International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology (Revista INFAD de Psicología)
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Traducción y validación preliminar del Cuestionario de Adicción al Sexo en jóvenes
Get PDFSex addiction is a pathology that starts in the adolescence or the early adulthood and has an important impact on social and personal development. Early detection is a key issue, so the aim of this study was to adapt and validate one of the most employed questionnaires for its assessment: the Sexual Addiction Screening Test. For this purpose, 600 young people completed the study surveys. Through a factor analysis, we found that the SAST was composed by 4 subscales that explained 38.38% of the variance. Furthermore, reliability and convergent validity values supported its employment in the assessment of sex addiction. Therefore, SAST is now one of the available resources for the assessment of this pathology in our context.Sex addiction is a pathology that starts in the adolescence or the early adulthood and has an important impact on social and personal development. Early detection is a key issue, so the aim of this study was to adapt and validate one of the most employed questionnaires for its assessment: the Sexual Addiction Screening Test. For this purpose, 600 young people completed the study surveys. Through a factor analysis, we found that the SAST was composed by 4 subscales that explained 38.38% of the variance. Furthermore, reliability and convergent validity values supported its employment in the assessment of sex addiction. Therefore, SAST is now one of the available resources for the assessment of this pathology in our context.La adicción al sexo es una patología de inicio en la adolescencia y adultez temprana con una importante repercusión social y personal. Su identificación temprana es crucial, de modo que este trabajo se plantea con el objetivo de adaptar a nuestro contexto y validar uno de los cuestionarios más utilizados para su evaluación: el cuestionario de adicción al sexo. Para ello, 600 jóvenes completaron éste y otros cuestionarios a través de los cuales se encontró que el SAST comprendía 4 factores que explicaban el 38.38% de la varianza del cuestionario y que además resultaban ser fiables y válidos en la evaluación de este cuadro clínico. Por tanto, este instrumento pasaría a formar parte del limitado abanico de recursos de los que disponemos en nuestro contexto para la evaluación de las adicciones sexuales en jóvenes
Programas universitarios para personas mayores y buenas prácticas
Get PDFThe education of older people is one of the key functions that should be assumed by Spanish universities given the beneficial effects that flow from it. It is in the university programs for seniors where learning and the skills necessary to access culture as a means of personal growth and as a space for generational exchange are promoted. Also, during the educational process the implementation of the various activities promotes cognitive stimulation; a social and cultural change that provides protective effects that help mitigate the decline in old age. In this training framework, practice examples are held since they are experiences that guide educational action. This research aims to arrange educational activities developed in the follow-university programs for seniors. To do this, quality parameters are agreed upon and used, establishing categories needed to justify their inclusion as a good practice. The ultimate goal is to visualize and evaluate the planning which is essential in any decision thats aims verify the viability of the activity.La educación de personas mayores es una de las funciones clave que debe asumir la universidad española dado los efectos beneficiosos que de ella se desprenden. Concretamente es en los Programas Universitarios para Mayores donde se promueven aprendizajes y competencias necesarias para acceder a la cultura como fórmula de crecimiento personal y espacio de intercambio generacional. Además durante el proceso educativo la puesta en marcha de las distintas actividades propicia una estimulación cognitiva, un cambio tanto social como cultural que proporciona efectos protectores que ayudan a mitigar el declive en la edad avanzada.En este marco formativo se llevan a cabo buenas prácticas puesto que son experiencias ejemplares que orientan la acción educativa. Esta investigación pretende ordenar la acción educativa desarrollada en las actividades complementarias de los programas universitarios para mayores. Para ello, se emplean parámetros de calidad consensuados, estableciendo categorías necesarias que justifiquen su inclusión como buena práctica. El objetivo final es visualizar y evaluar la planificación, imprescindible en cualquier toma de decisiones que verifique la viabilidad de la actividad desarrollada.
