Digitalni arhiv Filozofskog fakulteta u Zagrebu
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Rhetorical Analysis and Comparison of the Presidents of the Croatian Democratic Union (CDU)
No full textOvaj rad bavi se retoričkom analizom četiriju predsjednika HDZ-a: Franje Tuđmana, Ive Sanadera, Tomislava Karamarka i Andreja Plenkovića. U radu se rabi metoda deskriptivne analize, a govori se analiziraju na trima razinama: na razini argumentacije, govorne izvedbe te govorničkoga stila. Svaki je od govornikâ u analizi zastupljen dvama govorima, od kojih je jedan govor na obljetnici (epideiktički žanr), a drugi govor na predizbornome skupu (deliberativni žanr). Rezultati su analize pokazali kako su Ivo Sanader i Andrej Plenković najvještiji govornici, i to na svim trima razinama, kako Tuđman nije osobito dobar govornik, a daleko je najlošiji govornik Tomislav Karamarko.This work deals with the rhetorical analysis of four presidents of the Croatian Democratic Union (CDU): Franjo Tuđman, Ivo Sanader, Tomislav Karamarko and Andrej Plenković. The method of descriptive analysis is used throughout the work, while the speeches are analysed at three levels: at the level of argumentation, speech delivery and speech style. Each of the speakers in the analysis is represented by two speeches, one of which is a speech at an anniversary (epideictic genre) and the other being a speech at a pre-election rally (deliberative genre). The analysis results have shown that Ivo Sanader and Andrej Plenković were the most proficient speakers at all three levels, that Tuđman was not a particularly good speaker and the speaker Tomislav Karamarko being the worst speaker
Konzeptuelle Metaphern in der Textsorte Horoskop: Anwendung im DaF-Unterricht
No full textKonzeptuelle Metaphern sind ein wesentlicher Teil der Sprache und des Spracherwerbs. Sie kommen in vielen Aspekten des Lebens vor und werden meistens unbewusst verstanden, kreativ produziert und benutzt. Genau deswegen ist es wichtig, konzeptuelle Metaphern im Prozess des Sprachlernens und -lehrens nicht zu vernachlässigen. Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit dem Thema der konzeptuellen Metaphern und ihrer Anwendung im DaF-Unterricht mithilfe von Horoskoptexten, mit besonderem Schwerpunkt auf dem DaF-Unterricht im kroatischen Schulsystem
The spacioception and verbotonal theory
No full textOsjet za prostor ili spaciocepcija složeni je osjet koji nastaje na temelju podataka koji u središnji živčani sustavdolaze s periferije iz raznih osjetila. Vid, sluh, propriocepcija, opip i vestibularno osjetilo osjetila su spaciocepcijskog sustava, kojiomogućuje živom biću doživljavanje prostora, njegovo svladavanje, društvenu i kulturnu izgradnju i opstanak vrste.Poznavanje neurofiziologije sustava za osjet prostora ključno je za razumijevanje cjelovitosti komunikacije. Unutar sustava za percepciju prostora, osim prostornih predodžbi, stvaraju se prostorni govor i prostorno mišljenje jer je govor izomorf realnosti. Na taj način nastaje gramatika prostora koja predstavlja korespondenciju i analogiju između svijeta i bića, odnosno rečenice događaja i verbalne rečenice. Budući da je verbotonalni sistem usmjeren na čovjeka (subjekt u procesu komunikacije) i na njegove stvarne mogućnosti, rehabilitacija slušanja i govoratakođer jeusko povezana sa spaciocepcijom. Multisenzoričnost je jedno od temeljnih načela na koja se oslanja verbotonalna teorija i rehabilitacija verbotonalnom metodom. Iako se naglašava važnost razvoja svih osjeta i rehabilitacija somatosenzoričkim putem, valja istaknuti kako vestibularna osjetljivost predstavlja integraciju spaciocepcije.The perception of space or spacioception is a complex sensation that is generated on the basis of the data that comes from the periphery of various senses to the Central nervous system. Sight, hearing, proprioception, touch and vestibular senserepresent sensations of the spacioception system, that allow the living being to experience space, overcome it, create social and cultural construction and survival of the species.Considering the neurophysiology of the sensory space system is essential to understanding the integrity of communication.Within the space perception system, apart from the spatial conceptions, spatial speech and spatial thinking are created because the speech is anisomorph of reality. Thus, a grammar of space emerges, representing the correspondence and analogy between the world and the human being, that is, the sentence of the situation and the verbal sentence. Since the verbotonal system focuses on the individual (subject in the communication process) and on his/herreal possibilities, the rehabilitation of listening and speaking is also closely related to spacioception.Multisensory is one of the fundamental principles of the verbotonal theory and the rehabilitation bythe verbotonal method.Although emphasis is put on the development of all senses and the somatosensory rehabilitation, it should be noticed that vestibular sensitivity represents the spacioception integration
Communication-information characteristics of silence in digitally mediated communication
No full textU disertaciji se objašnjavaju razlike između interpersonalne komunikacije (IK) i digitalno potpomognute komunikacije (DPK), te model hiperpersonalne komunikacije (HK) i model digitalno posredovane šutnje (DPŠ), uz posebnosti šutnje u DPK. Objašnjeni su rezultati preliminarnog istraživanja i glavnog empirijskog istraživanja o šutnji u DPK, sa 3 istraživačka pitanja, uz 9 hipoteza i potvrđenom nultom hipotezom. Međunarodno istraživanje je provedeno u RH, BiH i RS, sa 303 ispitanika. Detektirani su smjerovi budućih istraživanja. Znanstveni doprinos disertacije u području informacijskih i komunikacijskih znanosti jest spoznajno određenje HK kao novog oblika DPK, te znanstveno određenje informacijsko-komunikacijskih obilježja DPŠ, a ostali znanstveni doprinosi su: Ovo je prvi znanstveni rad u Hrvatskoj koji se bavi DPŠ, na ovakav način. Utvrđena je dominacija DPK u suvremenom poslovnom okruženju, te prednosti i nedostaci DPK, otkriveni su pojavni oblici DPŠ, kao i njezina komunikacijsko-informacijska obilježja. Znanstveno je utvrđeno da je šutnja komunikatora u DPK neosviještena i da edukacija komunikatora znatno pomaže njezinom osvještavanju i poboljšanju. Dokazano je da se u DPK šutnja više koristi, ali i zlorabi te služi za manipulaciju. Doktorandica je na temelju preliminarnog istraživanja izradila anketni upitnik kao novi instrument istraživanja.The dissertation explores differences between interpersonal communication (IC) and digitally mediated communication (DMC), model of hyperpersonal communication (HC) and the digitally mediated silence (DMS), with the particularity of silence in DMC. The results of the preliminary research and the main empirical research on silence in the DMC have been explained, with 3 research questions, 9 hypotheses and confirmed zero hypothesis. International research was conducted in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia, with 303 respondents. Directions for future research are detected. The scientific contribution of the dissertation in the field of information and communication sciences is the cognitive determination of HC as a new form of DMC and the scientific determination of the information and communication features of DMS, while the other scientific contributions are: This is the first scientific work in Croatia dealing with DMS in this way. The dominance of DMC in the modern business environment was established, and the advantages and disadvantages of the DMC revealed the emerging forms of DMS as well as its communication-information features. It has been scientifically established that the silence of the DMC communicators is unnoticed and that the education of the communicator greatly contributes to its dissemination and improvement. It has been proven that DMC silence is more used, but also abused and serves for manipulation. Based on the preliminary research, the doctoral candidate produced a survey questionnaire as a new research instrument
Vitality of the Fiuman dialect ̶ current situation and perspectives at the beginning of the 21st century
No full textU ovome se doktorskom radu iznose rezultati empirijskoga istraživanja vitalnosti fijumanskoga
dijalekta (FD) – romanskoga idioma autohtone manjine koja od 15. stoljeća, a možda i duže, živi
na području grada Rijeke i okolice. Pod pojmom vitalnosti, koji su uveli Giles, Bourhis i Taylor
(1977), podrazumijeva se sposobnost jedne zajednice da u kontaktu s drugom zajednicom opstane
kao „zaseban entitet te očuva svoj jezik i identitetske značajke“ (Ehala, 2015, str. 1). Upravo je
stupanj vitalnosti od ključne važnosti za očuvanje nekoga jezika ili njegovo napuštanje u korist
dominantnoga koda, kakav je većinski hrvatski, ali i talijanski standard, u odnosu na manjinski
fijumanski. Rezultati se dosadašnjih istraživanja FD-a razilaze u ocjeni njegove vitalnosti: s jedne
strane upućuju na njegovo izumiranje (Lukežić, 1993; Rošić, 2002), a s druge na mogućnost
njegova očuvanja (Crnić Novosel i Spicijarić Paškvan, 2014; Spicijarić Paškvan i Crnić Novosel,
2014). Vitalnost se FD-a u radu utvrđuje kroz objektivne pokazatelje: demografske i statusne
čimbenike te čimbenike institucijske podrške fijumanskoj zajednici; oni se dovode u vezu sa
subjektivnim pokazateljima: procjenom o čimbenicima objektivne vitalnosti govornikā FD-a.
