International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology (Revista INFAD de Psicología)
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Malestar emocional asociado a la orientación sexual en personas mayores
Get PDFIntroduction. At present, despite some advances in the legal rights of people with sexual-affective diversity, there are still related social prejudices. This fact is multiplied in the elderly, who have suffered a more homophobic education and a greater invisibility of their sexuality, so it is necessary to investigate in this population too. Method. 139 people participated, between 50 and 73 years old, with an average of 56.1 years old (SD=5.44), being 40.3% women and 59.7% men. 89.9% self-defined as heterosexual and 10.1% as non-heterosexual. All of them completed a questionnaire about the experience of their sexual orientation. Results. 50% of non-heterosexual people have felt rejectiondue to their sexual orientation, 42.9% have experienced discomfort, 28.6% suffered verbal violence and 14.3% physical violence. Thus, significant differences are observed between non-heterosexual and heterosexual people in various aspects related to their sexual orientation, being non-heterosexual those who show greater emotional distress (χ²=20.61, p smaller than .000), more doubts about their orientation (χ²=15.01; p smaller than .000), suffering more verbal violence (²=18.03; p smaller than .000) and more physical violence (χ²=18.11; p smaller than .000). Conclusions. These findings confirm that the social rejection of some sexual orientations can be a source of emotional discomfort, as well as a risk factor to be a victim of violence. In general, people with a non-heterosexual orientation would show greater emotional affectation and greater probability of suffering aggressions. In order to improve this situation, we should analyze what variables can mediate in these results to establish adequate prevention and intervention strategies throughout the life cycle.Introducción. En la actualidad, pese a haber avanzado en los derechos legales de las personas con diversidad afectivo-sexual, siguen habiendo prejuicios sociales al respecto. Este hecho se ve multiplicado en las personas mayores, que han sufrido una educación más homófoba y una mayor invisibilización de su sexualidad, por lo que se hace necesario investigar también en esta población. Método. Participaron 139 personas, de entre 50 y 73 años, con una media de 56,1 años (DT=5,44), siendo el 40,3% mujeres y el 59,7% hombres. El 89,9% se definían como heterosexuales y el 10,1% como no heterosexuales. Todos cumplimentaron un cuestionario sobre la vivencia de su orientación sexual. Resultados. El 50% de personas no heterosexuales, como consecuencia de su orientación sexual, se ha sentido rechazado, el 42,9% ha experimentado malestar, el 28,6% sufrió violencia verbal y el 14,3% violencia física. Así, se observan diferencias significativas entre las personas no heterosexuales y las heterosexuales en diversos aspectos relacionados con su orientación sexual, siendo las no heterosexuales las que muestran mayor malestar emocional (χ²=20,61; p menor que ,000), más dudas con su orientación (²=15,01; p menor que ,000), han sufrido más violencia verbal (χ²=18,03; p menor que ,000) y más violencia física (χ²=18,11; p menor que ,000. Conclusiones. Estos hallazgos confirman que el rechazo social de algunas orientaciones sexuales puede suponer una fuente de malestar emocional, así como un factor de riesgo para ser víctima de la violencia. En general, las personas con una orientación no heterosexual mostrarían mayor afectación emocional y mayor probabilidad de sufrir agresiones. Con el fin de mejorar esta situación, cabría analizar qué variables pueden mediar en estos resultados para establecer estrategias adecuadas de prevención e intervención a lo largo de todo el ciclo vital
O enfermeiro e a família da criança com pertubação do espectro do autismo
