International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology (Revista INFAD de Psicología)
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Análisis de diferencias en el uso, conocimiento y actitudes hacia las nuevas tecnologías entre personas con y sin enfermedad mental grave
Get PDFThis article compares people with severe mental disorders and people without mental disorders regard to use, knowledge, interest and attitudes towards new information technologies (ICT). In the study participated seven persons with severe mental illness, and seven persons without mental illness. The results show that there are significant intergroup differences in relation to the use, knowledge, interest and attitudes toward new information technologies.En este artículo se comparan personas con y sin enfermedad mental grave respecto al uso, conocimiento, interés y actitudes hacia las nuevas tecnologías de la información (TIC). En el estudio han participado siete personas con enfermedad mental grave y siete sin enfermedad mental. Los resultados muestran que existen diferencias significativas intergrupos en relación al uso, conocimiento, interés y actitudes hacia las nuevas tecnologías de la información
Contexto comunicativo, familiar y escolar del adolescente y conducta sexual.
Get PDFAdolescence is considered as a particularly sensitive period in the evolutionary process of the human being. It is during this period that certain risk behaviors will be acquired by the adolescent. The main objective is to analyze the communicative, family and school context in relation to the adolescent sexual behavior (debut, use of contraceptive measures and knowledge of sexual diseases). A questionnaire, that addressed demographic, family and educational factors, as well as various issues related to their sexual behavior, was given to students of E.S.O. (Obligatory Secondary Education) of all Andalusia. The results show that, in the majority of cases, adolescents have received sex education, which is very positively valued but which is not decisive for the use of contraceptive methods, although it facilitates the knowledge of sexually transmitted diseases. Those who have received sex education are initiated earlier in risky sexual practices. The condom is the most used method being the reason of use to avoid an unwanted pregnancy. Those who start early in sexual relations have parents with lower level of education, manifest a worse relationship with them both in terms of communication, control and discipline and have worse academic results. The results show the importance of family and educational factors when starting adolescents in their sexual life in an early manner.La adolescencia es considerada como un periodo especialmente sensible en el proceso evolutivo del ser humano. Es en este periodo donde se van a adquirir determinados comportamientos denominados de riesgo para el adolescente. El objetivo fundamental se centra en analizar el contexto comunicativo, familiar y escolar en relación al comportamiento sexual del adolescente (debut, uso de medidas anticonceptivas y conocimiento de enfermedades sexuales). Se les administró a alumnos de E.S.O. (Enseñanza Secundaria Obligatoria) de toda Andalucía un cuestionario en donde se abordaban factores demográficos, familiares y educativos; así como diversas cuestiones relacionadas con su conducta sexual. Los resultados muestran que de manera mayoritaria, los adolescentes han recibido educación sexual, valorada muy positivamente, pero que sin embargo no resulta determinante para el uso de métodos anticonceptivos aunque si facilita el conocimiento de enfermedades de transmisión sexual. Aquellos que han recibido educación sexual se inician antes en prácticas sexuales de riesgo. El preservativo es el método más utilizado siendo el motivo de uso evitar un embarazo no deseado. Los que se inician precozmente en las relaciones sexuales poseen padres con menor nivel de estudios, manifiestan una peor relación con los mismos tanto a nivel de comunicación, como de control y disciplina y poseen peores resultados académicos. Los resultados obtenidos muestran la importancia de los factores familiares y educativos a la hora de iniciarse los adolescentes en su vida sexual de una manera temprana
Resiliencia: impacto positivo en la salud física y mental