La mediación universitaria: un recurso de orientación. Experiencia en la Universidad de Alicante
Get PDFThis research on the concept of orientation we share with Bisquerra (2002), who defines it as a process of continuous assistance to all people, in all aspects, in order to enhance human development throughout the lifetime. In this framework fit all actions directed towards those who need and are looking for support for their personal, academic and professional growth. In the historically unreceptive to such actions, university level are widespread as a result of new methodological concepts that European convergence requires new and innovative concepts that support and guidance in the university as tutoring, college transition or mediation . And there are already many institutions that have launched innovation agencies and programs for effective development. The University of Alicante has been working on these issues for several years and one of the most innovative experiences develops the Faculty of Education, introducing the figure of the mediator as a resource for resolving conflicts. As part of this innovation we plan to address what is meant by mediation and what is its functionality, while making a reflection on those involved and the skills needed for implementation. He has participated in research a group of applicant’s resource students and faculty constituted Research Network. From the results obtained in the search for conceptual and functional delimitation, management strategies and proposals for action in the mediation process we can conclude that it is a positive and necessary aspect that pays the tasks of university management and solving the student’s situations that may hinder adequate personal and academic development.This research on the concept of orientation we share with Bisquerra (2002), who defines it as a process of continuous assistance to all people, in all aspects, in order to enhance human development throughout the lifetime. In this framework fit all actions directed towards those who need and are looking for support for their personal, academic and professional growth. In the historically unreceptive to such actions, university level are widespread as a result of new methodological concepts that European convergence requires new and innovative concepts that support and guidance in the university as tutoring, college transition or mediation . And there are already many institutions that have launched innovation agencies and programs for effective development. The University of Alicante has been working on these issues for several years and one of the most innovative experiences develops the Faculty of Education, introducing the figure of the mediator as a resource for resolving conflicts. As part of this innovation we plan to address what is meant by mediation and what is its functionality, while making a reflection on those involved and the skills needed for implementation. He has participated in research a group of applicant’s resource students and faculty constituted Research Network. From the results obtained in the search for conceptual and functional delimitation, management strategies and proposals for action in the mediation process we can conclude that it is a positive and necessary aspect that pays the tasks of university management and solving the student’s situations that may hinder adequate personal and academic development.Este trabajo de investigación parte del concepto de orientación que compartimos con Bisquerra (2008), definiéndola como un proceso de ayuda continuo a todas las personas, en todos los aspectos, con la finalidad de potenciar el desarrollo humano a lo largo de toda la vida. En este marco de referencia caben todas las acciones dirigidas hacia quien necesita y busca apoyo para su crecimiento personal, académico y profesional. En el ámbito universitario, históricamente poco receptivo a este tipo de actuaciones, se vienen generalizando a raíz de las nuevas concepciones metodológicas que exige la convergencia europea conceptos novedosos e innovadores y que avalan la orientación en la Universidad, como tutorización, transición universitaria, o mediación. Y son ya muchas instituciones las que han puesto en marcha organismos y programas de innovación para su desarrollo efectivo. La Universidad de Alicante viene trabajando en estos temas desde hace unos años y una de las experiencias más novedosas la desarrolla la Facultad de Educación, implantando la figura de la mediadora como recurso de resolución de situaciones conflictivas. En el marco de esta innovación nos planteamos abordar qué se entiende por mediación y cuál es su funcionalidad, al tiempo que realizar una reflexión sobre los agentes implicados y las competencias necesarias para su implementación. Ha participado en la investigación un grupo de alumnas solicitantes del recurso y un equipo docente constituido en Red de investigación. De los resultados obtenidos en la búsqueda de delimitación conceptual y funcional, de estrategias de gestión y de propuestas de actuación en el proceso mediador podemos concluir que es un aspecto positivo y necesario que rentabiliza las tareas de gestión universitaria y que soluciona al alumnado situaciones que pueden entorpecer un desarrollo personal y académico adecuado
La actividad física y deportiva como medio para la reducción de los niveles de deterioro cognitivo en las personas mayores
