International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology (Revista INFAD de Psicología)
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La influencia de la personalidad en la percepción de los cuidados sobre la salud de los jóvenes españoles
Get PDFThe main causes of mortality and morbidity among the population are related to lifestyle. This study analyzes the effects of personality in the perception of health self-care. 200 youth from Valencian Community (Spain) were assessed (Mage = 20.92, SD = 2.25). Revised NEO Personality Inventory and Health Self-care Scale were used. Young people care for their health averaged 62.83 points (SD = 12.19), out of a possible 110 points. Most of them care of driving, hygiene and sexuality. By contrast, they take less care of physical exercise, alcohol consumption and medical checkup. The analysis of correlations shows that young people with higher scores on Conscientiousness care most health areas evaluated. People with higher Neuroticism care less over the feeding, physical exercise, consumption of tobacco and other drugs. Extraversion correlates positively with careful diet and sexual habits. Openness to Experience is positively associated with careful diet and sun exposure habits. Finally, Agreeableness correlates positively with care over consumption of alcohol, tobacco and other drugs, and driving. The regression analysis revealed that Agreeableness and Conscientiousness explained about 18.2 percent of the variance in the perception of health self-care. The individual characteristics of individuals, considered as active agents, are one of the most important for understanding the processes involved in the acquisition, maintenance or impairment of own health.Las principales causas de mortalidad y morbilidad entre la población se relaciona con el estilo de vida. Con el objetivo de examinar los efectos de la personalidad en los cuidados de salud en diferentes áreas, se evaluaron a 200 jóvenes de la Comunidad Valenciana (Medad = 20,92; DT = 2,25). Se utilizaron la Escala de Cuidados de Salud y el Inventario de Personalidad NEO PI-R. Los jóvenes cuidan su salud una media de 62.83 puntos (DT=12.19) sobre un máximo de 110 puntos. Los hábitos de salud más cuidados son la conducción, la higiene y la sexualidad. Por el contrario, los menos cuidados son el ejercicio físico, el consumo de alcohol y las revisiones médicas. El análisis de las correlaciones muestra que los jóvenes con mayores puntuaciones en Responsabilidad cuidan en mayor medida la mayoría de las áreas de salud evaluadas. Por el contrario, las personas con mayor Neuroticismo, cuidan menos la alimentación, el ejercicio físico, el consumo de tabaco y otras drogas. La dimensión Extraversión correlaciona positivamente con el cuidado en alimentación y hábitos sexuales. La Apertura a la Experiencia se relaciona de manera positiva con el cuidado de la alimentación y de la exposición al sol. Y, por último, la Amabilidad correlaciona positivamente con el cuidado del consumo de alcohol, tabaco, otras drogas y conducción. El análisis de regresión indica que Amabilidad y Responsabilidad explican el 18.2% de la varianza de los cuidados sobre la salud. Las características individuales de las personas, consideradas como agentes activos, constituyen una de las claves más importantes para entender los procesos involucrados en la adquisición, mantenimiento o deterioro de su propia salud.