Get PDFResilience is characterized by effective coping with stressful events and depends on the specific characteristics of stressful situations and individuals, as well as the interaction of the person and their human environment. Resilience in health has been conceptualized as the ability to maintain good health in the midst of great adversity, a capacity that can emerge in relational development, acquiring in the environment. Research on established relationships between resilience and physical health is scarce; however, research on resilience and mental health is extensive, focusing mainly on psychological variables and pathologies such as stress, anxiety and depression. This paper reviews the positive impact on the physical and mental health of resilience from current knowledge.La resiliencia se caracteriza por un afrontamiento efectivo de los eventos estresantes y depende de las características específicas de las situaciones estresantes y de los individuos, así como de la interacción de la persona y su entorno humano. La resiliencia en salud se ha conceptualizado como la capacidad de mantener una buena salud en medio de una gran adversidad, capacidad que puede emerger en el desarrollo relacional, adquiriéndose en el ambiente. Es escasa la investigación llevada a cabo sobre relaciones establecidas entre la resiliencia y la salud física; sin embargo, es amplia la investigación en resiliencia y salud mental, centrada principalmente en variables psicológicas y patologías como el estrés, la ansiedad y la depresión. Este trabajo realiza una revisión, desde los conocimientos actuales, del impacto positivo para la salud física y mental de la resiliencia
Deporte en familia como prevención de problemas de conducta desde edades tempranas
Get PDFIn recent years, behavioral problems in early childhood have increased, conditioning the probability that problematic situations appear that compromises the personal and social adjustment of children, crystallizing in criminal behavior or harassment. In order to respond to this problem, recent studies provides scientific evidence about different interventions highlighting the influence of parenting styles in the infantile stage and the role of the sport in the promotion of prosocial conducts and self-control. Therefore, the objective of this article is, on the one hand, to know the relationship between the parenting styles, assessed form a child perspective, and preschoolers behavior problems and, on the other hand, to reflect on the benefits of family sport practice from a democratic, comprehensive and constructive perspective in preventing behavior problems in the preschool stage. The study involved 141 students (81 girls and 63 boys) aged 4 and 5 years old from Granada. Parenting styles are evaluated through PEF-H scale from Alonso y Román (2003), and behavioural problems through three BASC scales from Reynolds y Kamphaus (1992), adapted to spanish by González, Fernández, Pérez, y Santamaría (2004). The results show that the democratic style correlates significantly and negatively with attention problems. However, no significant relationship has been found between permissive style and behavioral problems. As for the authoritarian style, there is a positive and significant relationship with behavior problems. In conclusion, family democratic style is a protective factor for optimal development from an early age, being family sport practice a positive aspect to promote prosocial, respectful, entrepreneurial, self-control and critical conducts, as prevention of behavioral problems.En los últimos años los problemas de conducta en edad infantil han aumentado, condicionando la probabilidad de que aparezcan situaciones problemáticas que comprometan el ajuste personal y social de los menores, cristalizando en conductas delictivas o acoso. Para responder a esta problemática, investigaciones recientes aportan evidencias científicas acerca de diferentes intervenciones resaltando la influencia de los estilos educativos parentales en la etapa infantil y del papel del deporte en el fomento de conductas prosociales y de autocontrol. Por ello, el objetivo de la presente investigación es, por un lado, conocer la relación existente entre los estilos educativos parentales, evaluados desde la perspectiva infantil, y los problemas de conducta en niños de preescolar y, por otro, reflexionar sobre los beneficios de la práctica de deporte en familia desde una perspectiva democrática, comprensiva y constructiva en la prevención de problemas de conducta en la etapa preescolar. En el estudio participan 141 alumnos/as (81 niñas y 63 niños) de 4 y 5 años de Granada. Los estilos educativos se evalúan a través de la escala PEF-H de Alonso y Román (2003), y los problemas de conducta mediante tres escalas del BASC de Reynolds y Kamphaus (1992), adaptada al español por González, Fernández, Pérez, y Santamaría (2004). Los resultados obtenidos muestran que el estilo democrático correlaciona significativa y negativamente con los problemas de atención. Sin embargo, no se ha encontrado relación significativa entre el estilo permisivo y los problemas de conducta. En cuanto al estilo autoritario, se encuentra una relación positiva significativa con los problemas de atención. En conclusión, el estilo democrático familiar se presenta como factor de protección para el desarrollo óptimo desde edades tempranas, siendo la práctica del deporte en familia un aspecto positivo para fomentar conductas prosociales, respetuosas, emprendedoras, de autocontrol y críticas, como prevención de problemas de conducta
La fragilidad.
