International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology (Revista INFAD de Psicología)
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Treino de memória em idosos saudáveis: uma revisão da literatura
Get PDFThis literature review aimed to verify the scientific production on “aging versus memory”, identifying and analyzing international and national studies. Method: A study carried out at the bases:PePSIC, SciELO, LILACS, PsycINFO, and PubMed, over a period of 10 years, being considered studies published between January 2007 and December 2016. Results: 330 studies were found, 33 of which were analyzed after applying the criteria of exclusion, highlighting the issues: beneficial effects of training; lack of maintenance of the positive effects of the training and positive influence of the training in the humor; decreased symptoms of depression and anxiety; association between memory complaints and cognitive deficit, symptoms of depression and anxiety, age, self-esteem, schooling, perception of stress and quality of life and psychological well-being, decline in cognitive function and risk of self-neglect; association between subjective perception of memory and better performance in working memory tasks and semantic memory. In the methodological aspects were emphasized: effects of the retest, use of the MMSE and influence of the environment on the performance of the test. Conclusion: The analysis revealed that there is a great deal of divergence in the results of the studies and a large majority both regarding the beneficial effects of cognitive training in the elderly, and the need to undertake studies in the area. Esta revisão de literatura teve como objetivo verificar a produção científica sobre “envelhecimento versus memória”, identificando e analisando estudos internacionais e nacionais. Método: Pesquisa realizada nas bases: PePSIC, SciELO, LILACS, PsycINFO e PubMed, num período de 10 anos, sendo considerados estudos publicados entre janeiro de 2007 e dezembro de 2016. Resultados: Foram encontrados 330 estudos, sendo 33 analisados após aplicação dos critérios de exclusão, destacando-se as questões: efeitos benéficos do treino; falta de manutenção dos efeitos positivos do treino e influência positiva do treino no humor; diminuição dos sintomas da depressão e ansiedade; associação queixas de memória e déficit cognitivo, sintomas da depressão e ansiedade, idade, autoestima, escolaridade, percepção do estresse, da qualidade de vida e bem-estar psicológico, declínio da função cognitiva e risco de autonegligência; associação percepção subjetiva da memória e melhor desempenho nas tarefas da memória de trabalho e memória semântica. Nos aspectos metodológicos foram ressaltados: efeitos do reteste, uso do MEEM e influência do ambiente no desempenho do teste. Conclusão: A análise revelou que há muita divergência nos resultados dos estudos e ampla maioria tanto em relação aos efeitos benéficos do treino cognitivo em idosos, quanto à necessidade de se empreender estudos na área
Valoración de un programa en sexualidad a personas con daño cerebral adquirido (DCA)
Get PDFThe ABI, is a multicausal pathology that affects young people, with the presence of important neurological squeals that have a negative impact on sexual functions, social and couple relationships in an important way. The evaluation of a program on sexuality for people who have suffered an ABI, aims to be a valid instrument to improve the altered sexuality aspects resulted from the pathology. Implementation of the 2013-16. Subjects: 54 people, 33 men and 21 women. The qualitative evaluation is done through a field notebook, to people with ABI and professionals. A session is held 3 months after implementing the program, to obtain information about changes in function and sexual relations. The evaluation is highly satisfactory for people with LCA and professionals in the institutions. The Intervention in sexuality educational programs for people with ABI are considered necessary to inform and provide strategies of action aimed at maintaining and establishing a healthy sexuality after the debut of the pathology, by the shortage of the same, and the growing demand of information on sexual activity after a (DCA).El DCA, patología multicausal, afecta a personas jóvenes, con secuelas neurológicas que repercuten negativamente en la función sexual, en las relaciones sociales y en las de pareja de manera importante. La implantación de un programa educativo en sexualidad y la posterior valoración del mismo, cómo instrumento válido para mejorar los aspectos de la sexualidad alterados a consecuencia de la patología.La Implantación del Programa se lleva a cabo los años 2013-16. Valoración cualitativa a través de un cuaderno de campo para describir emociones y aportaciones verbales de las personas con DCA y las profesionales. Sesión de refuerzo a los 3 meses, con la finalidad de obtener información sobre cambios en la función sexual y en las relaciones La Valoración es altamente satisfactoria de las personas con DCA y los profesionales de los centros al cuidado de estas personas, recogidos en Cuaderno de Campo. Los programas educativos en sexualidad a personas con (DCA) son necesarios para informar y dotar de estrategias encaminadas a mantener y establecer una sexualidad saludable después del debut de la patología, por la escasez de los mismos, y la creciente demanda de información sobre la actividad sexual después de un (DCA)
