas y prácticas sexuales online. El flirteo e insinuaciones a terceros es la ASO interactiva más común en hombres (55.1%) y mujeres (45.1%). Los hombres tienden a preferir aquellas ASO interactivas que buscan establecer contacto sexual offline, mientras que las mujeres presentan preferencia por el cibersexo online. Sin embargo, las diferencias de género solo son estadísticamente significativas para la búsqueda de pareja sexual online (χ2= 3.870; p=.049). El consumo de cibersexo interactivo es muy común en personas con una relación estable (89.5%-92.9%), de forma que no se aprecian diferencias estadísticamente significativas respecto a los solteros para ninguna ASO. Este trabajo nos ha permitido demostrar que el género se constituye como un claro factor modulador en el uso y la selección de ASOs para conocer a gente con fines sexuales y/o románticos. No obstante, parece que el hecho de tener o no pareja estable no es un factor explicativo de este uso
La composición corporal como medición indirecta de la actividad física y su relación con el rendimiento académico en estudiantes del Grado de Educación Infantil
Get PDFMultiple benefits of physical activity have been known since ancient times. To date, there have been multiple studies that analyze the association between levels of physical activity and the evaluation of academic performance, finding various contradictions. For this reason, it is intended to indirectly know the level of physical activity and healthy habits by analyzing the constitution of the body, that is, of the body composition to see the relationship between sex and academic performance. A quantitative research methodology has been carried out using the descriptive method in a classroom of the third year of Early Childhood Education at the University of Extremadura. The sample size is 61 participants, aged 20-28 years, of which 48 are female and 13 are male. As a data collection instrument, a bioimpedance scale has been used, collecting the data manually on a template and later on an Excel spreadsheet. An in-depth analysis has been carried out giving voice to the results extracted through tables and graphs. According to the study results, healthy levels of weight, muscle mass percentage, bone mass density, BMI in women (73%), body water percentage and visceral fat have been detected. On the other hand, the percentage of body mass, the BMI in men (54%) and the metabolic age indicate negative or unhealthy levels. By way of conclusion, it is stated that the students in the 3rd grade of Early Childhood Education present a good state of physical condition and health, so that it is concluded that they carry out an adequate level of physical activity. However, they all present good academic results, presenting little variability between grades, for this reason, it has not been possible to draw clear conclusions about physical activity in relation to academic performance.Desde la antigüedad se conocen múltiples beneficios de la actividad física. A día de hoy, se han realizado múltiples estudios que analizan la asociación entre los niveles de actividad física y la evaluación del rendimiento académico, encontrándose diversas contradicciones. Por esta razón, se pretende conocer indirectamente el nivel de actividad física y hábitos saludables mediante el análisis de la constitución del cuerpo, es decir, de la composición corporal para ver la relación entre sexos y rendimiento académico. Se ha realizado una metodología de investigación cuantitativa mediante el método descriptivo en un aula del tercer curso de Educación Infantil de la Universidad de Extremadura. El tamaño de la muestra es de 61 participantes, con edades entre 20-28 años, de los cuales, 48 son de género femenino y 13 de género masculino. Como instrumento de recogida de datos se ha utilizado una báscula de bioimpedancia, recogiendo los datos manualmente sobre una plantilla y posteriormente a una hoja de cálculo Excel. Se ha realizado un análisis profundo prestando voz a los resultados extraídos mediante tablas y gráficos. Según los resultados de estudio, se ha detectado niveles saludables de peso, porcentaje de masa muscular, densidad de masa ósea, IMC en mujeres (73%), porcentaje agua corporal y grasa visceral. En cambio, el porcentaje de masa corporal, el IMC en hombres (54%) y la edad metabólica indican niveles negativos o no saludables. A modo de conclusión, se afirma que los estudiantes de 3º del grado de Educación Infantil presentan un buen estado de condición física y de salud, de manera que, se llega a la conclusión de que realizan un nivel adecuado de actividad física. Sin embargo, todos presentan buenos resultados académicos, presentando poca variabilidad entre las notas, por este motivo, no se han podido sacar conclusiones claras sobre la actividad física en relación al rendimiento académico
Consecuencias y uso de las TIC antes y después del coronavirus: un estudio piloto