Get PDFThanks to scientific knowledge, developed societies begin to assume that the population is growing significantly, which makes copper paramount importance in order to guarantee high levels of quality of life, articulation and implementation of a wide range of activities and programs that enable them to reduce their levels of cognitive impairment. It is in this context that the programs and activities of sport and physical activity are presented as outstanding instruments to ensure that older acquire and adopt efficient sports routines and healthy habits that will enable them to reduce their levels of cognitive decline and improve the quality of lifetime. From this situation, with this empirical study, we try to ascertain whether there is empirical evidence to affirm categorically that the combination of exercise and healthy lifestyle helps reduce levels of cognitive impairment in old age and therefore, to increase their quality of life. For this we used a descriptive methodology characterized by the use of qualitative instruments, such as the analysis of the main scientific studies on the subject, preceded the present. Although the data collected are not entirely decisive, it does shows that those elderly who manage to maintain significant levels of physical activity and sport and, moreover, are able to adopt healthy lifestyles will be able to maintain adequate health balance and, Consequently, a higher quality of life. interesting results are presented for future studies and research in this area continue to deepen. the desirability of the biggest sporting routines and adopt healthy lifestyles as a great strategy to ensure adequate health balance that enables them to increase their levels of perceived quality of life.Merced al conocimiento científico, las sociedades desarrolladas comienzan a asumir que la población mayor está creciendo de manera significativa, lo que hace que cobre una importancia capital, a fin de garantizarles altos niveles de calidad de vida, la articulación e implementación de una amplio abanico de actividades y programas que les posibiliten reducir sus niveles de deterioro cognitivo. Es precisamente en este contexto donde los programas y actividades de actividad física y deportiva se presentan como destacados instrumentos para garantizar que los mayores adquieran y adopten eficientes rutinas deportivas y hábitos de vida saludable que les posibiliten reducir sus niveles de deterioro cognitivo e incrementar su calidad de vida. A partir de esta situación, con el presente estudio empírico, se intenta comprobar si existen evidencias empíricas que permitan afirmar, con rotundidad, que la combinación de ejercicio físico y de hábitos de vida saludable contribuye a reducir los niveles de deterioro cognitivo durante la vejez y, por tanto, a incrementar su calidad de vida. Para ello se ha utilizado una metodología descriptiva caracterizada por el empleo de instrumentos de corte cualitativo, como son el análisis de los principales estudios científicos que, sobre la temática, han precedido al presente. Aunque los datos recopilados no son totalmente determinantes, sí que se aprecia que aquellos mayores que logran mantener importantes niveles de actividad física y deportiva y que, además, son capaces de adoptar hábitos de vida saludable van a conseguir mantener un adecuado equilibrio sanitario y, en consecuencia, una mayor calidad de vida. Se presentan resultados interesantes para futuros estudios e investigaciones que continúen profundizando en este ámbito. Se percibe la conveniencia de que los mayores adopten rutinas deportivas y hábitos de vida saludable como una gran estrategia para garantizarles un adecuado equilibrio sanitario que les posibilite incrementar sus niveles de calidad de vida
La percepción social del Sida: un estudio comparativo entre España y Argentina
Get PDFCultural context influences on social perception of AIDS. Social factors modulate risk perception of HIV infection and attitudes towards patients. In order to examine cultural differences in social perception of AIDS, 200 Spanish young people (Mage = 20.25; SD = 1.88) and 183 Argentinian young people (Mage = 22.30; SD = 2.89) were evaluated. The Questionnaire of AIDS Prevention, that assesses the main components of preventive theoretical models about HIV, was used. Results show statistically significant differences for perceived probability of HIV infection where Argentinian identify more risk than Spanish do (p≤.001). There are not statistically significant differences for fear perceived (p = .408). Young people in both countries assume more risk of infection for drug addicts, followed by heterosexuals and homosexuals. However, Spanish young people assume more risk of infection for drug addicts (p≤.001) compared to Argentinian young people do. Contrarily, Argentinian young people assume more risk for heterosexuals (p≤.001) and homosexuals (p≤.001) compared to Spanish young people do. In addition, Argentinian young people estimate higher physical and social suffering in seropositive people (p≤.001). There are not statistically significant differences for solidarity towards patients (p = .403). Finally, young people in each country report that they would maintain their behaviour or increase their support if they discovered a friend’s HIV infection (p = .053). Social perception may be a protective or