Koristi se mješoviti metodološki pristup, odnosno kombinacija kvalitativnih i kvantitativnih
metoda. Podatci su prikupljeni upitnikom na uzorku od 249 govornika FD-a različite dobi i
polustrukturiranim intervjuom s 34 govornika toga dijalekta. Analiziraju se sociodemografski
podatci o ispitanicima kao i podatci o demografskoj održivosti zajednice, međugeneracijskome
prijenosu FD-a, domenama njegove uporabe, institucijskoj podršci, identitetu govornika, njihovoj
motivaciji za poznavanje FD-a te stavovima prema FD-u, hrvatskome i talijanskome standardu.
Rezultati pokazuju da veći broj čimbenika utječe na vitalnost fijumanske zajednice i dijalekta.
Unatoč snažnoj emocionalnoj povezanosti ispitanika s FD-om te postojanju međugeneracijskoga
prijenosa, opadanje razine znanja FD-a među mlađim govornicima, uporabe, instrumentalne
motivacije i broja govornika te skroman angažman ustanova upućuju na njegovo postupno
napuštanje. U radu se predlažu konkretne mjere za preusmjeravanje toga procesa i očuvanje FD-a
za čiju je provedbu nužno zajedničko djelovanje pojedinaca i ustanova, te manjinske i većinske
zajednice.The Fiuman dialect is an autochthonous minority Romance language spoken for centuries in the
Croatian city of Rijeka and its surroundings, in what is today a Croatian-language dominant
environment. There is evidence that it has been uninterruptedly spoken as one of the two indigenous
languages of the city of Rijeka (the other being Croatian Chakavian) from the 15th century onwards
(Rošić, 2002); it is possible, however, that it was used even earlier, in the Roman period. Because
of the historical and political changes in Rijeka in the mid-20th century, today Fiuman is spoken by
a relatively small minority group living in several city neighbourhoods (Lukežić, 1993), as a result
of which its maintenance has been questioned (Lukežić, 1993; Rošić, 2002). Todayʼs Fiuman
speakers are mainly bilingual or multilingual speakers of Fiuman, standard Italian and standard
Croatian or one of its substandard varieties (Badurina & Matešić, 2008; Lukežić, 2008). Standard
Italian is also a minority language in Croatia, but as the official language of Italian minority
nurseries, schools and other institutions, its position is much more stable. Fiuman maintenance thus
depends on sustaining the diglossic relationship with standard Italian on the one hand and standard
Croatian on the other. This doctoral thesis aims to determine the current degree of vitality of
Fiuman and the possibilities for its future maintenance.
Ethnolinguistic vitality, introduced by Giles, Bourhis and Taylor (1977), is the ability of a group
to maintain its existence as “a collective entity with a distinctive identity and language” (Ehala,
2015, p. 1). In the situations of language contact between two (or more) speech communities of
unequal status, it is more probable that minority groups with higher vitality will survive as
distincitve entities and maintain their language, while low vitality groups are prone to assimilation
with majority groups (Giles et al., 1977). It is the degree of vitality that is a key determinant of
language maintenance (LM) or language shift (LS) in favour of the dominant language. The term
LM is used to describe a situation in which a minority language persists in some or all domains of
life despite the presence of the dominant or majority language. On the other hand, more or less
gradual abandonment of the minority language and its substitution with the dominant or majority
language leads to LS (Pauwels, 2004, 2016).
Based on previous studies, it is difficult to determine the actual position of Fiuman with respect to
LM or LS. The studies have mostly dealt with the descripition of Fiuman grammatical properties and vocabulary (Bató, 1993/1999; Berghoffer, 1894/1999; Bidwell, 1967; Blecich & Tamaro,
2015; Bratulić, Đurđulov, Blecich, & Kraš, 2015; A. Depoli, 1913; G. Depoli, 1928/1999; Folena,
1968–1970; Gottardi, 2004, 2007; Lukežić, 1993; Mestrovich, 2001; Pafundi, 2011; Rošić, 2002;
Samani, 2007; Spicijarić Paškvan, 2018). Only recently has the interest of linguists shifted to FD
vitality, that is, LS and LM (Crnić Novosel & Spicijarić Paškvan, 2014, 2015; Drljača Margić,
Kraš, & Smiljanić, 2015; Lukežić, 2008; Spicijarić Paškvan & Crnić Novosel, 2014). The results
of the studies into the maintenance of Fiuman have yielded contradictory results by indicating both
LS (Lukežić,1993; Rošić, 2002) and LM tendencies (Crnić Novosel & Spicijarić Paškvan, 2014;
Spicijarić Paškvan & Crnić Novosel, 2014). According to these studies, Fiuman is a sociolect, with
a declining number of speakers, spoken in private domains and informal situations in the
institutions of the Italian minority of Rijeka.
In the present study, the question of Fiuman vitality has been addressed by investigating two of its
aspects. According to Giles et al. (1977), vitality can be objective (OV) and subjective (SV). OV
is measured by looking into three groups of factors: 1) demographic factors (size of the group, birth
rate, endogamy, exogamy, immigration, emigration, geographical distribution and the proportion
of community members), 2) institutional support factors (the level of power in business, industry,
administration, education, mass media, culture and sports) and 3) status factors (social prestige,
socio-historical status and the prestige of the language and culture). SV, as viewed by Bourhis,
Giles and Rosenthal (1981), implies community membersʼ subjective perceptions of OV, and it is
considered decisive for group behaviour in LM. The present study aims to investigate both
objective and subjective vitality factors.