Get PDFIn a context in which the arrival of COVID-19 has meant an educational challenge: distance learning, it is necessary to assess whether the decision to adapt the situation to an online environment has been an opportunity to leave behind an obsolete education and whether the use of ICT as a means of teaching will finally consolidate, and it is also important to know whether this adaptation has been a stress factor for teachers who have had to change their way of teaching from one day to the next. In order to find out and give an answer to the question mentioned in the title, a small investigation was carried out among active teachers who had taught during the confinement. The aim was to compare their use of ICT before, during and after this situation and to find out the degree of stress they felt when modifying their teaching. To this end, a questionnaire was developed and disseminated using the Snowball technique and analyzed with SPSS. The results indicate that although some teachers showed levels of stress and nervousness at having to modify the way they teach their classes, the concept of ICT and its use as a medium for teaching is positive. The experience of virtual teaching has motivated them to continue using ICTs in their face-to-face classes, and they consider that the pandemic has served to consolidate them and increase their use in teaching. It seems, therefore, that ICTs have finally found their promised niche in the educational world. Likewise, although digital training is currently being promoted among teachers, it will be necessary to focus more on this type of training so that their inclusion is not considered a source of stress.En un contexto en el que la llegada de la COVID-19 ha supuesto un reto educativo: la enseñanza a distancia, es necesario valorar si la decisión de adaptar la situación a un entorno online ha supuesto una oportunidad para dejar atrás una educación obsoleta y si la utilización de las TIC como medio para la enseñanza finalmente va a conseguir consolidarse, siendo importante conocer también si esta adaptación ha supuesto un factor estresante para los docentes que de un día para otro han tenido que modificar su forma de enseñar. Con el objetivo de conocer y dar respuesta a la pregunta señalada como título se realizó una pequeña investigación entre docentes en activo que hubiesen dado clase durante el confinamiento. La finalidad era poder contrastar el uso que hacían de las TIC antes, durante y después de esta situación y conocer el grado de estrés que supuso para ellos modificar su enseñanza. Para ello se elaboró un cuestionario que se difundió a través de la técnica de Bola de Nieve y se analizó con el SPSS. Los resultados indican que si bien algunos docentes mostraron niveles de estrés y nerviosismo al tener que modificar la forma de dar sus clases el concepto de las TIC y su utilización como medio para la enseñanza es positivo. La experiencia de una enseñanza virtual les ha motivado para seguir utilizando las TIC en sus clases presenciales y, consideran que la pandemia ha servido para consolidarlas y aumenta su uso en la docencia. Parece, por tanto, que las TIC finalmente han encontrado ese hueco prometido en el mundo educativo. Asimismo, si bien en la actualidad se promueve la formación digital entre los docentes, será necesario incidir más en este tipo de capacitación para que su inclusión no sea considerada como fuente de estrés
Creatividad – herramienta para gestión de crisis
Get PDFWe know that unlike other animals, the human being has genetic, intellectual, and mental capacities capable of creating solutions that go beyond survival, therefore, in this study the focus will be on deepening the creative process, looking for the origins that give rise to the materialisation of different forms and results. Several studies make us reflect on this place where ideas arise in the human being, some point to the unconscious character of the human mind, others to a creative source accessible and available to the individual. Rather than reflecting on the external conditioning factors, be they social, educational, economic, or racial, the focus of this article is to look for the internal register or place, which allows the human being to connect with the creative state. As an innate human resource, creativity must be understood, analysed, and practised so that it can be used for the benefit of society and the evolution of life, especially in times of crisis, whether at the individual or societal level.Sabemos que al contrario que otros animales, el ser humano tiene capacidades genéticas, intelectuales y mentales capaces de crear soluciones que van más allá de la supervivencia, por ello, en este estudio el enfoque consistirá en profundizar el proceso creativo, buscar los orígenes que dan lugar a la materialización de diferentes formas y