Variables determinantes para una nueva cultura tutorial desde el PAT
Get PDFSpanish universities have taken on the challenge of implementing tutorial accompaniment processes from institutional tutorial action programmes (PAT) considered as programmed actions for the inclusion of new students in the university with the aim of covering their needs in terms of information, training and ongoing advice. The objective of this study has been to identify and implement tutorial actions based on determining variables for a change of direction in the TAP tutorial actions, such as: coordination according to the agents involved; TAP teaching team and tutoring students. n this study and from an ideographic and qualitative perspective, the descriptive case study has been used. The reports made by the participants in each of the dimensions: at the level of general coordination, at the level of the teaching team and at the level of the tutored students, have been used to collect the required information. The results obtained show that, based on the variables established, tutorial actions not only contemplate support for the student in the academic sphere, but also, to a large extent, imply an orientation towards tutorial accompaniment in personal aspects and obstacles that may occur throughout the university student’s career, which is why it is concluded that this tutorial action model will continue to advance through the PAT.Las universidades españolas ha asumido el reto de implementar procesos de acompañamiento tutorial desde programas institucionales de acción tutorial (PAT) consideradas como actuaciones programadas para la inclusión del alumnado de nuevo ingreso en la universidad con la finalidad de cubrir sus necesidades en cuanto a información, formación y asesoramiento continuado. El objetivo de este estudio ha sido identificar e implementar acciones tutoriales a partir de variables determinantes para un cambio de dirección en las acciones tutoriales del PAT, como son: coordinación en función de los agentes implicados; Equipo docente del PAT y alumnado tutorizado. En este estudio y desde una perspectiva ideográfica y cualitativa se ha utilizado el estudio de caso de carácter descriptivo. Los informes realizados por los participantes en cada una de las dimensiones: a nivel de coordinación general, a nivel de equipo docente y a nivel de alumnado tutorizado, han sido utilizados para la recogida de la información requerida. Los resultados obtenidos muestran a partir de las variables establecidas unas acciones tutoriales que no solo contemplan el apoyo al estudiante en el ámbito académico sino en gran parte supone una orientación hacia el acompañamiento tutorial en aspectos personales y obstáculos que se pueden suceder a lo largo de la trayectoria del estudiante universitario por lo que se concluye seguir avanzando en este modelo de acción tutorial a través del PAT
Preadolescenti e smartphone
Get PDFThe penetration of new media among the very young and in particular the use of tablets and smartphones, objects considered “natural” by children because they were already present at birth, made the analysis scenario very complex. As usual more or less consolidated in recent years, the phone arrives in the first year (eleven years) almost for all preadolescents. A conventional choice that comes from below, shared by the families of any social status, from the south or the north, young or less young and which we could define as ethical-pragmatic, answers two questions: the first, of a moral character, reflects the idea that children under the age of 11 have not yet acquired the cognitive tools to manage this new technological object and its consequences in “social” life; the second, more practical, believes that the phone can be useful for kids 11 years and older who will start going to school alone. But how will the life of the eleven years change with the arrival of the mobile phone? What will happen in their universe will be a small Copernican revolution, they will discover the possibility of always being connected, they will feel the need to be in a group, in a network, suffer exclusion or disinterest, they will be tempted to destroy the sense of boredom with any online game. Through a telephone, their first form of private property, will claim the right to privacy (block codes or even worse fingerprints), will experience the first forms of autonomy. In short, they will experience adult life.La penetrazione dei nuovi media tra i giovanissimi