Get PDFFragility is an increase in the vulnerability to stressors of low intensity, produced by an alteration in multiple and interrelated systems, which leads to a decrease in the homeostatic reserve and the capacity of adaptation of the organism, which predisposes to adverse events affecting the funcionality. In Geriatrics we group the elderly in Healthy, Sick, Fragile and Geriatric Patient. A very powerful tool is used, which is the Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment with the basic valuations: functional, Cognitive, social, and the complementary ones: Nutritional, affective, of the risk of falls, of the fragility, etc. It is very important to know the reversibility of the problem with a structured and multidisciplinary approach in terms of physical, nutritional, psychological intervention and pharmacological adjustment.La fragilidad es un incremento de la vulnerabilidad a estresores de baja intensidad, producido por una alteración en múltiples e interrelacionados sistemas, que conduce a una disminución en la reserva homeostática y de la capacidad de adaptación del organismo, lo que predispone a eventos adversos afectando a la funcionalidad. En Geriatría agrupamos los ancianos en Sanos, Enfermos, Frágiles y Paciente Geriátrico. Se utiliza una herramienta muy potente, que es la Valoración Geriátrica Integral con las valoraciones básicas: funcional, Cognitiva, social, y las complementarias: Nutricional, afectiva, del riesgo de caídas, de la fragilidad, etc. Es muy importante conocer la reversibilidad del problema con un abordaje estructurado y multidisplinar en cuanto a la intervención física, nutricional, psicológica y ajuste farmacológico
La práctica deportiva en personas con discapacidad: motivación personal, inclusión y salud
Get PDFIn this article we analyze how the acquisition of sports habits affects the motivation of people with disabilities for the development of a healthy lifestyle. The participant sample presented as a case study has been 11 people with disabilities of different ages (15-64) and disability (physical, intellectual and sensory) who have since birth or accident and / or disease. The main objective of the study was to analyze the improvement of the physical condition of people through the motivation of sports to avoid sedentary lifestyle of this population and generate inclusive processes through sports. This study has analyzed the dimensions of sports habit through qualitative methodology and key informants on physical activity and lifestyle; free time; use of facilities and promotion of sports. The results show us that people who have an interest in the development of sports habits also improve their personal and social development. In addition to this, we can conclude that the motivation to practice sports in people with disabilities becomes a tool to better manage their emotions and skills and improvements in their self-esteem which they need to develop a healthy lifestyle.En este artículo se analiza como la adquisición de hábitos deportivos afecta a la motivación de las personas con discapacidad para el desarrollo de un estilo de vida saludable. La muestra participante presentada a modo de estudio de caso ha sido de 11 personas con discapacidad de diferentes edades (15-64) y discapacidad (física, intelectual y sensorial) que tienen desde el nacimiento o por accidente y/o enfermedad. El objetivo principal del estudio ha sido analizar la mejora de la condición física de las personas a través de la motivación de la práctica deportiva para evitar el sedentarismo de dicha población y generar procesos inclusivos a través del deporte. Este estudio se ha analizado las dimensiones del hábito deportivo a través de la metodología cualitativa e informantes claves sobre actividad física y estilo de vida; tiempo libre; uso de las instalaciones y promoción del deporte. Los resultados nos muestran que las personas que tienen interés por el desarrollo de hábitos deportivos mejoran a su vez su desarrollo personal y social. A sí mismo, podemos concluir que la motivación para la práctica de deporte en personas con discapacidad se convierte en una herramienta para gestionar mejor sus emociones y habilidades y mejoras en su autoestima que necesitan para desarrollar un estilo de vida saludable
Empowerment of the elderly and the improvement of their quality of life
Get PDFPopulation ageing brings on new and numerous challenges for today’s societies. One of the most important challenges is the necessity to change the vision of incapacity, passivity, vulnerability, dependence and social isolation that society and the elderly themselves assign to the old age. There is an urgent need to create conditions for the aging process to be lived as satisfactorily as possible, providing greater well-being and quality of life for older people. Based on these principles, the present work seeks to describe a social education project, drawn and developed in an Elderly Institution (IATI). The research-action-participatory methodology for social education advocates to carry out critical analysis of reality jointly with the social actors; this approach allowed to highlight a set of problems and needs, as well as identify the resources and potentialities. The primary focus of the project was thus to promote the empowerment and consequent improvement of the quality of life of the elderly in IATI – and the general and specific objectives were identified. Two actions were