What is crucial for the vitality of a certain community and its language are the continuous
intergenerational transmission of the communityʼs language and culture, sustainable demography,
active institutions, social cohesion and emotional attachment to the collective identity (Ehala,
2015). However, these factors might be challenging to measure. A fairly good estimation of the
group vitality, according to Smith, Ehala, and Giles (2017), can be provided by a language
endangerment assessment instrument, such as Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption
Scale EGIDS (Lewis, 2009; Lewis, Simons, & Fennig, 2016), along with basic demographic data,
data on speakersʼ self-reported language use in different domains and their assessment of the
vitality. In this study the following vitality factors were taken into consideration: 1) demographic
data; 2) intergenerational transmission; 3) the use of Fiuman in different language domains; 4) institutional support to Fiuman; 5) speakers’ (language) identity; 6) speakers’ motivation for
knowing Fiuman and 7) attitudes towards Fiuman, standard Croatian and standard Italian, as well
as towards Fiuman maintenance.
The data were obtained using a mixed-method approach, comprising qualitative and quantitative
research methods. A total of 249 Fiuman speakers, recruited by means of snowball sampling,
completed the Fiuman Language Questionnaire (Bratulić, Drljača Margić, & Kraš, 2017),
comprising closed- and open-ended questions. The questionnaire elicited the participants’
sociodemographic data (age, gender, former and current residence, level of education) as well as
information about their language biography, Fiuman proficiency, use of Fiuman in different
domains, motivation for knowing Fiuman, (language) identity, and attitudes towards Fiuman,
standard Croatian and standard Italian. The data obtained by means of the questionnaire were
complemented by the data gained via semistructured interviews with 34 Fiuman speakers. Both the
questionnaire and the interviews were conducted in standard Croatian or standard Italian, according
to the participants’ preferences. The participants were divided into six age groups (Levinson, 1986)
for the purposes of exploring possible intergenerational differences.
The results suggest that LS has already started among Fiuman speakers. In spite of speakers’ strong
emotional attachment to Fiuman as part of their ancestry, cultural heritage and identity, they
increasingly opt for Croatian. Although intergenerational transmission seems to persist, the number
of active speakers is decreasing and so is the use of Fiuman in different domains. The qualitative
data analysis, conducted mainly on the interview data, shows that the historical changes in the 20th
century had an impact on speakers’ attitudes towards Fiuman and their motivation for knowing and
using it, and resulted in an increased use of Croatian. Political, ideological, economic and other
changes after the Second World War led to a massive emigration of Fiuman speakers from Rijeka
and a large-scale immigration of Slavic-speaking population, both of which, together with today’s
negative demographic trends, resulted in the reduction of Fiuman use. Nowadays Fiuman is spoken
in private domains among family members and friends, and in informal and sometimes formal
situations within the Italian national minority institutions. Institutional support is mainly given to
standard Italian, while Fiuman seems to lack adequate support. Fiuman is absent from the public
use and the mass media, which publish and broadcast in standard Italian. Standard Italian is also
taught in nurseries and schools, which admit an increasing number of Croatian-speaking children.
As a result, children speak Croatian among themselves in these institutions. One of the most revealing findings, however, is that Fiuman is increasingly used in its written form on the Internet
and social networks, which have been recognised as a potential platform for its maintenance. The
results also suggest that Fiuman vitality relies more on intergenerational transmission and speakers’
attachment to the collective identity than on the use of Fiuman in different domains, institutional
support and positive demographic trends. Fiuman speakers are mainly multilingual and regard
Fiuman as their mother tongue. Their use of Fiuman is primarily driven by integrative reasons,
such as maintaining close family relations and community cohesion, and not instrumental ones.
Their attachment to Fiuman and the Fiuman community is strong and deeper than their attachment
to Croatian and Italian; however, younger generations report lower Fiuman proficiency and less
frequent use of Fiuman, and attach more importance to being part of the dominant Croatian
community.
Taking the multilingual character of today’s Fiuman speakers into consideration as well as the fact
that multilingualism itself does not necessarily lead to LS, some directions for reversing the LS in
the case of Fiuman and boosting Fiuman maintenance in the future have been given. They primarily
involve increasing the number of active speakers by sustaining intergenerational transmission and
the use of Fiuman in different domains. Furthermore, the importance of stronger instrumental
motivation, higher awareness of the benefits of multilingualism and more positive attitudes towards
Fiuman has been underlined. Providing greater institutional support to Fiuman maintenance has
also been suggested. Both individuals and institutions, as well as the minority and the majority
community, are expected to extend efforts to restore and increase Fiuman vitality
Emoticons – Toward a cyborgization of Society?
No full textCilj ovog rada jest analiza fenomena i prakse emotikona (i emojija) koji su prisutni na društvenim mrežama poput Facebooka, Twittera i Instagrama. Ovdje se želi prikazati određena kritika takve prakse u kojoj se kompleksnost i naturalnost ljudskih emocija uniformira, racionalizira i kodificira u slikovne/znakovne simbole emotikona/emojija. U radu se želi ispitati ide li stupnjeviti razvoj socijalnog svijeta prema jednom obliku kibernetskog društva te postaje li ontološko uporište svijeta danas virtualna mreža binarnih kodova (0 i 1), a društvo umreženo-racionalizirani kibernetički organizam. Želi se doći do zaključka da društvenom interakcijom vlada računalno-racionalni format koji dovodi do desenzibilizirane razmjene znakova među socijalnim akterima. Pretvarajući emociju u emotikon („simbol bez uporišta“), sve više gubimo sebe kao senzitivno ljudsko biće, a tendiramo ka kibernetskom obličju egzistencije. U tom smislu, ključno pitanje na koje se pokušava dati odgovor jest koje su posljedice takve prakse te degradira li ona našu ljudskost?The aim of this thesis is the analysis of the emoticon (and emoji) phenomenon and practice present on social networks such as Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram. It is here that a certain critique is to be shown of such practice where complexity and naturality of human emotions is uniformed, rationalised, and codified into emoticon/emoji pictorial/sign symbols. Furthermore, here it is to be examined if the gradual development of social world goes toward one form of cybernetic society, and whether the ontological stronghold of the world nowadays become a virtual network of binary codes (0 and 1), while the society turns into networked-rationalised cyborg. This thesis wants to conclude that social interaction is ruled by a computer-rationalized format which leads to desensitised interchange of signs between social actors. By converting the emotion into emoticon (“symbol without reference”), we lose ourselves more and more as sensitive human beings, and instead have a tendency toward cyber-looking existence. In that sense, the key question that is trying to be answered here is – what are the consequences of such practice and does it degrade the humanity in ourselves
Typological and chronological classification of Roman pottery from Siscia
No full textTema disertacije je tipološko-kronološka klasifikacija rimskih keramičkih nalaza
antičke Siscije. Keramički arheološki materijal nalazi se pri svim arheološkim istraživanjima
na području rimske Siscije, današnjeg grada Siska. U interpretaciji nalaza i nalazišta
keramički materijal od iznimnog je značaja. Njime se mogu pratiti društveno-ekonomske
promjene na ovom prostoru koje se oslikavaju u stilu, proizvodnji, trgovini, očuvanju
tradicijske kulture, svakodnevnim potrebama, prehrambenim i pogrebnim običajima. Prvi
kontakti Segestana s rimskom civilizacijom kao i razdoblje nakon osvajanja, razvoja Siscije te
njenog kontinuiteta i nestanka u razdoblju kasne antike može se pratiti na keramičkim
nalazima nađenim pri iskopavanjima na području Siska. Iako je sisački materijal od iznimne
važnosti za istraživanje povijesti prostora Panonije do sada je izostala sveobuhvatna obrada i
analiza keramičkog materijala. Tipološko-kronološka analiza keramičkog materijala s
novoprovedenih istraživanja uz usporedbu s do sada objavljenim materijalom iz Gradskog
muzeja Sisak i Arheološkog muzeja u Zagrebu zato je od iznimne važnosti. U tezi se analizira
keramički materijal s lokaliteta sv. Kvirin, istraživanja 2003. i lokaliteta Povijesni arhiv,
istraživanja 2003./2004. u Sisku, koji broji više od 2000 ulomaka, oba vođena suvremenom
metodologijom i stratigrafskim principima. Kontinuitet življenja na oba položaja daje
značajan doprinos kronološkoj klasifikaciji keramičkog materijala. Tipološko-kronološkom
klasifikacijom rimske keramike promatrane su i faze razvoja Siscije koje su poznate iz
antičkih izvora.