e in particolare l’uso del tablet e degli smartphone, oggetti considerati «naturali» dai ragazzi perché già presenti dalla nascita, ha reso molto complesso lo scenario di analisi. Come d’abitudine più o meno consolidata negli ultimi anni, il telefono arriva in prima media quasi per tutti i preadolescenti. Qualche mese in più o in meno se si appartiene alla schiera nostalgica dell’ “era meglio ai tempi miei”o a quella dei fiduciosi nel futuro.Una scelta convenzionale che viene dal basso, condivisa dalle famiglie di qualsiasi stato sociale, del sud o del nord, giovane o meno giovane e che potremmo definire etico-pragmatica, risponde cioè a due questioni: la prima, di carattere morale, riflette l’idea che sotto gli 11 anni i bambini non abbiano ancora acquisito gli strumenti cognitivi per gestire questo nuovo oggetto tecnologico e le sue conseguenze nella vita “sociale”; la seconda, di carattere più pratico, ritiene che il telefono possa essere utile ai ragazzini dagli 11 anni in poi che cominceranno ad andare a scuola da soli. Ma come cambierà la vita degli undicenni con l’arrivo del telefonino? Quella che accadrà nel loro universo sarà una piccola rivoluzione copernicana, scopriranno la possibilità di essere sempre connessi con qualcosa e con qualcuno, sentiranno il bisogno di essere anche loro in un gruppo, in una rete, soffriranno l’esclusione o il disinteresse, saranno tentati di annientare il senso della noia con un qualsiasi gioco on line. Attraverso un telefono, la loro prima forma di proprietà privata, reclameranno il diritto alla privacy (codici di blocco o peggio ancora impronte digitali), sperimenteranno le prime forme di autonomia. Insomma, faranno esperienza di vita adulta
El mundo actual: valores y cambios. La psicología y sus respuestas.
Get PDFAt the present time, we are in a change of Historical Cycle, a convulsed and disoriented world. Loss of values, never imagined, in the Family, Education, human relations, religion, Greco-Roman, Judeo-Christian bases, on which the development of the Western world has been built. Moral principles vanish in the wind. The universal values are violated with absolute normality. The past is linked to the present and the future, it is the unavoidable support of what is to come. The past happens to us invoice. The changes of the last decades have left the most developed countries in the world in a state of “shock”. The defense of the equal rights of the human person, woman = male, male = female, black = white, heterosexual or homo sexual has marked the irreversible path in the western world; no, in the rest of the world. The New Technologies and Internet “have launched in droves the migration to the conquest of the golden calf with tin legs”. (De la Cruz N. 202). Express divorce, multiplication of family models, indiscriminate abortion, including girls and adolescents, with alarming loss of population, replaced by the bellies of Muslim women, as predicted by Muammar Gaddafi. The cycle that begins, during the 21st century, will once again put humanity on the path to progress in a more balanced way. Psychology, Pedagogy are the way. Areas of family life, school, social, political, have been prosecuted to a level that would surprise the same Franz Kafka. The answers necessarily come in two ways: 1st, decrease, to a minimum, of lawyers, judges and gynecologists in the divorce and abortion process. 2nd. Humanized attention and Open Systemic Education, including everyone, with the different branches of Psychology.En el momento actual, estamos en un cambio de Ciclo Histórico, un mundo convulso y desorientado. Pérdida de valores, jamás imaginada, en la Familia, la Educación, relaciones humanas, religión, bases greco romanas, judeocristianas, sobre las que se ha edificado el desarrollo del mundo occidental. Los principios morales se esfuman en el viento. Los valores universales se incumplen con absoluta normalidad. El pasado está ligado al presente y al futuro, es el soporte ineludible de lo que va a venir. El pasado nos pasa factura. Los cambios de las últimas décadas han dejado a los países más desarrollados del mundo en estado de “shock”. La defensa de la igualdad de derechos de la persona humana, mujer=varón, varón=mujer, negro=blanco, hétero u homo sexual ha marcado el camino irreversible en el mundo occidental; no, en el resto del mundo. Las Nuevas Tecnologías e Internet “han lanzado en tropel la migración a la conquista del becerro de oro con patas de hojalata”. (De la Cruz N. 202). El divorcio exprés, la multiplicación de modelos de familia, el aborto indiscriminado, incluyendo a niñas y adolescentes, con pérdida alarmante de población, sustituida por los vientres de mujeres musulmanas, como pronosticó Muamar el Gadafi. El ciclo que empieza, durante el siglo XXI, pondrá nuevamente a la humanidad en el camino de avanzar de forma más equilibrada. Psicología, Pedagogía son el camino. Ámbitos de la vida familiar, escolar, social, política, se han judicializado hasta un nivel que sorprendería al mismo Franz Kafka. Las respuestas vienen necesariamente por dos vías: 1ª, disminución, al mínimo, de abogados, jueces y de ginecólogos en el proceso de divorcios y abortos. 2ª. Atención humanizada y Educación Abierta Sistémica, incluyendo a todos, con las diferentes ramas de la Psicología, la Pedagogía y la Psicología Positivas, la Psicología y Pedagogía Prenatales