inconvenient factor for primary and secondary prevention, as well as an important factor to diminish or increase patients’ stigma.Cultural context influences on social perception of AIDS. Social factors modulate risk perception of HIV infection and attitudes towards patients. In order to examine cultural differences in social perception of AIDS, 200 Spanish young people (Mage = 20.25; SD = 1.88) and 183 Argentinian young people (Mage = 22.30; SD = 2.89) were evaluated. The Questionnaire of AIDS Prevention, that assesses the main components of preventive theoretical models about HIV, was used. Results show statistically significant differences for perceived probability of HIV infection where Argentinian identify more risk than Spanish do (p≤.001). There are not statistically significant differences for fear perceived (p = .408). Young people in both countries assume more risk of infection for drug addicts, followed by heterosexuals and homosexuals. However, Spanish young people assume more risk of infection for drug addicts (p≤.001) compared to Argentinian young people do. Contrarily, Argentinian young people assume more risk for heterosexuals (p≤.001) and homosexuals (p≤.001) compared to Spanish young people do. In addition, Argentinian young people estimate higher physical and social suffering in seropositive people (p≤.001). There are not statistically significant differences for solidarity towards patients (p = .403). Finally, young people in each country report that they would maintain their behaviour or increase their support if they discovered a friend’s HIV infection (p = .053). Social perception may be a protective or inconvenient factor for primary and secondary prevention, as well as an important factor to diminish or increase patients’ stigma.La percepción social del Sida se construye por el contexto cultural. Los factores sociales influyen la percepción del riesgo a la infección por VIH y en las actitudes hacia las personas que viven con la enfermedad. Con el objetivo de examinar si existen diferencias culturales en la percepción social del sida, se evaluaron a 200 jóvenes españoles (Medad = 20,25; DT = 1,88) y 183 jóvenes argentinos (Medad = 22,30; DT = 2,89). Se utilizó el Cuestionario de Prevención del Sida que evalúa los principales componentes de los modelos de prevención sobre el VIH. Los resultados muestran diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la probabilidad percibida de infección por VIH, siendo los argentinos los que identifican mayor riesgo que los españoles (p≤.001). No existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el temor percibido (p = .408). Los jóvenes de ambos países atribuyen mayor riesgo de infección al colectivo de drogodependientes, seguido de los heterosexuales y homosexuales. No obstante, los españoles atribuyen mayor probabilidad de infección a los drogodependientes (p≤.001) comparados con los argentinos. Al contrario, los argentinos atribuyen más riesgo a los heterosexuales (p≤.001) y homosexuales (p≤.001) con respecto a los españoles. Por otra parte, los jóvenes argentinos valoran de forma más elevada el sufrimiento a nivel físico y social que experimenta una persona que vive con VIH (p≤.001). No se encuentran diferencias significativas a nivel estadístico en la solidaridad hacia los enfermos (p = .403). Por último, los jóvenes de ambos países se comportarían igual o apoyarían más si se enterasen que un amigo es portador del VIH (p = .053). La percepción social puede actuar como factor protector o dificultador de la prevención primaria y secundaria y ser un importante factor en la disminución o potenciación del estigma hacia los enfermos
Tratamiento de la fragilidad y apatía a través de actividades psicomotrices en la enfermedad de Alzheimer
Get PDFObjective: To implement an Occupational Therapy treatment in elderly people with dementia and frailty Method: A longitudinal study of a sample of 23 users, 14 women and 9 men aged between 71 and 92 is performed, the average age 84.66 years, users of a residence, presenting frailty and dementia. Carried out an initial assessment and final tests with Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) and Dementia Apathy Interview and Rating (DAIR), participants attend occupational therapy sessions. Statistical analysis: it was performed nonparametric Wilcoxon, Spearman correlation and Mann Whitney U test. Results: We observed that the levels of fragility do not improve, there is no relationship of age with frailty, the level of apathy does not decrease with the intervention, there is no difference in the score of apathy or fragility by sex. Conclusions: the results indicate a maintenance of vital functions on both scales, which can be considered beneficial when dealing with degenerative processes.Objetivo: Implementar un tratamiento de Terapia Ocupacional en personas mayores con demencia y fragilidad. Método: Se realiza un estudio longitudinal sobre una muestra de 23 usuarios, 14 mujeres y 9 hombres con edades comprendidas entre 71 y 92, siendo la edad media 84.66 años, usuarios de una residencia, que presentan fragilidad y demencia. Se lleva a cabo una evaluación inicial y otra final con las pruebas Batería Corta del Desempeño Físico (SPPB) y Dementia Apathy Interview and Rating (DAIR), los participantes asisten a sesiones de Terapia Ocupacional. Análisis estadístico: se llevan a cabo pruebas no paramétricas de Wilcoxon, Correlación de Spearman y U de Mann Whitney. Resultados: se observa que los niveles de fragilidad no mejoran, que no hay relación de la edad con la fragilidad, el nivel de apatía no disminuye con la intervención, no existen diferencias en la puntuación de apatía ni fragilidad según el sexo. Conclusiones. los resultados indican un mantenimiento de las funciones vitales en ambas escalas, lo que se puede considerar beneficioso al tratarse de procesos degenerativos