Get PDFThe Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), global disturbances of child development, has an incidence of 4-5 per 10,000 births, prevalence in males (ratio of 4: 1), presents in three levels of severity that interfere in the life of the child, with impact on family dynamics and operation. Objectives: Knowing how the nursing appointment with the family of the child with ASD develops, identifying what the nurses assess and which care plans they develop when they assist the child’s family; understanding the difficulties of the nurses in the nursing appointment as well as the relationship they establish with the child’s family. Methods: Integrative Literature Review, to answer the question “At which aspects are the nurses attentive in the nursing appointment when they assist the family of the child with ASD?”. Bibliographic search in databases Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, MEDLINE, CINAHL Plus, MedicLatina, ERIC, Science Citation Index Expanded, SciVerse ScienceDirect, PMC, SCielo and Google Académico, selecting studies from 2009 to May/2015 in Portuguese, English and Spanish, using the descriptors “nurse”; “nursing”; “family”; “autism”; “autism spectrum disorder”; “knowledge” and the corresponding words in Portuguese. Seven articles were included. Results: The Nurses focus their actuation on the child, they assess the child development and the family knowledge about the disorder, identifying the family needs. The care plan is focused on the child, specifically, in which concerns to the routines and ritualized activities, without family specificities. The difficulties of the nurses are related to the lack of knowledge about the disorder and to the approach to the family. The relationship of the nurse with the family is based on trust, understanding and acceptance. The nurse plays a role of socializer and educator. Conclusion: The Nurses do not feel prepared to deal with the family, requiring training. They must direct their practices to the needs of parents and brothers.As Perturbações do Espetro do Autismo (PEA), perturbações globais do desenvolvimento, têm incidência de 4-5 por cada 10000 nascimentos, predominantes no sexo masculino (razão de 4:1), apresentam-se em três níveis de gravidade que interferem na vida da criança, com impacto na dinâmica e funcionamento familiar. Objetivos: Conhecer como se desenvolve a consulta de enfermagem junto da família da criança com PEA, identificar o que avaliam e que planos de cuidados os enfermeiros desenvolvem quando assistem a família da criança; compreender as dificuldades dos enfermeiros na consulta de enfermagem e a relação que estabelecem com a família da criança. Participantes e Métodos: Revisão Integrativa da Literatura, para responder à questão “A que aspetos estão atentos os enfermeiros quando assistem a família da criança com PEA na consulta de enfermagem?”. Pesquisa bibliográfica no portal EBSCO, B-On acedendo às bases de dados Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection; MEDLINE; CINAHL Plus; MedicLatina, ERIC, Science Citation Index Expanded, SciVerse ScienceDirect e PMC, base de dados SCielo e Google Académico, selecionando estudos de 2009- Maio/2015 em português, inglês e espanhol. Utilizaramse os descritores “nurse”; “nursing”; “family”; “autism”; “autismo spectrum disorder”; “knowledge” e correspondentes em português. Incluíram-se sete artigos. Resultados: Os enfermeiros centram a atuação na criança, realizam avaliação do desenvolvimento infantil e conhecimento da família sobre a perturbação, identificando necessidades da família. O plano de cuidados é realizado com foco na criança relativamente às rotinas e atividades ritualizadas, sem especificidade para a família. As dificuldades dos enfermeiros centram-se na falta de conhecimento sobre a perturbação e abordagem à família. A relação do enfermeiro e família baseia-se na confiança, compreensão e aceitação. O enfermeiro adota papel socializador e educador. Conclusões: Os enfermeiros não se sentem preparados para lidar com a família da criança, necessitam formação. Têm de direcionar a prática para as necessidades dos pais e irmãos
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Hiperfrecuentación médica en mayores y salud.