Metodologija rada temelji se na tipološko-kronološkoj klasifikaciji keramičkog materijala iz
Siscije koja obuhvaća analizu tehnike izrade, analizu faktura, morfologije, dekoracije,
funkcije, kvalitete izrade i kvantitete proizvodnje. Komparativnom metodom nađene su
analogije s keramičkim materijalom relevantnih rimskih lokaliteta. Rad je popraćen crtežima
keramike, fotografijama, grafičkim prikazima. Analiza obuhvaća izmjeru materijala,
deskripciju te makroskopske analize na temelju kojih je izrađen katalog. Znanstveni doprinos
je u objavi, analizi te interpretaciji rimske keramike iz Siscije čime je upotpunjena slika o
najvažnijem antičkom lokalitetu panonske Hrvatske.
Radom je obrađeno ukupno 502 različitih tipova svih vrsta rimske keramike. Predstavljeni
su do sada poznati tipovi, kao i novi za koje se smatralo da ih u Sisciji nema, a neki od njih su
jedinstveni za cijeli panonski prostor. Tipološko-kronološka klasifikacija rimske keramike
prva je cjelovita objava keramičkog materijala iz Siscije. Provedena analiza keramike
pridonijet će i razumijevanju graditeljske baštine i urbanizma Siscije kroz svih 7 stoljeća
života grada.The typological and chronological classification of Roman pottery is the basis for the
study of any Roman site. Other than finds from specific positions or specific types of pottery,
the material from Siscia, the most important city in Roman Pannonia, as attested to by
historical sources, has so far not been fully typologically and chronologically classified based
on a complete analysis of Roman pottery. Therefore, the pottery from the territory of Siscia
has not been included into expert publications to the extent that it deserves, although it is
crucial for the study of the historical Pannonia. This paper was written with the goal of
positioning Siscia as the point of reference for the study of the Roman period in Pannonia and
the wider region.
The basic analysis was conducted on pottery discovered at the Sv. Kvirin (St. Quirinus) and
Povijesni arhiv (Historical archives) positions that were excavated in accordance with
contemporary stratigraphic principles. Both positions are within the walls of the Roman
Siscia. The Sv. Kvirin and Povijesni Arhiv positions yielded a total of 1581 pottery
fragments. The typological and chronological analysis of pottery was widened by the analysis
of previously published material that is kept at the City Museum Sisak and the Archaeological
Museum in Zagreb. A total of 46 different kinds of publications included over 1017 pottery
fragments. The typological classifications revealed groups based on one or more categories:
usage (function), characteristic production technology, origin/provenience, and morphological
forms. The analysis of characteristic structures, forms, modes and ways of decorating showed
or indicated the produce from different well-known workshop centers, and, thereby, the
provenience of pottery forms that appeared in ancient Siscia.
In the typological classification, the material was divided into table ware, pottery used in food
preparation and serving, pottery used for storing food and beverages, pottery of special
function, ceramic figurines, and pottery used in construction.
The Povijesni arhiv and Sv. Kvirin positions yielded a total of 161 fragments of thin-walled
pottery, and the previously published material includes a total of 337 examples. The analyzed
finds differ based on production technique, fabric, form, and mode of decoration. Based on
production technique, pottery thin-walled pottery was made in a mold and/or on a potter’s
wheel out of purified clay or clay paste with inclusions, and was fired in a reduction or
oxidation atmosphere. Typological categories include small bowls, glasses and cups. A total
of 23 types of small bowls (TWP B. 1-23), 30 types of glasses (TWP G. TYPE 1-30) and 2
types of cups (TWP C. TYPE 1-2) have been established. The analysis revealed 17 different
fabrics, pointing to the diversity and the possible number of workshops, but also to the different modes off decoration and firing of thin-walled pottery in a single workshop (TWP 1-
17). The most common fabric is TWP 6 that can be ascribed to Pannonian workshops. Motifs
include barbotine decorations, ribbed scales, droplets, spiral vines, floral motifs, leaves, sandy
decorations and incised nets. The quantity of the recovered material could indicate the
workshop in Siscia as the place of production. The following fabrics could be ascribed to
Pannonian workshops: TWP 10 and TWP 5, TWP 7, TWP 11, TWP 17; the following to
workshops in Italy: TWP 2, and TWP 3, TWP 9, TWP 10, TWP 12, TWP 13, TWP 15 and
TWP 16. The TWP 1, TWP 4 and TWP 14 are exceptions. The TWP 1 matches the fabric of
thin-walled pottery from Baetica in color, which would be the first find of Baetican pottery in
the Croatian part of Pannonia. The TWP 4 fabric matches pottery from Lyon in color, but the
decorations indicate connections with motifs that were predominantly used on produce from
Pannonian workshops. The forms of pottery of the TWP 8 fabric suggest that they were
produced in Pannonian workshops, while the motifs reveal influences from Gallia. The TWP
14 fabric can be attributed to the La Butte workshop from Gallia. Thin-walled pottery can be
dated to the period from the last decades of the 1st century BC, when the first produce from
Italy appeared. During the time of Tiberius and Claudius, thin-walled pottery revealed a
plethora of forms, modes of decoration and imports from Italy, Gallia, Baetica and other
Pannonian workshops. The appearance of thin-walled pottery can be traced up until the 2nd
century, when it was dominated by types of glasses made in Pannonian workshops. Some
examples can be dated to the 3rd century.
The analyzed material revealed, for the first time in Siscia, the presence of pottery with a
black slip, characteristic of the middle Augustan period. It is proof that Roman military and
trading routes were present in the area in Octavian’s period. So far, it had been registered in
the southeastern Alpine region, and not on Pannonian territory. The find from Siscia is a
confirmation of the written sources. The fragments can be ascribed to the Lamboglia 5/7 type
of plate (BSP. TYPE 1) that can, in Siscia, be connected to the Augustan period.
Out of all the types of Roman pottery from Sisak, terra sigillata is the most thoroughly
studied due to Rajka Makjanić’s paper “Terra sigillata” that was published in the series:
Siscia, Pannonia Superior International Series in Oxford in 1995. The author published a
total of 327 examples of terra sigillata from the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb, most of
which were discovered when the Kupa riverbed was cleaned in between 1913. and 1915.