Prescripción de actividad física en atención primaria, valoración de factores que influyen en la adherencia al tratamiento y posibles mejoras
Get PDFWe check for abandonment of physical activity programs and analyzing several variables, the most frequently reported by patients, to identify which of them may be the main reasons for poor adherence to treatment of physical activity in primary care.Methodology: A prospective longitudinal study from January 2015 to November 2015 with no sequential random sampling ZBS Nijar, 133 patients with exercise prescription by an exercise program adapted to their condition, without exclusion criteria. A labor problem that prevents you from performing activity schedules, transportation problem or knowing the language, and others that are important as if you have prescription: physiotherapy assessment interview for data collection and assessment of whether there is performed the following variables electrotherapy, type of pathology which is derived and source of referral.Results: Contrast discuss independence with crosstabs using Spss 22. We get a high percentage of treatment dropout and significant relationship between the abandonment of the exercise program and not knowing the language. p 0.02, showing that it is more likely drop out of treatment if the language is unknown. Con este trabajo pretendemos comprobar si existe abandono de los programas de actividad física y analizar algunas variables, las más frecuentemente referidas por los pacientes, para identificar cuáles de ellas pueden ser los motivos principales de la escasa adherencia al tratamiento de actividad física en atención primaria.Metodología: Estudio longitudinal prospectivo desde enero de 2015 hasta noviembre de 2015 con muestreo secuencial no aleatorio en ZBS de Níjar, de 133 pacientes con prescripción de ejercicio físico, mediante un programa de ejercicios adaptado a su patología, sin criterios de exclusión. Se realiza entrevista de valoración de fisioterapia para recogida de datos y la evaluación de si existen las siguientes variables: un problema laboral que le impida realizar actividad por horario, problema de transporte o desconocimiento del idioma, así como otras que consideramos importantes como si tiene prescripción de electroterapia, tipo de patología por la que es derivado y procedencia de la derivación.Resultados: Analizaremos contraste de independencia con tablas cruzadas usando Spss 22. Obtenemos un elevado porcentaje de abandono del tratamiento y relación significativa entre el abandono del programa de ejercicios y el desconocimiento del idioma. p 0.02, mostrándose que es más probable abandonar el tratamiento si se desconoce el idioma.
Percepción del estudiante de nivel superior hacia los problemas económicos de México: un estudio empírico en el puerto de Veracruz
Get PDFThe aim of this study is to know the perception of university students about economic situation of Mexico. The National Survey GEA-ISA was applied. This survey was previously used in a national study entitled: “Public opinion about economic crisis and Mexican government program”. The survey was administered to 195 university students of different bachelors from Universidad Cristóbal Colón in june 2016. The analysis shows that students perceive that macroeconomic environment is not going to improve soon, but it is getting worse.El propósito central del trabajo es conocer cuál es la percepción de los estudiantes universitarios hacia los problemas económicos del país. Se ocupó el cuestionario que utilizó la Encuesta Nacional GEA-ISA, quien llevó a cabo un sondeo en el 2008, al que denominó “Opinión ciudadana sobre la crisis económica y el programa propuesto por el gobierno mexicano”. La encuesta se aplicó en junio del 2016 en la Universidad Cristóbal Colón, Campus Calasanz, Veracruz, a 195 estudiantes de diversas licenciaturas. El análisis descriptivo arrojó información que hace evidente que los estudiantes no esperan que la situación familiar y macroeconómica del país mejore en el corto plazo, sino que por el contrario, consideran que éstas sufrirán un deterioro
Violência no namoro, adaptabilidade e coesão familiar em estudantes do ensino superior