considered, taking into account the interests, tastes and needs of the participants. The first one, involving the professionals, aimed to sensitize the participants to the importance of active participation of the elderly in decision-making processes. The second aimed to broaden and deepen relational relationships among older people, as well as to enhance their capacity building and participation. The final evaluation of the project was based on the CIPP Model, and allowed the different social actors to recognize the changes that occurred. Especial appreciation was shown towards a greater participation, empowerment and empowerment of the elderly, which resulted in the improvement of their daily, personal and collective well-being, as well as their quality of life.O envelhecimento da população traz novos e inúmeros desafios às sociedades atuais. Um dos desafios mais importantes foca-se na necessidade de alterar a visão de incapacidade, de passividade, de vulnerabilidade, de dependência e de isolamento social que a sociedade e os próprios idosos conferem à fase da velhice. Urge então criar condições para que o processo de envelhecimento seja vivido o mais satisfatoriamente possível, proporcionando um maior bem-estar e qualidade de vida às pessoas mais velhas. Assente nestes princípios, o presente trabalho procura dar conta de um projeto de educação social, desenhado e desenvolvido numa Instituição de Apoio à Terceira Idade (IATI). Tendo em conta a análise crítica da realidade, realizada em conjunto com os atores sociais, como defende a metodologia de investigação-ação-participativa privilegiada na educação social, foi destacado um conjunto de problemas e necessidades, assim como de recursos e potencialidades.Foi então pensada a finalidade do projeto – promover a capacitação, o empoderamento e a consequente melhoria da qualidade de vida das pessoas idosas da IATI - e delineados os objetivos gerais e específicos. Duas ações foram equacionadas, tendo em conta os interesses, os gostos e as necessidades dos participantes. A primeira, envolvendo os profissionais, teve como intuito sensibilizá-los para a importância da participação ativa das pessoas idosas nos processos de tomada de decisão.A segunda visou ampliar e aprofundar os laços relacionais entre as pessoas idosas, assim como potenciar a capacitação e a participação das mesmas. Na avaliação final do projeto, baseada no Modelo CIPP, os diferentes atores sociais reconheceram as mudanças ocorridas. Valorizaram sobre-tudo a maior participação, capacitação e empoderamento das pessoas idosas, que se refletiu na melhoria do seu bem-estar quotidiano, pessoal e coletivo, assim como da sua qualidade de vida.Population ageing brings on new and numerous challenges for today’s societies. One of themost important challenges is the necessity to change the vision of incapacity, passivity, vulnerability, dependence and social isolation that society and the elderly themselves assign to the old age.There is an urgent need to create conditions for the aging process to be lived as satisfactorily as possible, providing greater well-being and quality of life for older people. Based on these principles, the present work seeks to describe a social education project, drawn and developed in an Elderly Institution (IATI). The research-action-participatory methodology for social education advocates to carry out critical analysis of reality jointly with the social actors; this approach allowed to highlight a set of problems and needs, as well as identify the resources and potentialities. The primary focus of the project was thus to promote the empowerment and consequent improvement of the quality of life of the elderly in IATI – and the general and specific objectives were identified. Two actions were considered, taking into account the interests, tastes and needs of the participants. The firstone, involving the professionals, aimed to sensitize the participants to the importance of active participation of the elderly in decision-making processes. The second aimed to broaden and deepen relational relationships among older people, as well as to enhance their capacity building and participation.The final evaluation of the project was based on the CIPP Model, and allowed the differentsocial actors to recognize the changes that occurred. Especial appreciation was shown towards a greater participation, empowerment and empowerment of the elderly, which resulted in the improvement of their daily, personal and collective well-being, as well as their quality of life
El transgenerismo. Detección y actuación como prevención de la violencia de género
Get PDFAt a time when society is so sensitive to everyday violence that it is constantly threatening our coexistence (gender violence, school violence, etc.), it is necessary to seek answers to the state of the issue and to propose ideas that can help to improve the situation. It is generally felt that an adequate way to address this problem is prevention, understood as an early action to raise awareness in the consolidation of a series of non-negotiable values for the human condition. And from this point of view we inevitably refer to the family and school environment. If we talk about gender and school violence, both themes can be found in schools around, among others, a relatively new and little studied concept: transgenderism. We are not yet ready to accept the ambiguity in the sexual identification and it is a topic