Introducción
No full textPresentation of INFAD Journal, no.2, vol.1, 2018: "Psychology and scientific change in a positive way" Presentación del nº 2, vol. 1, 2018 de la revista INFAD: "Psicología y cambio científico en positivo"
Diseño y experimentación de un curso MOOC para cuidadores inmigrantes de mayores: proyecto IENE 7
Get PDFIntroduction: Since September 2017, the research group Humanities-498 (Psychological intervention in development, education and guidance) of the University of Almeria, is working on a European project together with four other partners (Romania, United Kingdom and two communities of Italy) in the creation of an appropriate model of education for informal caregivers of the elderly who receive home care. This model will be the theoretical foundation that will support the creation of an adequate curriculum, with objectives, content and materials adapted to these groups of caregivers who are often disadvantaged groups (immigrants, people without education or at risk of social exclusion, etc.) . The tools and learning resources developed will be introduced in a platform developed to contain a MOOC Course (free online course available on the net for the entire international community translated into four languages) and a free license Smartphone application. The main objective of this project is to provide training for informal caregivers, improve their job opportunities, strengthen their position in the labor market and increase the quality of care for the elderly in various European countries. Methodology: you want to develop and pilot an Online Course (generally called MOOC) built with an innovative pedagogical approach to co-learning and based on digital technologies as facilitators of the teaching process. Aimed at people with different professional qualifications: nursing assistants, formal and informal caregivers, families, geriatric care specialist ... It is about creating an online community in the learning platform to share common interests and promote values and positive interactions in the care of old people. Results: our proposal mainly addresses the disadvantaged groups of immigrants, many of them unskilled, to improve their professional, intercultural and social communication in order to increase their professionalism, employability, encourage their active participation and change the stigmatized attitudes of society and some institutions. It promotes innovative methods and pedagogies focused on the development of an open and innovative education through the use of ICT, which could be widely used in other contexts. Conclusions: this project aims to improve access, participation and learning of disadvantaged groups, horizontal priority of the ERASMUS + European programsIntroducción: Desde septiembre de 2017, el grupo de investigación Humanidades-498 (Intervención psicológica en desarrollo, educación y orientación) de la Universidad de Almería, está trabajando en un proyecto europeo junto a otros cuatro socios (Rumanía, Reino Unido y dos comunidades de Italia) en la creación de un modelo adecuado de educación dirigido a cuidadores informales de personas mayores que reciben atención domiciliaria. Este modelo será el fundamento teórico que apoyará la creación de un currículo adecuado, con objetivos, contenidos y materiales adaptados a estos grupos de cuidadores que en muchas ocasiones son grupos desfavorecidos (inmigrantes, personas sin formación o en riesgo de exclusión social, etc.). Las herramientas y recursos de aprendizaje elaborados se introducirán en una plataforma desarrollada para contener un Curso MOOC (curso online gratuito y disponible en la red para toda la comunidad internacional traducido en cuatro idiomas) y una aplicación Smartphone de licencia gratuita. El objetivo principal de este proyecto es ofrecer formación para los cuidadores informales, mejorar sus oportunidades de trabajo, fortalecer su posición en el mercado laboral y aumentar la calidad en la atención a los mayores en diversos países europeos. Metodología: se desea desarrollar y pilotar un Curso Online (generalmente llamados MOOC) construido con un enfoque pedagógico innovador de coaprendizaje y basado en las tecnologías digitales como facilitadores del proceso de enseñanza. Dirigido a personas con diferentes cualificaciones profesionales: auxiliares de enfermería, cuidadores formales e informales, familias, especialista en cuidados geriátricos…Se trata de crear una comunidad online en la plataforma de aprendizaje para compartir intereses comunes y promover valores e interacciones positivas en el cuidado