Get PDFThe demographic aging of the population, its intensification in the medium term and the increase in pharmacological, health and social services expenses of the elderly puts the economic sustainability of the public health budget at risk, which is why it is necessary to improve the effectiveness of this spending. The aim of this study is to conduct a review of the state of the question about the excessive use, by some elderly people, of health services. In a way that defines the profile of that elder and the habits that characterize it. A systematic review has been carried out in the Scopus, Pubmed and Web of Science databases using as descriptors: medical frequent attenders, health expenditure, elderly people and quality of life. According to the studies consulted, a person older than 65 years spends 3.2 times more in health than younger people, consuming 40.3 of the total health expenditure. From the subjective approach, it focuses on the personal perception of health, an aspect that is essential when it comes to predicting or seeking medical help. In fact, the perception of one’s health condition is more associated with the use of health services than the subject’s own clinical or pathological condition. Another of the most relevant problems in the investigation of the state of health is the importance of self-concept and self-esteem, together with the state of mind of the subject, in the evaluation made by the same of his health status. Both a low self-esteem and states and depressive processes tend to be associated with a negative evaluation of the same and all this, to require greater use of health services, without there being, in many cases, a real need for medical attention.El envejecimiento demográfico de la población, su intensificación a medio plazo y el incremento de los gastos farmacológicos, sanitarios y en servicios sociales de las personas mayores pone en riesgo la sostenibilidad económica del presupuesto sociosanitario público, por lo que es necesario mejorar la eficacia de este gasto. El objetivo de este estudio es realizar una revisión del estado de la cuestión sobre el uso excesivo, por parte de algunas personas mayores, de los servicios sanitarios. De forma que se defina cuál es el perfil de ese mayor y los hábitos que lo caracterizan. Se ha realizado una revisión sistemática en las bases de datos Scopus, Pubmed y Web of Science utilizando como descriptores: hiperfrecuentación médica (number of visits to the doctor), gasto en salud (heath expenditure), personas mayores (elderly) y calidad de vida (quality of life). Según los estudios consultados un mayor de 65 años gasta 3,2 veces más en salud que personas de menor edad, consumiendo el 40,3 del gasto total en sanidad. Desde el enfoque subjetivo, se centra en la percepción personal de la salud, un aspecto que es esencial a la hora de predecir o buscar ayuda médica. De hecho, la percepción del propio estado de salud está más asociada al uso de los servicios de salud que la propia condición clínica o patológica del sujeto. Otro de los problemas más relevantes en la indagación del estado de salud es la importancia que tiene el autoconcepto y la autoestima, junto con el estado de ánimo del sujeto, en la evaluación que hace el mismo de su estado de salud. Tanto una autoestima baja como los estados y procesos depresivos tienden a ir asociados con una evaluación negativa de la misma y todo ello, a requerir un mayor uso de los servicios sanitarios, sin existir, en muchas ocasiones una necesidad real de atención médica
Autopresentación perfeccionista durante la infancia y su asociación con ansiedad escolar
Get PDFPerfectionist Self-Presentation (PSP), known as the desire to project a perfect image towards others with protective characteristics of its social exhibition and with the reiterative need to divulge excellent, is one of the most influential in psychopathology derived factors, and one of the less studied in the educational context. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between PSP and School Anxiety in a sample of 860 participants aged between 8 and 12 years (M = 9.86; SD = 1.26), registered in public and private centers of the province of Alicante. We used the Perfectionistic Self-Presentation Scale Junior Form (PSPS-Jr) and the Inventario de Ansiedad escolar para Educación Primaria (IAEP). Statistical analyzes revealed a positive and significant association between PSP and School Anxiety in all of its factors and the total of its scales, with a high correlation between Non-Disclosure of Imperfection and Anxiety in School Punishment. Taking to these considerations, this study evidences specific characteristics that determine the design of a possible treatment to decrease maladaptive personality traits in the child and youth population.La Autopresentación Perfeccionista (APP), conocida como el deseo de proyectar una imagen perfecta hacia los demás con características protectoras de su exhibición social y con la necesidad reiterativa de divulgarse excelente, es uno de los factores más influyentes en cuanto a