Qualidade de vida em atletas de futebol
Get PDFThe aim of this study was to establish the relationship between psychosocial aspects that favor or inhibit the sports performance, and the athlete’s quality of life one important aspect in the sports environment, which can affect performance and influence the results. The study revealed than professional soccer players have a reasonable perception of their quality of life, and different strategies as the number of workouts, training period, playing position, competitive level and the time spent on travel for training, can increase perception of quality of life, where positive identification strategies can draw programs preventive and the intervention during the phases of pre-competition and competion.O objetivo geral deste estudo foi estabelecer as relações entre os aspetos psicossociais que favore cem e/ou inibem a performance desportiva, sendo a qualidade de vida do atleta, um aspeto relevante no ambiente desportivo, que pode afetar o desempenho e influenciar os resultados. O estudo revelou que os atletas profissionais de futebol têm uma perceção razoável da sua qualidade de vida, e que diferentes estratégias como número de treinos, período de treino, posição de jogo, escalão competitivo e tempo gasto em deslocações para o treino, podem aumentar a perceção da qualidade de vida, onde a identificação de estratégias positivas, permitirá delinear programas preventivos e de intervenção durante as fases de pré-competição e competição
Exploración de la conciencia fonológica y la velocidad de nombrado en alumnos de 3º educación infantil y 1º de educación primaria y su relación con el aprendizaje de la lectoescritura
Get PDFThis article presents a descriptive cross-sectional study comparing the performance in phonemic awareness skills and efficiency in naming letters, numbers, colours and digits in a group of preliterate children as compared to another group of initiated readers. 45 children, 20 from 3rd year of Nursery Education and 25 from 1st year of Primary Education were evaluated using the Rapid Automatized Naming Test (RAN) and the Test of Phonological Knowledge Assessment (CEEC). Mean comparisons and Pearson correlation contrasts were performed to assess the difference between the groups and to analyse the interrelationships between the variables. The results show significant differences between the two groups, being the students from Primary Education the ones obtaining the best results. This data would be in line with studies on the directionality of causality between phonological awareness and learning to read in the sense that the systematic teaching of reading favours phonological awareness at a phonemic level as well as with those that have revealed the relationship between phonological awareness and rapid naming.En este artículo se presenta un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal donde se compara el rendimiento en habilidades de conciencia fonológica y eficiencia en el nombrado de letras, de números, colores y dígitos en un grupo de niños prelectores y en otro de lectores ya iniciados. 45 niños, 20 de 3º de Educación Infantil y 25 de 1º de Educación Primaria fueron evaluados con el Rapid Automatized Naming Test (RAN) y la Prueba de Evaluación del Conocimiento Fonológico (PECO).Con los datos obtenidos se realizaron contrastes de medias y correlación de Pearson para valorar las diferencias y analizar las interrelaciones entre las variables. Los resultados mostraron diferencias significativas entre los dos grupos, siendo el alumnado de 1º de Educación Primaria el que obtuvo mejores resultados. Estos datos estarían en sintonía con los estudios sobre la direccionalidad de la causalidad entre conciencia fonológica y aprendizaje de la lectura en el sentido de que la enseñanza sistemática de la lectura favorece el conocimiento fonológico a nivel fonémico y con aquellos que han puesto de manifiesto la relación entre conciencia fonológica y velocidad de denominación.
Apoyo social y afrontamiento del estrés en personas con discapacidad intelectual
Get PDFThe perception of the existence of a network of social support cushions the impact that stress generated in the health of people. In this study the differences in the perception of a social support network and its influence on the type of coping strategy used to stressful situations, in a sample of 131 adults, 54 with and 77 without intellectual disabilities are analyzed, mean age 35.71 years (SD= 13.11). Participants were evaluated using the Spanish adaptation of the Coping Strategies Inventory (CSI). The results show that people with intellectual disabilities believe they have less social support and the kind of person providing support is not decisive in the kind of behavioral and cognitive effort used to deal with the stressful demands.La percepción de la existencia de una red de apoyo social amortigua el impacto que el estrés genera en la salud de las personas. En este estudio se analizan las diferencias en la autopercepción de una red social de apoyo y su influencia en el tipo de estrategia de afrontamiento que se utilizan ante situaciones estresantes, en una muestra de 131 adultos, 54 con y 77 sin discapacidad intelectual, edad media 35.71 años (DT = 13.11). Los participantes fueron evaluados con la adaptación española del Inventario de Estrategias de Afrontamiento (CSI). Los resultados muestran que las personas con discapacidad intelectual creen disponer de menos apoyo social y el tipo de persona que facilita el apoyo no es determinante en el tipo de esfuerzo conductual y cognitivo que emplean para hacer frente a las demandas estresantes
Psychometric test for blind adults and children, critical issues and perspectives
Get PDFIn literature a paucity of issues to measure cognitive functioning in the blinds is available (Rich, Anderson, 1965; Pichot, 1968; Newland, 1969; Vander Kolk, 1977; Nelson, Joyce, Dias, 2002) but in these reviews it is clear that they are not yet widely available without further support for research and development. This is particularly true for blind children. The purpose of the current study is to provide a proposal version of some of the Visual Performance Subtests adapted to blind children
¿Qué emociones despiertan los contenidos relacionados de física y química en el aprendizaje de los alumnos de educación secundaria?