resultados. Varios estudios nos hacen reflexionar sobre este lugar donde surgen las ideas en el ser humano, algunos apuntan al carácter inconsciente de la mente humana, otros hacia una fuente creativa accesible y disponible para el individuo. Más que reflexionar sobre los condicionantes externos, bien sean sociales, educativos económicos o raciales, el enfoque principal de este artículo es ir en busca del registro o lugar interno, que permite al ser humano conectarse con el estado creativo. Como recurso innato en el ser humano, la creatividad debe ser entendida, analizada y practicada para que pueda ser utilizada en beneficio de la sociedad y la evolución de la vida sobre todo en momentos que las crisis se presentan, bien sea a nivel individual o social
Variables socioemocionales y de atención plena en el bienestar subjetivo
Get PDFIn recent decades, the study, both theoretical and empirical, on the assessment made by people in relation to the satisfaction they may feel about their life has gained special interest in order to discover, prevent and promote the variables and resources that affect the ability to have a full and happy life. In this line, from the perspective of Positive Psychology, a research with two fundamental objectives was proposed. On the one hand, to find out what socioemotional profile (Mental Molds, Constructive Thinking and Emotional Intelligence) underlies people who have participated in a Mindfulness program, and if these variables allow predicting the index of subjective well-being. On the other hand, to assess the impact of participation in a Mindfulness program on subjective well-being, not only in selfknowledge, but also in the establishment of interpersonal relationships. In the research, in which socioemotional variables and mindfulness are predictive variables and subjective well-being is the criterion variable, 117 university students with standardized normality parameters participated following actively a Mindfulness training program, of which 34 were men and 83 women. The results obtained, with the application of relevant tests and the appropriate statistical procedures of pretest and posttest measures, allow us to affirm that mindfulness competence and certain socioemotional variables (Global Constructive Thinking and Molds of Vital Spontaneity, Adjustment, and Optimization) correlate with significant statistical differences with subjective well-being and that, in addition, they allow their prediction. On the other hand, the high scores obtained in constructive thinking indicate that there is acceptance of oneself and others, which allows maintaining good interpersonal relationships and acting with coherence and assertiveness without making value judgments.En las últimas décadas ha cobrado especial interés el estudio, tanto teórico como empírico, sobre la valoración que realizan las personas en relación a la satisfacción que pueden sentir acerca de su vida con la finalidad de descubrir, prevenir y promover las variables y los recursos que inciden para poder tener una vida plena y feliz. En esta línea, desde la perspectiva de la Psicología Positiva, se planteó una investigación con dos objetivos fundamentales. Por un lado, conocer qué perfil socioemocional (Moldes Mentales, Pensamiento Constructivo e Inteligencia emocional) subyace en las personas que han participado en un programa de Atención Plena y si este tipo de variables permiten predecir el índice de bienestar subjetivo. Por otro lado, valorar la repercusión de la participación en un programa Mindfulness (atención plena) sobre el bienestar subjetivo, no solo en el propio autoconocimiento, sino, además, en el establecimiento de las relaciones interpersonales. En la investigación, en la que las variables socioemocionales y la atención plena son variables predictivas y el bienestar subjetivo es la variable criterio, participaron 117 estudiantes universitarios con parámetros de normalidad estandarizada de los cuales 34 son hombres y 83 mujeres, que siguieron de forma activa un programa de entrenamiento en Mindfulness. Los resultados obtenidos, con la aplicación de pruebas pertinentes y los procedimientos estadísticos adecuados de medidas pretest y postest, nos permiten afirmar que la competencia de atención plena y determinadas variables socioemocionales (Pensamiento Constructivo Global y Moldes de Espontaneidad Vital, Ajuste, y Optimización) correlacionan con diferencias estadísticas significativas con el bienestar subjetivo y que, además, permiten su predicción. Por otro lado, las altas puntuaciones obtenidas en el pensamiento constructivo señalan que existe la aceptación de sí mismo y hacia los demás, lo que permite mantener buenas relaciones interpersonales y actuar con coherencia y asertividad sin emitir juicos de valor
Las píldoras educativas: su valoración por los estudiantes de grado de la Universidad de León