(Makjanić 1995: 43). The analyzed material provides an insight into the plethora of sigillata
ceramic material that reflects the importance of Siscia in the Roman Empire. The paper brings
an overview of previously discovered and published types of terra sigillata, as well as an analysis of sigillata from the Sv. Kvirin and Pov. Arhiv positions. Siscia yielded finds of
Italian, Gaelic, African, Pannonian and Moesian sigillata. The Italian sigillata from Sisak was
made in workshops in Arretium, northern Italy and Campania, and can be divided into smooth
and relief Italian sigillata. A total of 32 different types of have been found.The Sv. Kvirin and
Pov. Arhiv positions yielded the following types of terra sigillata: Haltern 9, Consp. 13,
Consp 14, Conp 18, Consp 20, Consp 21, Consp 24, Consp 26, Consp 27, Consp 29, Consp
34, Consp 43, Consp 43-44, Consp 48, and Drag 11. The finds can be dated to the period
between the last decades of the 1st century BC and the 2nd century.
The analysis of material from recent archaeological excavations of the Augustan and the
Tiberian-Claudian phase of Siscia revealed large amounts of relief pottery of the Aco and
Sarius types, suggesting that it was one of the most significant military and trading centers
during the Early Empire. With a total of 71 finds, Siscia is the Pannonian site that yielded the
largest amount of relief pottery of the Aco and Sarius types. This paper includes all examples
of previously published relief pottery from the positions of Sv. Kvirin and Povijesni Arhiv,
and the analysis of finds based on their form, fabric and decorative concept. The analysis of
fragments from Siscia, which could be defined as belonging to a certain form, revealed a total
of 31 fragments of Aco beaker and 40 examples of Sarius cups. The analysis of form and
fabric revealed 2 types of Aco beaker (ACO TYPE 1a i b – 2). The analysis of decorations on
Aco beaker revealed the following motifs: the Kommaregen triangles, vegetative motifs,
zoomorphic decorations, ribbons/chains composed of beads, architectural elements,
interweaving/weaved basket motifs, abstract motifs, and a group of undefined motifs. The
analyzed material includes Aco type beaker with and without a sigillata slip. Glasses without
a slip were being produced from about the middle of the 1st century BC, while the examples
with a slip started to appear from the late Augustan-Tiberian period. In Siscia, the latter
remained in use during Claudian times as well. Stamp include those of C. Aco C. L. Eros and
Buccio Norbanus, but the analysis of stylistic and morphological features also revealed
examples ascribed to the workshops of L. Norbanus or Stepanus Norbanus, C. Aco or C. Aco
Diophanes, as well as the workshops of Optatus and L. Sarius Surus. In addition to the
examples from northern Italian workshops situated between the Po River and Ravenna, relief
pottery from workshops in Gallia was also recorded.
The analysis of all published, as well as the finds from the Sv. Kvirin and Povijesni Arhiv
positions, revealed 40 examples ascribed to the Sarius cup type. Due to the fragmentation of
finds, one form of the Sarius cup was defined (SAR. TYPE 1). Just like on Aco beaker, a
large number of decorations were noted. The concept is uniform, but specific motifs are differently grouped. The recorded motifs include: vegetative, zoomorphic, geometrical,
figurative and abstract ones. The motifs are freely or geometrically distributed on the vessels.
The recorded workshops include those of Clemensa, L. Sarius Surus, Ivcundus, but some
forms have also been recorded that display no analogies with the previously discovered Sarius
cup types. The finds can be dated to the Augustan and the Tiberian-Claudian period.
Sisak yielded terra sigillata from southern Gallia - La Grafenesque, central Gallia - Lezoux,
eastern Gallia, and the Rheinzabern and Westerndorf, Pfaffenhofen workshops, and can be
divided into smooth and relief sigillata. The Sv. Kvirin and Povijesni Arhiv positions yielded
the following types of sigillata from Gallia: Drag. 18/31, Drag 33, Drag 36, Drag 37, Drag 31,
Lud Tk', Drag 43, Drag 54, and the exceptionally rare find of marbleized sigillata from the
Graufesenque workshop, ascribed to the Ritt. 12 type. The import of produce from Gallia was
dated to the time between the middle of the 1st and the 3rd century.
In addition to the sigillata from Italy and Gallia, Siscia also yielded some African sigillata. So
far, 33 examples of African sigillata have been published, and the Povijesni Arhiv and Sv.
Kvirin positions yielded a total of 13 fragments. The analysis revealed almost equal amounts
of vessels of productions A, C and D (30 - 35%), with 2% of finds of the A/D production.
African goods reached Pannonia across the Adriatic, Italy and Noricum (Gabler 2012, Pröttel
1996, Hárshegyi & Ottományi 2013: 476-480, Gabler 1988: 32, Makjanić 1985: 50). The
forms discovered in Siscia include bowls (85%) and plates (15%). According to Hayes’
typology, the following types were recorded: Hayes 3C, Hayes 14/17, Hayes 32, Hayes 50,
Hayes 52, Hayes 53, Hayes 58, Hayes 60, Hayes 61, Hayes 62, Hayes 67, Hayes 70, Hayes
81, and Hayes 91. The fragments can be dated to the period between the 2nd and the second
half of the 6th century. The appearance of African sigillata can be connected to the prosperous
rule of Hadrian, a period from which Siscia also yielded finds of luxurious Mediterranean
goods. The beginning of trade and substantial import of African goods can be connected to
the period after the mint in Siscia was founded during the middle of the 3rd century, and it
lasted until the mint stopped functioning at the middle of the 5th century.
Pannonian sigillata appeared in the 2nd and 3rd century as a new type of sigillata ware with
relief decorations. The motifs include those that are specific of Pannonian, Moesian, as well
as those from different workshops, such as Lezoux, Trier, and Rheinzabern, and motifs from
African workshops that were portrayed on vessels in a new way (Vikić Belančić 1967: 33-34;
Brukner 1981: 30-32). Based on the analysis of relief decorations and fabrics defined in the
Sisak collection from the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb, the following workshops were
recorded: Viminacium-Margum, dated to the 2nd - 3rd century, and the one from Pannonia Inferior that was, due to its unknown location, marked as workshop X. However, due to
recent research, the suggested location of this workshop is in Cibalae (Makjanić 1995: 73; Pl.
73, 74; Iskra-Janošić 2001: 121; Leleković 2007: 81; Ožanić Roguljić 2016: 21). The
analyzed material included one fragment of relief Pannonian sigillata from the ViminaciumMargum workshop.
Relief pottery was, based on the mode of surface processing, placed into a separate category
of table ware. The group of relief pottery includes Adriatic vessels on a foot, as well as relief
pottery from Corinth, Cnidus and Egyptian vessels.
As a separate form, vessels on a foot can be ascribed to the Dragendorff 11. Based on the
fabric, decorations and the slip, the analyzed material indicates that relief pottery was
produced in Adriatic workshops. These finds are the first of their kind on the territory of
Pannonia that have been dated to the first half of the 1st century.
A special group of relief pottery includes relief pottery from Corinth and Cnidus. The relief
pottery from Corinth is characterized by the form of cylindrical vessels (pyxis) with
differently shaped rims (COR. REL. TYPE 1). It is dated to the period between the second
half of the 2nd and the end of the 3rd century. The group of relief pottery includes a find of a
relief zoomorphic handle that is being kept in the collection of the Archaeological Museum in
Zagreb, and that was the handle of a relief ceramic patera portraying a ram’s head (CNID.
REL. TYPE 1). Relief pottery from the workshop centers in Asia Minor and Cnidus has also
been found at sites on the Adriatic, and can be dated to the 2nd century.