Get PDFBackground: Dating violence is a serious problem, whether because of its prevalence and consequences on physical and mental health.Objectives: To identify the sociodemographic and academic variables that affects the behavior of dating violence for students in higher education and determines how the adaptability and family cohesion interfere in the behavior of violence.Participants: The sample consisted of 820 university students (mean age 20,48 years, Sd= 2.51).Method: It is a quantitative, described correlational and cross study. The research protocol is a questionnaire. Allowed to characterize socio demographically and academics sample, in terms of practices and behaviors violence in dating with Dixe, Rodrigues, Freire et al. ( 2010), Scale and Adaptability and Family Cohesion with Tribuna, (2000) Scale.Results: This is a mainly female sample (69.4%), predominance of single students (57.2%), 46.2% attends a course in technology and 52.5% attend a course in health care. Gender, marital status, and course interfere in the conduct of dating violence. Are the male students, the course in the field of technology and to attend the 1st year who exhibit more violent behavior dating, especially stalking violence and psychological violence. The adaptability and family cohesion were not significant in physical and sexual violence, stalking and psychological violence.Conclusion: Given the results we propose the implementation of programs (debates and forums) against dating violence in schools, focused on primary prevention.Enquadramento: A violência no namoro é um problema grave, pela prevalência e consequências ao nível da saúde física e mental.Objetivos: Analisar que variáveis sociodemográficas e académicas interferem nos comportamentos de violência no namoro dos estudantes do ensino superior e determinar o modo como a adaptabilidade e coesão familiar interferem nas práticas e comportamentos de violência no namoro.Participantes: A amostra é constituída por 820 estudantes do ensino superior (idade média 20.48 anos, Dp=2.51).Método: É um estudo quantitativo, descrito-correlacional e transversal. O protocolo de investigação é um questionário. Permitiu caracterizar a amostra socio demograficamente, ao nível das Práticas e Comportamentos de Violência no Namoro com a Escala de Dixe, Rodrigues, Freire et al., 2010 e a Adaptabilidade e Coesão Familiar com a Escala de Tribuna, 2000.Resultados: É uma amostra maioritariamente feminina (69.4%), predominam os estudantes solteiros (57.2%), 46.2% frequentam um curso na área da tecnologia e 52.5% frequenta um curso na área da saúde. O sexo, o estado civil e o curso interferem nos comportamentos de violência no namoro. São os estudantes do sexo masculino, do curso na área da tecnologia e a frequentar o 1º ano que manifestam mais comportamentos de violência no namoro, sobretudo a violência stalking e a violência psicológica. A adaptabilidade e a coesão familiar não se mostraram significativas na violência física e sexual, stalking e violência psicológica.Conclusão: Face aos resultados propomos a implementação de programas (debates e fóruns) contra a violência no namoro, nas escolas, focalizados na prevenção primária.
Neurobiologia da resiliência: em busca de lesão por um futuro consciente
Get PDFThis investigation brings to light the relevant biomarkers to resilience, through a scientific revision, by resemblance to the neurological methodology of cerebral damaged structures that for understand the functions of the damaged structures, observe which functions should be activated and aren’t, we examine the pathologies which the most expressive functions of resilience – socials, adaptability and flexibility – are compromised. The case of PTSD, for evident nature of coping stress/trauma strategies, as well as ASPD and Autism assumed by scientific literature as resulting from not only environmental conditions – same to say with potentiality to aggravate the pathologic situation or benefit from it, and then so, not necessarily irreversible in amplitude, although more of its etiology are still to be enlightened – but also resulting of congenic conditions and observable since firsts life cycles, unlike the Psychotic, Humor Disorders or other from the Anxiety domain, which ones could emerge throughout any life cycle or which have other compromised functions than those whose dominant diagnostic criteria correspond to those functions we want to observe. Therefore, we concluded that the most relevant biomarkers to resilience are: oxytocin and vasopressin, cortisol, dehidroepiandrosterone, glycose, catecholamine and serotonin.Este estudo traz a luz os marcadores biológicos relevantes para a resiliência, através de uma revisão sistematizada da literatura, e à semelhança do estudo das lesões cerebrais, que para tentar compreender as funções dessas estruturas lesionadas, observam-se quais as funções que deveriam e não estão activas, fomos estudar as patologias em que as funções mais expressivas de resiliência – sociais, de adaptabilidade e flexibilidade – estão comprometidas. Caso da Perturbação Pós-Stress Traumático, pela sua natureza evidente de gestão do stress/trauma, bem como da Perturbação Anti-Social da Personalidade e Autismo, por serem patologias indicadas pela literatura – pese embora ainda muito da sua etiologia por esclarecer – resultantes de condicionalismos não somente ambientais – ou seja, com potencialidade para agravar a situação patológica ou beneficiar das condições ambientais, e por isso não necessariamente irreversíveis na sua amplitude – mas também resultantes de condicionalismos congénitos e observáveis desde os primeiros ciclos de vida, contrariamente às Perturbações Psicóticas, de Humor, ou outra do domínio da Ansiedade, as quais podem surgir ao longo dos vários ciclos da vida, ou terem outras funções comprometidas que não aquelas cujos critérios de diagnóstico dominante corresponda às funções que pretendemos observar. Assim, concluímos que os marcadores mais relevantes são: oxitocina e vasopressina, cortisol, dehidroepiandrosterona, glicose, catecolaminas e serotonina