Get PDFThe main objective of the present paper is to assess the implementation of an innovative teaching methodology known as Learning Pills. This methodology has been applied to two subjects of the Bachelor of Labour Relations and Human Resources at the University of León. Thirty students participated in the project, the average age for this group being 20 years old. The students were asked to fill in an evaluation questionnaire on learning pills, developed on an ad-hoc basis. According to the results, 96% of students deemed the learning pills as “quite” or “very” helpful for understanding the subject contents, describing them as highly motivational and learning-facilitating. The remaining 4%, judged the learning pills to have contributed “little” to their understanding, their learning, and their motivation. When asked whether they considered learning pills to be a better methodology than the traditional one, 93% of students judged the pills to be so, whereas a 6% considered the traditional methodology a better option. Significant differences in understanding and learning contents were found based on the students’ gender. Women deemed learning pills to be an effective resource for learning in a higher level than men did. In summary, the study concludes that learning pills are a facilitator of both learning and student motivation thanks to the advantages they offer in condensing contents, their appealing format, and their suitability to be integrated into digital platforms, which allows students to easily access them when needed. As to potential improvements for this research, in the future this methodology should be implemented in further subjects and to more students.En este trabajo nos planteamos como objetivo principal evaluar la implementación de una innovadora metodología docente: las Píldoras Educativas. Se aplicó esta metodología en dos asignaturas del Grado en Relaciones Laborales y Recursos Humanos de la Universidad de León. Participaron en la evaluación 30 estudiantes, con una media de edad de 20 años, que respondieron al Cuestionario de Evaluación de las Píldoras Educativas, elaborado ad hoc. Según los resultados, el 96% de los estudiantes valoraron que las Píldoras Educativas facilitaron “bastante o mucho” la comprensión de los contenidos, que aprendieron mejor con esta metodología y que les resultó más motivadora a la hora de estudiar. El 4% restante valoró con la opción “poco” los aportes de la Píldoras Educativas para la comprensión, el aprendizaje y la motivación. Respecto a la pregunta de si consideraron a las Píldoras Educativas mejor metodología que la tradicional, un 93% indicó que “bastante o mucho” y un 6% valoró que esta metodología no era mejor que la tradicional. Se hallaron diferencias significativas en función del sexo en comprensión y aprendizaje. Las mujeres valoraron en mayor medida que los varones a las Píldoras Educativas como recurso eficaz a la hora de comprender los contenidos y aprenderlos. Concluimos que las Píldoras Educativas son un recurso facilitador del aprendizaje y de la motivación en los estudiantes, que tienen la ventaja de la condensación de los contenidos, del atractivo del formato, que al ser online e integrado en las plataformas digitales dan la posibilidad de visualizarlas repetidamente y en distintas situaciones. Como mejoras posibles de esta investigación consideramos que se deberá en el futuro implementar esta metodología en más asignaturas y con más estudiantes
A importância da teoria bioecológica na compreensão e diagnóstico do fenómeno dos maus tratos infantis
Get PDFCriminology, an empirical and multidisciplinar science, has crime as it s object of study and studies it according to the biological, psychological and social perspective, taking into account three aspects, three characters and three acts. Urie Bronfenbrenner developed the ecological model and later adapted it to the so-called bioecological model of human development. The same has been used by several disciplines to explain phenomena such as violence. This theory studies the human development according to the interaction of the process-person-context-time, being applied in a natural way of life, and can be used to understand child development and, consequently, the phenomenon of maltreatment against children, as it allows to analyze risk and protection factors while investigating their relationships. This paper presents a brief review of the bioecological theory and its applicability to possible situations of maltreatment against children, involving the importance of prevention and intervention with groups at risk, and may contribute to a possible diagnosis of these situations.La criminología, ciencia empírica y multidisciplinar, tiene el crimen como objeto de estudio y lo estudia desde la perspectiva biológica, psicológica y social, tomando en cuenta tres aspectos, tres personajes y tres actos. Urie