Egyptian glazed ware forms a separate group of table ware. It was analyzed separately from
other glazed pottery based on the specific category of its origin. It was included into the group
of Roman pottery because of its form, which appears in Roman contexts in both Egypt and
Siscia. The find of the Egyptian glazed cylindrical vase (EG. TYPE 1) is very important for
the periods connected to Augustan times, and this is the first find of its kind in Pannonia and
Noricum.
A separate group of pottery, Pannonian slip ware, was produced in several centers in
Pannonia as fine table ware (bowls, plates, and glasses, rarely lids and jugs). It was fired in an
oxidation or reduction atmosphere with a grey, black or red slip. The slip can be glossy, have
a metallic sheen, or can be matte. The fragment are either undecorated or decorated by
rouletting (impressing small wheels or sticks) and/or stamping (Adler-Wölfl 2004: 9; Nagy
2017: 6). The Sv. Kvirin and Pov. Arhiv positions yielded 57 fragments of Pannonian pottery
with a slip. The analysis established that there were 7 different fabrics of pottery in Siscia. A
total of 56% of the fragments have a light to dark grey slip, and 29% have an orange to red slip. The typological analysis revealed 10 types of glasses (PSW. G. TYPE 1-10), 4 types of
plates (PSW. PL. TYPE 1-4), and 10 types of bowls (PSW. B. TYPE 1-10). The analysis of
stamped decorations from Siscia revealed Pannonian ware with a slip of both the southern and
the western Pannonian group. The analysis helped establish that Pannonian ware was present
in Siscia between the rules of Trajan and Septimius Severus.
Table ware includes the group of glazed table ware that appears in the 3rd and 4th century, and
sporadically also in the 5th. The Sv. Kvirin and Povijesni Arhiv positions yielded 11 fragments
of glazed table ware that were typologically divided into jugs (GW. TYPE 1), a glazed patera
(GW. TYPE 2), a glass (GW. TYPE 3A and 3B), and undefined forms. The glazed patera
with relief decorations on the handle is, based on analogies with finds from other sites,
ascribed a cult-related function, and was dated to the second half of the 2nd century.
The analysis and the typological and chronological classification of Germanic tribe pottery,
discovered at Pov. Arhiv. Position, make a great scientific contribution to the study of Siscia.
in 6
th century during the Late Antiquity and Migration period. In addition, it was discovered in
a layer that contained a repertoire of Roman pottery dated to the Late Antiquity. Two vessel
fragments from the Pov. Arhiv position can be ascribed to Langobard and maybe Saxon
pottery. Based on the production technology and morphology, 2 types were defined: a bowl
with stamped decorations depicting a series of circles with crosses shown in the positive, and,
below it, a series of ovals with striped imprints (GERM. TYPE 1), and a jug with a tubular
spout (GERM. TYPE 2). Base on the datation of a ceramic vessel from Sisak into the 6th
century, this find can be connected to the period between 537, when the Lombards appeared
as a new force in the western territories of the Sava-Drava-Danube interfluve, and the time
when they moved to Italy.
The analysis of table ware, based on morphological characteristics, established types of
different fabrics and provenience: glass, cup, kantharos, plate, jug/vase. The review of all
published examples of each type is followed by the analysis of finds from the Sv. Kvirin and
Pov. Arhiv positions. A total of 23 types of glasses (G. TYPE 1-23) were defined based on the
shape of the rim, body and base. A separate group of glasses was defined to include those
with ribs, dated to the period between the 2nd and the 3rd century. The analysis of previously
published, as well as those from the Pov. Arhiv position, revealed 4 types of cups (C. TYPE
1-2). A special group includes the type of kantharos decorated by polished waves and zigzag
decorations that can be dated to the first half of the 1st century (KANT. TYPE 1-2).
The Sv. Kvirin and Povijesni Arhiv positions yielded 59 fragments of plates, and they include
forms typical of the local Late Iron Age tradition, as well as Italian and provincial forms that display Italian fashion to a smaller or greater extent. The analysis of both previously
published, and forms from these two positions, revealed a division into 15 types (PL. TYPE
1-15).
The paper brings all previously published jugs and vases, but their typological and
chronological classification was made based on the finds from the Pov. Arhiv and Sv. Kvirin
positions. Due to their fragmentation, the types were defined based on the shape of the rims
and necks. A total of 48 types were defined (J. TYPE 1-48).
The group of pottery used in food processing, preparation and serving includes bowls, pots,
mortars and lids. A special group includes kitchen ware from the eastern Mediterranean and
Africa (I. MED. W TYPE 1, AFR. C. W. TYPE 1-4).
Bowls are the form that makes it possible to track the preservation of the Pannonian La Tène
tradition, the import of new Roman types, but also the production of new forms that were
created by merging the La Tène heritage and the im
Translation and Translation Analysis of a Chapter from Zuzana Brabcova's „Far from the Tree“
No full textU ovom diplomskom radu obradili smo prijevod i translatološku analizu ulomka romana Daleko od stabla češke spisateljice Zuzane Brabcove. Rad je podijeljen na tri dijela: (1) uvod u autoričino stvaralaštvo, (2) prijevod i original poglavlja koje smo analizirali i (3) teorijsku analizu autoričina jezika te prijevodnih problema na koje smo naišli. Analiza je pokazala da je Zuzana Brabcová pažnje vrijedna autorica koja se na vrlo pametan, dosjetljiv i umjetnički kvalitetan način poigrava književnim vrstama. Njeno preplitanje epike s lirikom nagnalo nas je na to da se s ciljem zadržavanja utjecaja teksta na čitatelja odmaknemo od originalnog značenja pojedinih riječi.Cílem této diplomové práce je překlad a překladová analýza úryvku románu Daleko od stromu české spisovatelky Zuzany Brabcové. Práce je rozdělena do třech částí: (1) úvod do
spisovatelčiny tvorby, (2) překlad a originál rozebrané kapitoly,a(3) překladatelské problémy, které jsme rozebíraly. Během analýzy jsme používali patřící teorii
literárního překladu.Analýza ukázala,že Zuzana Brabcová je důležitou autorkou, která si chytře, nápaditě a umělecky kvalitně hraje s literárními druhy. Abychom zachovali autentické působení textu na čtenáře, v
překladu jsme se museli vzdálit od originálního významu
určitých slov.The aim of this thesis is to translate and analyze a chapter from a novel „Far from the Tree“, written by Czech author Zuzana Brabcová. Thesis consists of three parts: (1) introduction to author's work, (2) translation and the original chapter written in Czech language and (3) theoretical analysis of author’s language and translation problems that we had to solve. Examining the author’s language in this chapter has shown that Brabcová is an important author judging by her prudent, smart and imaginative play with literary genres. Due to interference of prose and poetic devices, we had to distance ourselves from the original meaning of words in order to preserve the authentic effect on the reader
The legacy of Carl Gustav Jung: popular distortions and suppressions of analytical psychology