Get PDFIn this paper analyzed and compared the evolution of emotions experienced by the students of Compulsory of Secondary Education towards the learning of specific syllabus units in Physic and Chemistry according to the course. In particular, the syllabus units is Energy and Electricity: energy and the energy forms; the heat and the temperature variation; the change of the matter state; electricity and electrical circuits; light and sound. To carry out this research, a questionnaire was developed where student pointed out often experienced both positive and negative emotions towards syllabus contents. The sample consisted of 431 students of Compulsory Secondary Education (ESO) from different schools in Badajoz during the 2014/2015 school year. The results showed that the students of Compulsory Secondary Education (ESO) experienced a decrease in the average frequency of positive emotions towards contents to Energy and Electricity from 3rd to 4th ESO level. On the other hand, negative emotions increased from 2nd to 4th ESO level.En el presente trabajo se analiza y compara la evolución de las emociones que experimentan los alumnos de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria hacia el aprendizaje de contenidos concretos de Física y Química en función del curso. En concreto, el Bloque de contenidos es Energía y Electricidad donde se tratan los siguientes contenidos: la energía y las formas de energía; el calor y la variación de temperatura; los cambios de estado de la materia; la electricidad y los circuitos eléctricos; luz y sonido. Para realizar esta investigación, se elaboró un cuestionario donde el alumno señalaba con qué frecuencia experimentaba emociones tanto positivas como negativas hacia los contenidos anteriores. La muestra estaba constituida por 431 alumnos de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria (ESO) de distintos centros de Badajoz durante el curso escolar 2014/2015. Los resultados muestran que existe un descenso de emociones positivas hacia los contenidos del Bloque de Energía y Electricidad a medida que avanzamos en el curso escolar en concreto al pasar de 3º a 4º de ESO. En cambio, se produce un aumento en las emociones negativas al pasar de 2º a 4º de ESO
Over 65 e social media, evoluzione e benefici
Get PDFSince the invention of internet ,the first at transpose the innovations are always been the “new” (puoi mettere young che é più simile alla traduzione italiana) generation; that are comprise in a range of 19 to 35 years of age, while the over 65 are always been considered bearers of digital dividing. In reality, if is investigated so careful the period of the last 30 years, it results a very interesting evolutionary framework. The article suggest an investigation of internet’s development in the last few years,analyzing also the use of the over 65,and looking to the future perspectives. Furthermore submit a research undertaken for the purpose to better investigate the motivations that prompt this society’s age range (from 65 to 75 years old) at the use of the new media, and what can be the new healthy’s implications that occurs from this.Fin dalla nascita di internet le prime a recepire le innovazioni sono sempre state le generazioni “Giovani”, comprese in un range di età che va da 19 ai 35 anni, mentre gli over 65 sono stati considerati sempre portatori di digital divide. In realtà se s’indaga in modo attento l’arco temporale degli ultimi 30 anni si determina un quadro evolutivo molto interessante. L’articolo avanza un esame dello sviluppo di internet negli ultimi anni, analizzando la fruizione degli over 65 e guardando alle prospettive future. Presenta inoltre una ricerca intrapresa al fine di indagare meglio sulle motivazioni che spingono questa fascia della società (dai 65 ai 75 anni) all’utilizzo dei nuovi media e quali possono essere le implicazioni di ordine salutistico che ne conseguono
Comprendere la fisica quantistica: breve introduzione per principianti
Get PDFQuantum physics is one of the greatest scientific and cultural in human history. Much of modern technology and our understanding of physical reality are based on it. Quantum physics represented a real cultural revolution as it involves a behavior of particles that radically contradicts our way of understanding everyday reality and the assumptions on which all the previous physics was founded. Yet, after a century from its foundation, mainly due to the abstract and complex mathematical formalism on which it is based, it remains for the non-professionals and for the high school students something mysterious and bizarre. In this paper we illustrate a didactic approach, which is inspired by recent attempts to reformulate this theory on the basis of elementary physical principles. This approach has the advantage of not using the mathematical formalism of the Hibert spaces and of the Hermitian operators, and of obtaining in an intuitive and reasonable way the fundamental concepts of indeterminacy and entanglement. We hope this approach can contribute to a greater dissemination and understanding of this scientific and cultural heritage.La fisica quantistica, rappresenta una delle maggiori scientifiche e culturali nella storia umana. Gran parte della moderna tecnologia e della nostra comprensione della realtà fisica si basano su