de las personas mayores. Resultados: nuestra propuesta aborda principalmente a los grupos desfavorecidos de inmigrantes, muchos de ellos no cualificados, para mejorar su comunicación profesional, intercultural y social con el fin de aumentar su profesionalidad, empleabilidad, fomentar su participación activa y cambiar las actitudes estigmatizadas de la sociedad y algunas instituciones. Promueve métodos y pedagogías innovadoras centradas en el desarrollo de una educación abierta e innovadora a través del uso de las TICS, que podría ser ampliamente utilizadas en otros contextos. Conclusiones: este proyecto desea mejorar el acceso, la participación y el aprendizaje de grupos desfavorecidos, prioridad horizontal de los programas europeos ERASMUS
Conhecimentos sobre planeamento familiar em estudantes do ensino superior
Get PDFBackground: Family planning promotes activities that ensure sexual and reproductive health, ensuring information that promotes a safe and healthy sexuality experience Objectives: To determine if sociodemographic, affective and sexual variables influence the knowledge about family planning in higher education students Methodology: This is a quantitative, cross-sectional, descriptive and correlational study with a sample of 199 higher education students, with a mean age of 20.89 years (sd = ± 2.01 years), mostly female (76.4%). The data collection instrument was a questionnaire that enabled the construction of the sociodemographic, affective and sexual characterization. The Family Planning Knowledge Scale (Nelas, Silva, Ferreira, Duarte and Chaves, 2010) was also included. The ethical procedures were guaranteed. The data was processed with the SPSS program (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) version 24 for Windows. Results: More than half (86.9%) have initiated their sexual life. The majority of these (78.6%) reported the onset at 16-20 years. Most of them (61.8%) have no dating relationship at present, and 60.3%. have no sex in the current relationship. 90.5% use contraception. The majority (95.0%) would use condoms in occasional relationships. 55.8% of the participants do not monitor sexual and reproductive health and the nurse clarifies doubts about sexual and reproductive health with 75.4% of the sample. 63.1% of the participants never did a cervical cytology. 56.8% are not aware of family planning. Girls report more knowledge about family planning (p = 0.034). The monthly income of the household is statistically significant, with the highest income students showing more knowledge (p = 0.047). Health students have more knowledge (p = 0.001). Of the affective and sexual variables, only the sexual life had statistical significance, with those that had not initiated it, having more knowledge (p = 0.014). Conclusion: There is a need for interventions to promote sexual and reproductive health, aiming at a healthy sexuality experience.Enquadramento: O planeamento familiar promove atividades que asseguram a saúde sexual e reprodutiva, garantindo informação promotora de uma vivência da sexualidade segura e saudável. Objetivos: Determinar se as variáveis sociodemográficas, afetivas e sexuais influenciam os conhecimentos sobre planeamento familiar em estudantes do ensino superior. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo, transversal, descritivo e correlacional, com uma amostra de 199 estudantes do ensino superior, com uma média de idades de 20,89 anos (dp=±2,01 anos), maioritariamente do sexo feminino (76,4%). O instrumento de colheita de dados foi o questionário que permitiu fazer a caracterização sociodemográfica, afetiva e sexual. Foi ainda incluída a Escala de Conhecimentos sobre Planeamento Familiar (Nelas, Silva, Ferreira, Duarte y Chaves, 2010). Foram assegurados os procedimentos éticos. Os dados foram tratados com o programa SPSS ( S t a tis tic al P a c k a g e f o r t h e S o cial S cie n c e s ) versão 24 para Windows. Resultados: Mais de metade (86,9%) iniciou a vida sexual. A maioria que a iniciou (78,6%) reporta aos 16-20 anos. A maioria (61,8%) não tem relação de namoro na atualidade, não tem relações sexuais no atual namoro 60,3%. Usam contraceção 90,5%. A maioria (95,0%) utilizaria preservativo em relações ocasionais. Não vigiam a saúde sexual e reprodutiva 55,8% dos participantes e o enfermeiro esclarece dúvidas sobre saúde sexual e reprodutiva a 75,4% da amostra. Nunca realizou citologia cervical 63,1% das participantes. 56,8% não têm conhecimento sobre o planeamento familiar. As raparigas revelam mais conhecimento sobre planeamento familiar (p=0,034). O rendimento mensal do agregado familiar tem relevância estatística, sendo os estudantes com maior rendimento que manifestam mais conhecimento (p=0,047). Os estudantes da área da saúde possuem mais conhecimento (p=0,001). Das variáveis afetivas e sexuais, apenas a vida sexual teve significância estatística, sendo os que ainda não iniciaram a ter mais conhecimento (p=0,014). Conclusão:Existe necessidade de intervenções promotoras da saúde sexual e reprodutiva, objetivando uma vivência da sexualidade saudável