psicopatologías derivadas y menos estudiado en el contexto educativo. El objetivo de este estudio consistió en examinar la relación entre la APP y la Ansiedad Escolar en una muestra compuesta por 860 participantes con edades comprendidas entre 8 y 12 años (M = 9.86; DE = 1.26), matriculados en centros públicos y privados de la provincia de Alicante. Se empleó la Perfectionistic Self-Presentation Scale Junior Form (PSPS-Jr) y el Inventario de Ansiedad escolar para Educación Primaria (IAEP). Los análisis estadísticos revelaron una positiva y significativa asociación entre la APP y la Ansiedad Escolar en todos sus factores y el total de sus escalas, con una elevada correlación entre la No-Divulgación de la Imperfección y la Ansiedad ante el Castigo Escolar. Atendiendo a estas consideraciones, este estudio evidencia características específicas que determinan el diseño de un posible tratamiento para disminuir rasgos desadaptativos de la personalidad en población infanto-juvenil
Introducción
No full textPresentation of vol.1, nº2, 2017: "Psychology today: challenges, achievements and perspectives of the future" Presentación del vol.1, nº2, 2017: "La psicología hoy: retos, logros y perspectivas de futuro"
Aplicación de TICS (Formulario on-line) como metodología docente activa en estudios de postgrado
Get PDFIn the current Information Society there is a growing number of free or low-cost technological tools that can be used to improve training processes in higher education. This is the case of the online forms (Google Forms), which can be filled in with any mobile device, such as smartphones, tablets, computers... instruments that are used by students today permanently. Students are often not fully conscious of the progress in the acquisition of knowledge or skills involved in their participation in formal education. For this reason, in the context of an official postgraduate teaching degree recently introduced at the University of León, the University Master’s Degree in Sports Training and Performance, a technological instrument has been applied (on-line forms for collecting information) aimed at making students aware of their learning and progress in their competences related to the subjects they are studying. These forms have allowed those in charge of the subjects taught in these studies to collect information that can be quickly used in decision-making to adapt the training process to the needs and realities of the students, as well as to optimise and improve it. This initiative has been very well received by students and teaching staff, with a great participation and acceptance, providing a very positive image of innovation and current relevance of this official title of the University of León. This study has been developed within the Plan of support for teaching innovation of the University of León (PAID 2017), under the title “Application of ICTs (On-Line Forms) as an active teaching methodology in the Master’s Degree in Sports Training and Performance”.En la actual Sociedad de la Información existe un número creciente de herramientas tecnológicas gratuitas o de bajo coste que pueden ser empleadas para la mejora de los procesos formativos en la enseñanza superior. Éste es el caso de los formularios on-line (Google Forms), los cuales pueden ser cumplimentados haciendo uso de cualquier dispositivo móvil, tales como smartphone, tablets, ordenadores, … instrumentos que hoy en día son usados permanentemente por los alumnos/ as. Con frecuencia, los estudiantes no son totalmente conscientes de los progresos en la adquisición de conocimientos o competencias que conlleva su participación en enseñanzas oficiales. Es por ello, que el en contexto de un título oficial de enseñanza de posgrado de reciente implantación en la Universidad de León, el Máster Universitario en Entrenamiento y Rendimiento Deportivo, se ha aplicado un instrumento tecnológico (formularios on-line de recogida de información) encaminado a que los alumnos/as hagan consciente sus aprendizajes y progresos en sus competencias vinculados con las materias que cursan. Estos formularios, a su vez han permitido a los responsables de las asignaturas impartidas en estos estudios, recoger información que podrá ser rápidamente empleada en la toma de decisiones para adaptar/adecuar el proceso formativo a las necesidades y realidades de los estudiantes, así como para la optimización y mejora del mismo. Esta iniciativa ha tenido muy buena acogida tanto por los estudiantes como por el equipo docente, con una gran participación y aceptación, aportado una imagen muy positiva de innovación y actualidad de este título oficial de la Universidad de León. Este estudio se ha desarrollado dentro del Plan de apoyo a la innovación docente de la Universidad de León (PAID 2017), bajo el título “Aplicación de TICs (Formularios On-Line) como metodología docente activa en el Máster Universitario en Entrenamiento y Rendimiento Deportivo”
Demencia frontotemporal: fronteras diagnósticas