No full textPsihoanalitička teorija Carla Gustava Junga ne zahtijeva samo rehabilitaciju, nego ponajprije pomnu analizu, s obzirom na specifičan status Jungova naslijeđa. Budući da je ideje crpio iz raznih, nekonvencionalnih izvora, koji nisu bili u skladu sa znanstvenim tijekovima njegova vremena, njegove teorije površno su se tumačile u neželjenim smjerovima. Cilj ovog doktorskog rada jest ukazati na različita prisvajanja i izobličenja Jungovih psihoanalitičkih teorija, posebice nakon njegove smrti 1961. godine te na činjenicu da upravo iz tog razloga svi Jungovi pojmovi zahtijevaju reviziju i čitanje njegovih izvornih djela. Prvi dio rada posvećen je Jungovim izvornim idejama i njegovim osobnim interpretacijama. Temeljni pojmovi i načela Jungove analitičke psihologije: nagon, kolektivno nesvjesno, arhetipovi, individuacija objašnjeni su analizom Jungovih djela, ponajprije Sabranih djela C.G. Junga, zatim djela Čovjek i njegovi simboli te Sjećanja, snovi, razmišljanja. Drugi dio rada usredotočen je na pregled tumačenja Jungovih načela u trima područjima, koja najviše zaslužuju daljnju interpretaciju i razjašnjenje, a odnose se na feminističku teoriju inspiriranu Jungom, kritiku Jungova antisemitizma te svojatanje Junga kao kultnog vođe i nadahnuća New Age pokreta. Prije uvida i razjašnjenja poimanja Jungovih teorija, pokušat će se odgovoriti na pitanje postojanja 'post-jungovskog' uopće. U okviru rasprave o pravcima razmišljanja na temelju Jungovih teorija, objasnit će se škole analitičke psihologije prema klasifikaciji Andrewa Samuelsa. Organizirajući doktorski rad na takav način, nastojalo se pridonijeti rehabilitaciji 'znanstvenog' Junga, kakvim je i on sam sebe za života smatrao.Psychoanalytic theory of Carl Gustav Jung, apart from rehabilitation, requires a genuine analysis, since his ideas were not in line with the scientific trends of his time and were superficially interpreted in unwanted directions. The aim of this doctoral dissertation is to point at the various adoptions and distortions of Jung's psychoanalytic theories, especially after his death in 1961 and at the fact that for this very reason Jung's major concepts require a serious revision by reading his original works. Therefore, the first part of the work is devoted to Jung's original ideas and his personal interpretations. I noted at the very start the importance of looking at Jung in the context of his lifelong growth and maturity. Jung's ability to introspect has contributed significantly to his perceived experiences, occurring near or below the threshold of the conscious. By the end of his long life, Jung was more oriented towards the inner world of images and dreams than toward the outside world. The first six chapters explain the basic concepts and principles of Jung's analytic psychology: instinct, collective unconscious, archetypes and individuation, by analysing Jung's original texts, primarily Collected Works, Man and His Symbols, and Memories, Dreams, Reflections. I have emphasized that it is simply impossible to give a definition of each individual principle separately without considering it being a part of a broader context of the definition of other principles. Jung used the term archetype for the first time in 1919 to mark memories, that is, archaic images and symbols, whose collective material is the source of distorted illusions of mentally disturbed persons. Archetypes, together with instincts, formed what Jung called the collective unconscious. Instincts determine our actions, while archetypes determine the ways of our understanding. Both instincts and archetypes are collective because they refer to inherited, universal contents beyond the personal and the individual. Jung believed that all activities that happen on daily basis in conscious can also take place in the unconscious. Jung differentiated the three levels of psychic life: (1) conscious, (2) personally unconscious and (3) collective unconscious. The collective unconscious, as ancestral heritage is not individual, but common to all people. It is composed of mythological motives or images of life. Jung believed that the most powerful ideas in history were based on archetypes, which appear as images, and make part of a wider dynamic of psychic energy. The archetypes are almost always complementary. There is always one conscious figure compensated by its unconscious opposite. Thus, for example, a psychic image is the unconscious side of persona, or „an archetype of unconscious psychic life.“ Psychic image is always represented by the opposite sex, which Jung labelled with Latin male and female names for the soul - animus and anima. Unlike anima, as a female figure that compensates for male consciousness, animus is a compensating figure of male character in a woman. Anima follows the secret nature of Eros (love), while animus takes on the nature of Logos (mind). Jung believed that dreams, as unintentional spontaneous products of the unconscious psyche without conscious purpose, prove the existence of archetypes. Events which have not been consciously recorded and which appear subsequently, may occur in dreams coming 'from the unconscious' as symbolic images rather than reasonable thoughts. While the first three chapters discuss archetypes and the collective unconscious in different contexts, the fourth chapter deals with instinctual processes as unconscious, inherited processes which appear unchanged and on regular basis. The general view is that impulses originated from the individual, followed by general, voluntary, often repeated actions. However, the fact that they are inherited does not answer the question of their origin. Jung believed that instincts cannot be fully examined without taking into account the concept of the unconscious, since instinctive processes alone make the supplementary concept of unconscious necessary. Individuation is explained in Chapter five, the purpose of which is to divest the self from „the false wrapping of persona,“ and the „suggestive power of primordial images.“ The unconscious is never at peace, Jung says, and the doings of the collective unconscious are always more difficult to understand than the psychology of persona. Individuation and collectivity make a pair of opposites, bound by guilt. An individual is bound by collective demands to buy his or her individuation at the price of equivalent work for the benefit of society. As long as this is possible, so is individuation. The one who cannot perform this must give in directly to collective demands of society; otherwise he or she will automatically be subjected to them. What society is looking for is an imitation or conscious identification, a number of accepted, approved paths. As an expression of the man’s wholeness, Jung defined personality as an ideal of an adult, whose conscious realization through individuation is the goal of human development in the second half of life. The seventh, transitional chapter, between the first and second parts of the PhD thesis deals with the classification of the existing post-Jungian analytical psychology schools primarily in the view of Andrew Samuels. Samuels originally defined (1983) the classical, developmental and archetypal post-Jungian school, which he later complemented with the two new postJungian analytical schools - the ultimate versions of the existing schools - classical or developmental. Namely, in later classification, classical and developmental schools remained more or less the same as in original classification, while archetypal school has either been integrated or eliminated as a clinical entity. The two, as Samuels call them, extreme versions are Jungian fundamentalism, on one hand, and on the other hand, a merger of analytical psychology with psychoanalysis. His original classification methodology was based on giving priority to certain aspects of psychoanalytic theory and clinical practice. The chapter also considers the Jungian schools as defined by Gerhard Adler, according to whom the Jungians range from orthodox to non-orthodox, as well as to the division of schools suggested by Michael Fordham, whose approach is based on geography. Fordham, therefore, suggests there are differences between styles of analysis as observed in Zürich, London and San Francisco. According to the classification by Naomi Goldenberg, post-Jungian schools do not exist, as post-Jungians can rather be split into the second and the third generation. The second part of the doctoral thesis focuses on the review of the Jungian principles in three areas, the most important in further interpretation and clarification relating to a feminist theory inspired by Jung, a critique of Jung's anti-Semitism, and the adoption of Jung as a cult leader, and an inspiration of the New Age movement. The eighth chapter is devoted to critical reviews of Jung's theory, from a feminist perspective. The work of Susan Rowland contributed to a large extent to the fundamental understanding of the revision of Jung’s ideas. Apart from being a Jungian critic, Rowland has been the first president of the International Association of Jungian Studies (IAJS). Rowland (1999) sees Jung's concepts of anima and animus problematic due to the introduction of the pairs of opposites - eros and logos. Jung, as Rowland claims (1999), does not give biological or cultural justifications for his assumptions about female consciousness dominated by eros, because his theories do not allow body and culture to control meaning, although he acknowledges the interference of these factors. The way in which Jung's ideas open up the question of patriarchal views - a point where psyche meets culture - is for Rowland (1999) the ultimate value of Jung's works for feminist theory. For an easier understanding of feminist generations, the author