di essa. La fisica quantistica rappresentò una reale rivoluzione culturale in quanto prevede un comportamento delle particelle che contraddice radicalmente il nostro modo di comprendere la realtà quotidiana e i presupposti su cui è stata fondata tutta la fisica precedente. Eppure, a distanza di un secolo dalla sua fondazione, a causa principalmente del formalismo matematico astratto e complesso su cui si basa, rimane per i non addetti ai lavori e per gli studenti di liceo qualcosa di misterioso e bizzarro. In questo lavoro illustriamo un approccio didattico, che prende spunto da recenti tentativi di riformulare questa teoria sulla base di principi fisici elementari. Tale approccio ha il vantaggio di non utilizzare il formalismo matematico degli spazi di Hibert e degli operatori Hermitiani, e di ricavare in modo intuitivo e ragionevole i concetti fondamentali di indeterminazione ed entanglement. Ci auguriamo che questo approccio possa contribuire ad una maggiore diffusione e comprensione di questo patrimonio scientifico e culturale
La competencia social de jóvenes universitarios y mayores
Get PDFWe find ourselves in the era of information technology and virtual communication. For this reason, it is more necessary than ever to implement educational resources based on social competence if we want that the invasion of machines won’t impose their rules over society in the twenty-first century, namely: productivity, moral indifference, emptying of feelings and emotions, etc. The present study aims to explore the social competence of young and old persons which regularly use technologies. The sample consisted in a group of 30 young university students and 38 older persons participating in introductory computer courses. The evaluation tool was a Social Abilities Questionnaire with which it is measured both the self-evaluation of the own’s social competence and the evaluation of peers. Results, in general terms, show more similitudes than differences between young and older persons: 1. Coincidence in the higher self-evaluated ability (give thanks). 2. The valuation of the own social competence is higher than that of the peers.Estamos en la era de la tecnología de la información y la comunicación virtual. Por ello, se hace necesario implementar, más que nunca, una educación basada en la competencia social si deseamos lograr que la invasión de las máquinas nos marquen las reglas de la sociedad del siglo XXI: productividad, indiferencia ante lo que está bien o mal, a los sentimientos, emociones, etc. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo explorar la competencia social en jóvenes y mayores que usan habitualmente las tecnologías. La muestra se formó con un grupo de 30 jóvenes universitarios y 38 personas mayores que participan en cursos de informática. El instrumento de evaluación utilizado fue un Cuestionario de Habilidades Sociales con el que se medía tanto la valoración de su propia competencia social, como la del grupo de iguales. Los resultados, en términos generales, evidencian más similitudes que diferencias entre jóvenes y mayores: 1. Coincidencia en la habilidad autoevaluada como más competente (“dar las gracias”). 2. La valoración de su propia competencia social es mejor que la de su grupo de iguales.
Importancia de la ocupación en el desarrollo del mayor y su influencia en su salud
Get PDFThe importance of the occupation in the health is evident, so much mentally as physics, of the elderly. It must be transmitted to the elderly people the importance of occupation in getting a happy and healthy life. Based on this education, it will be possible come to the conviction of the power of the daily activity to transform the life. Therefore, this paper presents a theoretical review of the most important works in relation to this subject, with the aim to deepen the existing relation nowadays between occupation and health in the elderly. Of this form, there is delimited the base of which they will have to divide the investigations and programs that try to improve the well-being, the health and the quality of life of this sector of population using as medicament the occupation and the activity. Probably the public institutions should consider to be invested in the occupational development to reduce the sanitary expense and to improve the quality of life of older people.Es evidente la importancia de la ocupación en la salud, tanto mental como física, de las personas mayores. Se debe transmitir a la persona mayor la importancia de la ocupación en conseguir una vida feliz y saludable. Basados en esta enseñanza, se podrá llegar al convencimiento del poder de la actividad diaria para transformar la vida. Por lo tanto, esta comunicación se presenta como una revisión teórica de los trabajos más importantes en relación a esta temática, con el objetivo de profundizar la relación existente actualmente entre ocupación y salud en la persona mayor. De esta forma, se delimita la base de la que deberán partir las investigaciones y programas que pretendan mejorar el bienestar, la salud y la calidad de vida de este sector de población utilizando como fármaco la ocupación y la actividad. Quizás las instituciones públicas se deban plantear el invertir en el desarrollo ocupacional para reducir el gasto sanitario y mejorar la calidad de vida de los mayores.