Get PDFFrontotemporal dementia (FTD) has a lower prevalence than Alzheimer Disease (AD), but its age of onset takes place earlier, between 50 and 60 years. For this reason, it supposes a great overload for caregivers and an increasing dependence for patients over a long period of time. FTD comprises a set of neurodegenerative diseases that affect different cerebral cortex areas and the nature of symptoms on each clinical syndrome will depend on the areas affected during each of the different stages of the disease. Thus, a behavioral variant, predominantly frontal and three primary progressive aphasia variants, named non-fluent, semantic and logopenic, all of them predominantly temporal, are described. Their study is particularly relevant in the field of neuropsychology because initially these dementias affect the neural networks supporting cognition and social-adjustment, language and semantic knowledge of the world. The great variety of symptoms along with its heterogenic nature determine that at the onset of the disease and during its evolution, FTD can be confused with AD or other pathologies. The aim of this work is to review its main characteristics and diagnosis boundaries in order to provide useful tools for differential diagnosis. FTD etiology is related to structural changes in the proteins responsible for maintaining the cytoskeleton of neurons, gene expression regulation and cell growth. Recently, new advances in the study of biomarkers, genetics and neuroimage diagnosis of FTD have made it possible to clarify the diagnostic criteria of the different FTD subtypes, are helping to define the boundaries with AD and are allowing to establish a neuropathological relationship with other clinical syndromes including atypical parkinsonism spectrum, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and apraxia of speech.La demencia frontotemporal (DFT) tiene menor prevalencia que la enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) pero su edad de inicio es más temprana, entre los 50 y 60 años. Por esta causa, supone una gran sobrecarga para los cuidadores y una creciente dependencia para los pacientes durante un largo periodo de tiempo. La DFT engloba a una serie de enfermedades neurodegenerativas que afectan a distintas áreas cerebrales y la naturaleza de los síntomas, en cada uno de los cuadros, dependerá de las áreas que estén afectadas en cada fase de la enfermedad. Así pues, se describen una variante conductual, de predominio frontal y tres variantes de afasia progresiva primaria: no fluente, semántica y logopénica, de predominio temporal. Su estudio es relevante en el ámbito de la neuropsicología porque estas demencias afectan en su inicio a las redes neuronales responsables de la cognición y el ajuste social, el lenguaje y el conocimiento semántico del mundo. La gran variedad de síntomas que presentan, junto a su naturaleza heterogénea, determinan que tanto al inicio de la enfermedad como durante su evolución, la DFT pueda confundirse con la EA o con otras patologías. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar sus características principales y sus fronteras diagnósticas para proporcionar herramientas que ayuden al diagnóstico diferencial. La etiología de la DFT está relacionada con alteraciones de proteínas encargadas del mantenimiento del citoesqueleto de las neuronas, con la regulación de la expresión de genes y con el crecimiento celular. Recientemente, nuevos avances en el estudio de los biomarcadores, de la genética y del diagnóstico por neuroimagen de la DFT han permitido clarificar los criterios diagnósticos de los distintos subtipos, están perfilando la frontera con la EA y establecen una relación neuropatológica con síndromes clínicos del espectro del parkinsonismo atípico, la esclerosis lateral amiotrófica y la apraxia del habla
Inteligencia emocional y bullying en escolares de primaria
Get PDFSeveral studies detect clear differences in the profiles of emotional intelligence associated with the roles of victims or aggressors in the phenomenon of bullying (Casas, Ortega, Del Rey, 2015). These studies usually focus on the adolescent population, but there are fewer studies that analyze this phenomenon in children under 11 years of age. The Cisneros Studio (Piñuel, 2006) shows that rates of bullying in elementary schools outnumber high school, therefore it is necessary to analyze the emotional characteristics of children under 11 years involved in bullying. The objective is to analyze the emotional profile school children between 8 and 11 years involved in bullying.Methods: 291 children between 8 and 11 years of age in which the variables were evaluated trait emotional intelligence Emotional Intelligence Inventory BarOn were interviewed ICE: NA (Baron, 2004), and role associated with the phenomenon of bullying Test Bull-S. (Cherry, 2002)It is confirmed that the prevalence of bullying at this age is high (18% aggressors and victims 12%) being boys who mainly assume the role of aggressor (90%) and victim (67%).One-way ANOVA analysis confirmed, with an index of significance smaller than 0.05, that aggressors scored lower on the Global Intelligence quotient as well as