Bronfenbrenner desarrolló el modelo ecológico y luego lo adaptó al llamado modelo bioecológico de desarrollo humano. El mismo ha sido utilizado por varias disciplinas para explicar fenómenos como la violencia. Esta teoría estudia el desarrollo humano de acuerdo a la interacción del proceso-persona-contexto-tiempo, siendo aplicada de manera natural en la vida, y puede ser utilizada para comprender el desarrollo infantil y, en consecuencia, el fenómeno del maltrato contra los niños, ya que permite analizar los factores de riesgo y protección mientras investiga sus relaciones. Este artículo presenta una breve revisión de la teoría bioecológica y su aplicabilidad a posibles situaciones de maltrato infantil, involucrando la importancia de la prevención e intervención con grupos en riesgo, y puede contribuir a un posible diagnóstico de estas situaciones.A Criminologia, ciência empírica e multidisciplinar, tem como objeto de estudo o crime e estuda-o de acordo com a perspetiva biológica, psicológica e social, atendendo a três vertentes, três personagens e três atos. Urie Bronfenbrenner desenvolveu o modelo ecológico e posteriormente adaptou-o para o designado modelo bioecológico do desenvolvimento humano. O mesmo tem sido usado por diversas disciplinas para a explicação de fenómenos como a violência. Esta teoria estuda o desenvolvimento humano de acordo com a interação do processopessoa-contexto-tempo, sendo aplicada em meio natural de vida, podendo ser usada para compreender o desenvolvimento infantil e, por conseguinte, o fenómeno dos maus tratos praticados contra crianças, pois permite analisar os fatores de risco e de proteção ao mesmo tempo que averigua as suas relações. O presente trabalho apresenta uma breve resenha sobre a teoria bioecológica e a sua aplicabilidade em possíveis situações de maus tratos contra crianças, envolvendo a importância da prevenção e intervenção com grupos de risco, podendo contribuir para um possível diagnóstico destas situações
Tarefas de desenvolvimento e critérios de competência em adolescentes e jovens adultos
Get PDFThe construction of identity and intimate relationships or marriage, among others, have been considered important normative developmental tasks for adolescents and young adults, respectively. It is generally accepted that the criteria for adaptive development can be different in different historical moments, societies and cultures, and that different people can understand their own development differently and that of others. In this context, the general objective of this study was to explore the competence criteria used by individuals to describe adolescents and young adults in their communities. A questionnaire was administered to a sample of first-year university students to indicate 3-4 descriptors of 2 teenagers and 2 young adults they knew and considered to be doing well at their stage of development. A total of 449 descriptors was collected, whose content was submitted to content analysis, then combining qualitative and quantitative approaches. The descriptors were coded in the categories of academic competence, positive conduct, positive relationships with family and peers, personality characteristics, identity construction, affect, activities and work, and romantic relationships and new family. It was found that the most frequent competence criteria were, for adolescents, identity construction, positive conduct and academic competence, and for young adults, activities/work, identity construction and positive conduct. The descriptors of academic competence and positive relationships with the family were used more often for adolescents than for young adults. The construction of identity and romantic relationships and new family were most frequently mentioned for young adults. This study suggests some continuity between lay conceptions of competence for adolescents and young adults, as well as the emergence of more specific criteria for each stage of development.A construção da identidade e de relações de intimidade ou o casamento, entre outras, têm sido consideradas importantes tarefas de desenvolvimento normativo para adolescentes e jovens adultos, respetivamente. É consensualmente aceite que os critérios para um desenvolvimento adaptativo podem ser diferentes em diferentes momentos históricos, sociedades e culturas, e que diferentes pessoas podem entender de modo diverso o seu próprio desenvolvimento ou o dos outros. Neste contexto, o objetivo geral deste estudo foi o de explorar os critérios de competência utilizados pelos indivíduos para descrever adolescentes e jovens adultos da sua comunidade. Um questionário foi aplicado a uma amostra de estudantes universitários de 1º ano para que indicassem 3-4 descritores de 2 adolescentes e 2 jovens adultos seus conhecidos que considerassem estar a viver bem a etapa do desenvolvimento em que se encontram. Foram reunidos 449 