Mindfulness: atención plena en educación infantil
Get PDFWe live in a society where even the youngest children present many situations of stress, usually provoked by adults, who do not know how to face them. That is why we are interested in investigating the intervention proposals that have been made to work on mindfulness in the classroom for early childhood education. For this purpose, a review of national and international studies in the field of positive psychology has been carried out, which allow to verify the benefits that Mindfulness has on people, specifically, those that demonstrate the usefulness of teaching to practice mindfulness children from early ages. The intervention programs designed, around this construct, contemplate activities in which children are more aware of their own body, their breathing, their emotions, those of their peers, etc .; and, they show that now children, through emotional education, have an effective tool that helps them to face life in a more conscious and full way, which achieve great results for their relationship with themselves and with society. We received funds through a grant to finance the predoctoral recruitment of research staff by the Junta de Castilla y León (EDU/1083/2013), cofinanced by the European Social Fund, within the Operational Program of the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) 2014-2020 of Castilla y León.Vivimos en una sociedad donde hasta los más pequeños presentan muchas situaciones de estrés, casi siempre provocadas por los adultos, que no saben cómo afrontarlas. De aquí el interés de investigar sobre las propuestas de intervención que se han realizado para trabajar la atención plena en el aula de educación infantil. Para ello, se ha realizado una revisión de estudios nacionales e internacionales en el campo de la psicología positiva, que permiten comprobar los beneficios que el Mindfulness tiene sobre las personas, específicamente, aquellos que demuestran la utilidad de enseñar a practicar la atención plena a los niños desde edades tempranas. Los programas de intervención diseñados, en torno a este constructo, contemplan actividades en las que los niños son más conscientes de su propio cuerpo, de su respiración, de sus emociones, de las de sus compañeros, etc.; y, evidencian que ahora los niños, a través de la educación emocional, cuentan con una herramienta eficaz que les ayude a afrontar la vida de una manera más consciente y plena, que consigan grandes resultados para su relación consigo mismo y con la sociedad. Se recibieron fondos a través de una ayuda destinada a financiar la contratación predoctoral de personal investigador por la Junta de Castilla y León (EDU/1083/2013), cofinanciada por el Fondo Social Europeo, dentro del Programa Operativo del Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) 2014-2020 de Castilla y León
Las estrategias de aprendizaje y las relaciones familiares en estudiantes de secundaria
Get PDFOne of the great challenges of education in the 21st century is to adapt to the different ways of learning from the students. In this sense there have been several educational reforms that have been made in recent years and all of them obviously refer to the student’s learning. Undoubtedly, the latest technologies, and therefore the impact on young people, are changing not only the ways of learning but also the ways of relating. There are many studies that have been carried out on how students learn, over time. But the research Centrann in family relationships and the study habits and learning strategies they use are less FAQs. That is why this research was created, which aims to know a little better fundamental aspects of young people in secondary education such as their habits and places of study, their learning strategies and also how they perceive their family relationships.Uno de los grandes retos de la educación del Siglo XXI es adaptarse a las distintas formas de aprender de los alumnos. En este sentido han sido varias las reformas educativas que se han realizado en los últimos años y todas ellas, obviamente, hacen referencia a los aprendizajes de los estudiantes. Sin lugar a dudas, las últimas tecnologías, y por ende la repercusión que tiene en los jóvenes, están cambiando no sólo las formas de aprender si no también las maneras de relacionarse. Son muchos los estudios que se han ido realizando sobre como aprenden los alumnos, a lo largo del tiempo. Pero son menos frecuentes las investigaciones que se centran en las relaciones familiares y los hábitos de estudio y estrategias de aprendizaje que estos utilizan. Por todo ello se creó esta investigación, que pretende conocer un poco mejor aspectos fundamentales de los jóvenes en la educación secundaria como son sus hábitos y lugares de estudio, sus estrategias de aprendizaje y también como perciben sus relaciones familiares