the dimensions interpersonal skills and stress management.In turn, the victims presented lower scores in these dimensions compared to the observers but higher than those of the aggressors.We can conclude that the role of emotional intelligence in elementary school children involved in the phenomenon of bullying is an aspect to be taken into account, when designing prevention strategies.Diferentes estudios señalan claras diferencias en los perfiles de inteligencia emocional asociados a los roles de víctima o agresor en el fenómeno del bullying (Casas, Ortega, Del Rey,2015). Estos estudios se centran habitualmente en población adolescente, pero existen menos estudios que analicen este fenómeno en menores de 11 años. El Estudio Cisneros (Piñuel, 2006) refleja que los índices de acoso escolar en primaria superan a los de secundaria, por esto consideramos necesario el análisis de las características emocionales de los menores de 11 años implicados en el bullying. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el perfil emocional de escolares de entre 8 y 11 años implicados en el bullying. Para ello se entrevistaron 291 niños de entre 8 y 11 años en los que se evaluaron las variables, Inteligencia emocional rasgo con el Inventario de Inteligencia Emocional BarOn ICE: NA (Bar-On, 2004), y Rol asociado al fenómeno de bullying con el Test Bull-S (Cerezo, 2002).Los resultados confirma que la prevalencia de bullying en esta edad es alta (18% agresores y 12% víctimas) siendo los chicos los que en la mayor parte de las ocasiones asumen el papel de agresor (90%) y víctima (67%).Tras realizar un ANOVA de un factor se confirmó con un índice de significación menor que 0,05 que los niños agresores puntuaban más bajo en el cociente de Inteligencia Emocional Global así como en las dimensiones Habilidades Interpersonales y Manejo del Estrés. A su vez las victimas presentaron puntuaciones inferiores en dichas dimensiones en comparación con los observadores pero más elevadas que las de los agresores.Podemos concluir que el papel de la Inteligencia Emocional en los niños de primaria implicados en el fenómeno de bullying es un aspecto a tener en cuenta, a la hora de diseñar estrategias de prevención
Divórcio pela positiva-pais ajudam pais
Get PDFIncreasingly, in Occidentalized societies, divorce is a growing reality and Portugal in not an exception. This family transition as increased the divorce rates in the last two decades, with along with some worrying indicators of educational and psychosocial nature, which, among other thematic realities derived from the families, have led to a demand and supply of several parental training programs. The impact of a marital separation in family dynamics could be huge, completed by a divorce between the parents but not their children. This paper presents the beginning of the project called “Positive Divorce - Parents helping parents”, intended for fathers and mothers (parents support group) who are separated or divorcing, which aims to reflect, analyze and share parents difficulties and good practices in parenthoods exercises, based on the principles of Positive Parenting combined with the Positive Discipline model and tools, promoted within a context reflective orientation group. We concluded that this support group has helped to further understanding and clarification certain common problems to these parents and families, as well as explore and find new solutions and intervention strategies in order to better manage and meet the challenges that both parents and children face after a marital separation and/or a divorce.Cada vez mais nas sociedades ocidentalizadas, o divórcio apresenta-se como uma realidade crescente e Portugal não é excepção. Esta transição familiar tem vindo a divulgar um aumento da taxa de divórcio nas duas últimas décadas, com alguns indicadores preocupantes de carácter educacional e psicossocial que, de entre outras realidades temáticas derivadas das famílias, têm conduzido a uma procura e oferta de diversos programas de formação ou de educação parental. O impacto de uma separação conjugal na dinâmica de uma família pode ser muito grande, concluída com um divórcio dos pais mas não dos filhos. Neste sentido, este artigo apresenta o início do projeto designado por “Divórcio pela Positiva – Pais ajudam Pais”, destinado a um grupo de pais e de mães que já se encontram separados ou em processo de divórcio, onde se pretende refletir, analisar e partilhar as dificuldades e as boas práticas destes pais no exercício das suas parentalidades, tendo por base os princípios da Parentalidade Positiva combinados com a aplicação do modelo e ferramentas da Disciplina Positiva, promovidas dentro de um contexto de orientação reflexiva em grupo. Concluímos que este grupo permitiu facilitar a compreensão e o esclarecimento de determinados problemas comuns a estes pais e famílias, bem como explorarem e encontrarem novas soluções e estratégias de intervenção, a fim de melhor gerirem e enfrentarem os desafios que, tanto pais como filhos enfrentam após uma separação conjugal e/ou um divórci