descritores cujo conteúdo foi submetido a análise de conteúdo, depois combinando abordagem qualitativa e quantitativa. Os descritores foram codificados nas categorias de competências académicas, comportamento positivo, relações positivas com a família e com pares, caraterísticas de personalidade, construção da identidade, afetividade, atividades e trabalho, e relações amorosas e nova família. Verificou-se que os critérios de competência mais frequentes foram, para os adolescentes, a construção da identidade, o comportamento positivo e as competências académicas, e para os jovens adultos, atividades/trabalho, construção da identidade e comportamento positivo. Os descritores de competências académicas e relações positivas com a família foram mais frequentemente usadas para os adolescentes do que para os jovens adultos. A construção da identidade e as relações amorosas e nova família foram mais frequentemente referidas para os jovens adultos. Este estudo sugere alguma continuidade entre as conceções leigas de competência para adolescentes e jovens adultos bem como a emergência de critérios mais específicos de cada etapa do desenvolvimento
EVIN, una aplicación adaptativa integral para el entrenamiento visual online de niños con baja visión
Get PDFLow vision is a visual impairment that cannot be improved by standard vision aids such as glasses. Therefore, to improve their visual skills, people affected by low vision usually follow a visual training program planned and supervised by an expert in this field. Visual training is especially suitable for children because of their plasticity for learning. However, due to a lack of experts specializing in this field, training sessions are usually less frequent than optimal. As a result, home-based visual training has emerged as a solution to mitigate this problem because it can be undertaken by experts and families together. Therefore, we implemented the Visual Stimulation on the Internet (EVIN) application, which provides comprehensive visual training tasks through games. In addition, it provides reports on children’s performance in these visual training tasks. However, although EVIN has already proven its usefulness in previous works, two main solutions are needed: (i) some kind of support setup in EVIN to help experts and families work together because, among other things, of the large variety of exercises and different configurations that can be prescribed to the child and (ii) a rigorous experimental design to compare children trained with EVIN with children trained with traditional materials. To face these challenges, we present an adaptive version of EVIN that provides a new design tool that allows expert to plan visual training tasks through templates in advance. In addition, we developed new metrics and reports to achieve a more accurate assessment of children’s improvement. Among other results, it allowed us to develop an authoritative experiment to evaluate significant improvements in those children trained with EVIN.La baja visión es una deficiencia visual que no puede ser mejorada con ayudas ópticas convencionales. No obstante, para incrementar sus habilidades estas personas pueden seguir un programa de entrenamiento visual planificado y supervisado por un experto en este campo. Este entrenamiento es especialmente efectivo en niños, debido a su plasticidad para aprender. Pero, debido a la falta de expertos especializados, las sesiones de entrenamiento son generalmente menos frecuentes de lo que sería conveniente. Los programas de entrenamiento visual online son una solución para mitigar este problema, porque pueden ser llevado a efecto por expertos y familias de forma conjunta. De este modo, desarrollamos la aplicación Estimulación Visual en Internet (EVIN), que proporciona un programa de entrenamiento visual en diferentes tareas a través de juegos. Además, presenta informes de los resultados de los niños durante el entrenamiento. Aunque en trabajos anteriores ya se ha probado la utilidad de EVIN, se ha visto necesaria abordar dos nuevas metas: (i) proporcionar algún tipo de soporte en EVIN que ayude a expertos y familias a trabajar juntos debido, entre otras causas, a la gran variedad de ejercicios y configuraciones que pueden ser prescritas a los niños y, (ii) diseñar un riguroso experimento para comparar el entrenamiento visual en niños con EVIN con el entrenamiento con métodos tradicionales. Para afrontar estos objetivos, presentamos una versión adaptativa de EVIN que proporciona una nueva herramienta que permite al experto planificar el entrenamiento visual usando plantillas de ejercicios prediseñadas. Además, hemos desarrollado nuevas métricas e informes que permiten valorar con mayor precisión los resultados de los niños. Todo ello nos ha permitido desarrollar un experimento para evaluar si se produce mejora significativa en los niños entrenados con EVIN