that has been taboo and at the moment it becomes current. Since the human being seeks his sexual identity in the first years of existence can generate episodes of violence that will mark his life. And these situations occur in school. A protocol of action should be established to know how to handle a possible case of transgender within the school. There is very little information about this topic. After a conceptual delimitation and a bibliographic study on the subject, a field study was carried out with the elaboration and application of a questionnaire to 104 people and interviewing two people with this situation. This study will show us that we are dealing with a very little work that is gradually opening up and for which prevention it is necessary to have protocols of action in educational centers that avoid episodes of violence.En estos momentos en que la sociedad se encuentra tan sensibilizada por la violencia cotidiana que amenaza continuamente nuestra convivencia (violencia de género, violencia escolar, etc.) es necesario buscar respuestas al estado de la cuestión y proponer ideas que puedan ayudar a la mejora de la situación. Es sentir generalizado el que una forma adecuada de abordar esta problemática está en la prevención, entendida como una actuación temprana de sensibilización en la consolidación de una serie de valores innegociables para la condición humana. Y desde este punto de vista nos remitimos inevitablemente al entorno familiar y escolar. Si hablamos de violencia de género y escolar ambos temas se pueden localizar en las escuelas en torno, entre otros, a un concepto relativamente nuevo y poco estudiado: el transgenerismo. No estamos preparados todavía para aceptar la ambigüedad en la identificación sexual y es un tema que ha sido tabú y en estos momentos cobra actualidad. Desde que el ser humano busca su identidad sexual en los primeros años de existencia se pueden generar episodios de violencia que van a marcar su vida. Y estas situaciones se producen en la escuela. Habría que establecer un protocolo de actuación para saber cómo manejar un posible caso de transgénero dentro del centro escolar. Existe muy poca información acerca de este tema. Tras una delimitación conceptual y un estudio bibliográfico sobre el tema se realiza un estudio de campo con la elaboración y aplicación de un cuestionario a 104 personas y entrevistar a dos personas con esta situación. Este estudio nos demostrará que estamos ante un tema muy poco trabajado que poco a poco se va abriendo camino y para cuya prevención es necesario contar con protocolos de actuación en los centros educativos que eviten episodios de violencia
Creencias entre los estudiantes universitarios hacia la discapacidad: análisis de su evolución entre generaciones
Get PDFIntroduction. The interest to know the beliefs of students towards disability has increased in recent years. Most of the studies are of a transversal nature, and focus their efforts on the analysis of beliefs among students based on sociodemographic variables, with no focus on the study of their evolution. In order to check if attitudes evolve, the purpose of the study is to assess the attitudes of university students towards students with disabilities in different generations of students.Method. Participants were 689 students from the University of Alicante of different generations (340 students enrolled in the 2008 course and 349 students in the 2015 course). They comprised ages between 18 and 32 years (M = 22.16, SD = 4.22). We designed a Likert questionnaire (1 = no agreement, 5 = totally agree), where the attitudes of the students are estimated.Results The results of the mean comparisons indicated statistically significant differences in the attitudes of the students according to the generation.Conclusions This study shows that, in general, that the attitudes of students towards disability evolve favorably over time, which suggests the need to continue focusing on promoting programs focused on the integration of people with disabilities.Introducción. El interés por conocer las creencias de los estudiantes hacia la discapacidad se ha incrementado en los últimos años. La mayoría de los estudios, son de carácter transversal, y enfocan sus esfuerzos al análisis sobre las creencias entre los estudiantes en función de variables sociodemográficas, no centrándose ninguna en el estudio de su evolución. Con el objetivo de comprobar si las actitudes evolucionan, el propósito del estudio consiste en evaluar las actitudes de los estudiantes universitarios hacia los alumnos con discapacidad en diferentes generaciones de los estudiantes.Método. Participaron 689 alumnos de la Universidad de Alicante de diferentes generaciones (340 estudiantes matriculados en el curso 2008 y 349 alumnos del curso 2015). Comprendían edades entre 18 y 32 años (M= 22,16, DT= 4,22). Diseñamos un cuestionario tipo Likert (1=nada de acuerdo, 5= totalmente de acuerdo), donde se estiman las actitudes de los estudiantes.Resultados. Los resultados de las comparaciones de medias indicaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en las actitudes de los estudiantes en función de la generación.Conclusiones. Este estudio muestra que, en general, que las actitudes de los alumnos hacia la discapacidad evolucionan favorablemente a lo largo del tiempo, lo cual sugiere la necesidad de seguir incidiendo en fomentar programas enfocados a la integración de las personas con discapacidad