describes feminist waves: the first wave (1800 - 1920) marked by the birth of the American Women's Rights Movement; the second wave (1960 - 1980) which refers to the period between 1960 and 1970; and the third wave (1990 - today) which has been a result of the failure of the earlier women's rights movements, but also a violent reaction to their successes, and it coined the terms such as girl power, riot grrrl, postmodern, transnational, cyberfeminism, ecofeminism, queer and other feminisms. In the fourth, on-going wave (2010 - today?) Internet and online activism played a massive role allowing global reunification of feminists, while some considered it a result of economic crisis, unemployment and growing xenophobia. This work explains the relational and individualistic approach to feminism by Karen Offen (1988); other mentioned authors are Clarissa Pinkola Estés (2005); Anne Springer (1998) in the light of female homosexuality, and Stupak and Stupak (1990), who considered Jung a forerunner of modern feminism. Harsh criticism of Jung comes from Naomi Goldenberg (1976). She believes Jung's psychology is ensuring a feminist critique because it has itself become a form of patriarchal religion, and she questions the worshipping of Jung. The work also includes the analyses of fairy tales by Jung’s former student and intellectual associate Marie-Louise von Franz (1993), who sought feminine archetypal patterns of behaviour in fairy tales. Jung's theories are further connected to gender issues, highlighting the works of Susan Rowland, Judith Butler (1990), Sue Austin (2013), Maryann Barone-Chapman (2014) and Polly Young-Eisendrath (1984). Young-Eisendrath considers Jung's theory as an exception to the androcentric psychological and psychoanalytic theories, which position women in the context of the lack of penis, power, intellect etc., because Jung addressed the often overlooked fact that the opposite sex is the projection factor of animus or anima. The ninth chapter deals with Jung's relation to Nazism and his anti-Semitism. According to Richard Noll (1996) as expressed in The Jung Cult - Origins of a Charismatic Movement there are three key elements for understanding Jung: the wider context of völkisch philosophy both used and ignored by the Nazis and the anti-Semites in the period before Nazism; Jung's affiliation with the elite, and the dominance of the classical Greek and Roman culture in education. I gave an overview of the events in the 30s and 40s of the twentieth century – the rise of National Socialism in Germany – the events which are unquestionably most disturbing in Jung's life. Geoffrey Cocks (2003) in Jung and the Shadow of Anti-Semitism, and Robert M. Ellis (2017), referring to Deirdre Bair (2003) believe the survival of psychoanalysis as such, as well as the survival of the Jewish psychoanalysts in Nazi Germany would not have been possible had Jung not shown resistance. I have also given an overview of significant events from Jung's life in the mentioned time frame, starting with his taking the presidency over the General Medical Society for Psychotherapy in 1933, and then chairing the International Society, which automatically made Jung the editor of the official Gazette Zentralblatt für Psychotherapie. The Gazette, wherein Jung published his works on differences between German and Jewish psychology, as well as the Society in general, was governed by a progressive nationalist German group. With that in mind, Jung's opponents linked him to the Nazis, and accused him of anti-Semitism. This work introduces interesting details of Jung's life such as his involvement in two scenarios aimed at overthrowing Hitler by means of declaring the Führer crazy, and, for example, his work as a secret agent for the Office of Strategic Services under the code name Agent 488. This evidence was first presented by Deirdre Bair (2003) in Jung: Biography. The paper includes parts of Jung's essay „Wotan“ from 1936, in which Jung explained the Nazi movement in terms of the awakening of psychic powers, symbolized by the old Nordic/German god Odin or Wotan. For Adolf Guggenbühl-Craig (2003), Wotan remains the most horrifying, mythological description of Nazism to date. Marga Speicher (2003) believes Jung's views of Nazism in early stages are on one hand apolitical, and on the other hand based on overly optimistic ideas of archetypal energies. She criticises Jung's lack of action as a 'man of politics', not just a physician. The tenth chapter deals with Jung in the context of the New Age movement, which I explained by referring to Michel Lacroix (1996) and his work The New Age Ideology. Roderick Main (2006) emphasized that while links between Jung and the New Age have always been widely recognized, this has not been the case with historical links between the two. Paul Heelas (1996), who studied religion, positioned Jung on pair with the Russian philosopher Helena Petrovna Blavatsky and the Armenian mystic George Gurdjieff, as the three key figures for understanding the New Age development, while Wouter Hanegraaf (1998) considers Jung to be a modern esoteric. In his article on Jung and the New Age in 1998, David Tacey focuses on three areas in which the limitations of the New Age and its divergence from Jung's thoughts are particularly visible: in the spiritual reenchantment in Western culture, and in the addiction to peak experiences and the dissolution of Self into a primal unity. Tacey (2001) also accuses Richard Noll (1996) and his work The Jung Cult: Origins of a Charismatic Movement (1996) of misreading Jung's mythological metaphors as literal claims about human identity allegedly proving that Jung claimed for himself the status of God. The thesis also discusses Paul Heelas’ ideas (2006) on the rise of the New Age spirituality as a challenge to secularization; an example of an orthodox attitude is given by Linda Kimball (2016) who considers Jung a father of neognosticism and the New Age, accusing Jung of the service to Satan. The chapter ends with the reflections by Sue Mehrtens (2013), who claims that the New Agers live artificial lives, mostly in denial due to the life events which emphasize their inferiority. In the concluding chapter of the thesis, I gave a brief summary of the basic assumptions of Jung’s psychoanalytic theory. I have systematically and critically observed starting points and motifs of various post-Jungian interpretations. Finally, I have defined the extent of Jung's influence across different areas of human activity in an effort to thereby contribute to the rehabilitation of the 'scientific' Jung – the kind of a scholar Jung claimed he was
Psihološka karakterizacija odabranih likova u prozama Ladislava Fuksa
No full textTema ovog rada su psihološke karakteristike odabranih likova u prozama Ladislava Fuksa. Osim opisa samih simptoma, postupaka, ponašanja i navika tih likova, opisani su i uzroci koji im prethode, prije svega traumatska situacija te društveno-političke okolnosti koje služe kao okidač stanju uma likova. Psihološka stanja likova analizirana su iz perspektive Freudove psihoanalize koja ljudsku psihu dijeli na svjesno, predsvjesno i nesvjesno, čije međusobno neslaganje dovodi do duševnog sukoba koji se, kako je to bilo i opisano, može fizički manifestirati. Zbog teškog suočavanja sa stvarnošću, opisani likovi koriste razne načine bijega od nje. Budući da likovi posežu u nesvjesni dio radi stjecanja svojevrsne zaštite od stvarnog svijeta, došli smo do zaključka da je taj nesvjesni dio vrlo važan jer određuje karakter likova.This paper outlines the psychological characteristics of certain characters in Ladislav Fuks’ fiction. In addition to the description of the symptoms, actions, behavior and habits of the characters, the causes that precede them are also described, especially the traumatic situation and socio-political circumstances that serve as a trigger to the characters. The psychological state of the characters is analyzed from the perspective of Freud's psychoanalytic theory, which states that the human psyche is divided into a conscious, subconscious and unconscious part, whose mutual disagreement can lead to mental conflicts that can later be manifested physically. Because of their problems with facing the reality, the characters use various methods to escape from it. Since the characters turn to the unconscious part of their minds for the purpose of obtaining a kind of protection from the real world, we have come to the conclusion that the unconscious part is very important because it determines the personality of the characters