Digitalni arhiv Filozofskog fakulteta u Zagrebu
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Modern prejudice and readiness to engage in positive and negative behaviours towards homosexual persons
No full textCilj istraživanja bio je ispitati razlike u izraženosti modernih predrasuda prema homoseksualnim osobama s obzirom na rod, dob, religioznost, obrazovanje i političku opredjeljenost. Dodatni cilj bio je ispitati povezanost između modernih predrasuda prema homoseksualnim osobama i namjera negativnog i pozitivnog ponašanja prema homoseksualnim osobama. U online istraživanju sudjelovalo je 997 heteroseksualnih ispitanika. Primijenjeni upitnik sadržavao je sociodemografske podatke, Skalu modernih predrasuda, Skalu sklonosti diskriminaciji homoseksualnih osoba te Skalu spremnosti na ponašanja usmjerena na poboljšanje statusa homoseksualnih osoba u društvu. Rezultati su pokazali da više modernih predrasuda iskazuju muškarci, mlađe, religioznije i niže obrazovane osobe te one desnijeg političkog opredjeljenja. Statistički značajnom pokazala se pozitivna povezanost modernih predrasuda i namjere negativnog ponašanja prema homoseksualnim osobama. Povezanost modernih predrasuda i namjere pozitivnog ponašanja prema homoseksualnim osobama pokazala se negativnom i statistički značajnom. Osobe s izraženijim modernim predrasudama prema homoseksualnim osobama sklonije su diskriminirati homoseksualne osobe te manje sklone upustiti se u ponašanja usmjerena na poboljšanje društvenog statusa homoseksualnih osoba.The purpose of the study was to examine differences in modern prejudice against homosexual persons in terms of gender, age, religiosity, education and political orientation. An additional aim was to examine the correlation between modern prejudice against homosexual persons and the intention to behave in a negative and a positive manner towards homosexual persons. 997 exclusively heterosexual persons participated in this study. The applied questionnaire contained socio-demographic data, the Modern prejudice against homosexuals scale, the Propensity to discriminate against homosexuals scale, and the Propensity to improve the status of homosexuals in society scale. Results show that men, younger persons, more religious persons, persons with low education and politically conservative persons express more modern prejudice against homosexual persons. The correlation between modern prejudice and the intention to behave in a negative manner towards homosexual persons is positive and statistically significant. The correlation between modern prejudice and the intention to behave in a positive manner towards homosexual persons is negative and statistically significant. Persons with higher levels of modern prejudice against homosexuals are more likely to discriminate against homosexual persons and less likely to engage in behaviors aimed at improving the social status of homosexual persons
Test anxiety and academic procrastination among students of private and state faculties
No full textCilj istraživanja bio je ispitati odnos akademskog odgađanja i ispitne anksioznosti te provjeriti postoje li razlike između ove dvije varijable kod studenata državnih i privatnih fakulteta, te muških i ženskih studenata. Ispitivalo se i jesu li i kako ove dvije varijable povezane s varijablama uspjeha na studiju. Istraživanje je provedeno online na studentima državnog Ekonomskog Fakulteta i studentima privatnih fakulteta ZŠEM i VERN' (N=219) u Zagrebu. Korišten je Upitnik ispitne anksioznosti i Tuckmanov upitnik odgađanja te su prikupljeni demografski podaci: spol, dob, fakultet, razina i godina studija, prosjek ocjena i broj položenih ispita tijekom dosadašnjeg studija. Utvrđeno je da su studentice obje vrste fakulteta ispitno anksioznije od studenata, a polaznici državnih fakulteta su ispitno anksiozniji od polaznika privatnih fakulteta. Glavni efekti spola i fakulteta kod akademskog odgađanja nisu statistički značajni – polaznici na privatnim i državnim fakultetima podjednako odgađaju. Ispitna anksioznost i akademsko odgađanje su dva pozitivno povezana konstrukta - studenti s višim rezultatima na ispitnoj anksioznosti, imali su više rezultate i na akademskom odgađanju. Ispitna anksioznost i akademsko odgađanje su negativno povezani s prosjekom ocjena. Ispitna anksioznost je također negativno povezana s brojem položenih ispita, dok između akademskog odgađanja i broja položenih ispita nema statistički značajne razlike.The aim of the research was to examine the relationship between academic procrastination and test anxiety and to check for differences between these two variables in students of public and private faculties and male and female students. It was also examined whether these two variables are related to the variables of academic success. The research was conducted online and the sample included students of the Public Economics Faculty and students of private faculties ZŠEM and VERN' (N = 219) in Zagreb. Text Anxiety Inventory and the Tuckman Procrastination Scale were used, and demographic data was collected: gender, age, faculty, level and year of study, average grade and number of passed exams during the study. It was found that female students of both faculties were more anxious than male students, and students at public faculties were more anxious than those at private faculties. The main effects of gender and faculty at academic procrastination are not statistically significant - students of both private and public faculties equally postpone their academic obligations. Test anxiety and academic procrastination are two positively correlated constructs. Test anxiety and academic procrastination are negatively correlated to average grade. Students with greater number of passed exams have lower scores on test anxiety. Correlation between academic procrastination and number of passed exams was not statistically significant
The Work of a Phonetician and a Child with Autism Spectrum Disorders
No full textRad opisuje način na koji fonetičar radi s djetetom s dijagnozom pervazivnog razvojnog poremećaja (PRP). PRP jedan je od poremećaja u skupini poremećaja iz autističnog spektra kojeg karakterizira slabije jezično razumijevanje, deficiti u komunikaciji i teškoće u govoru. Teorijski dio rada sastoji se od opisa autizma i njegovih glavnih značajki, opisa sustava obrazovanja za djecu s teškoćama u Republici Hrvatskoj te opisa određenih načina rada po verbotonalnoj metodi koji su korišteni u radu. Fokus ovog rada je na deskriptivnoj analizi dviju audio snimki snimljenih u razdoblju od 5 mjeseci. Sama analiza je podijeljena u nekoliko područja u kojima se očituju djetetove poteškoće kao što su čitanje, pisanje, računanje i komunikacija. Cilj rada je opis rada djeteta i fonetičara te procjena napredovanja kroz proces rehabilitacije. Rezultati pokazuju kako su u djeteta prisutne mnoge karakteristike PRP-a navedene u raznim istraživanjima i medicinskim priručnicima. Pokazalo se da postoje poboljšanja u djeteovu verbalnom iskazu kao što je uporaba dužih i gramatički ispravnijih rečenica te bolje jezično razumijevanje. Sve navedeno upućuje na zaključak kako je rehabilitacija pomogla te kako je poželjno nastaviti uz stalnu profesionalnu podršku.The thesis describes the work of a phonetician and a child with diagnosed pervasive developmental disorder (PDP). PDP is one of disorders in autism spectrum characterised by poor language comprehension, deficits in communication and speech impairments. Theoretical part consists of the description of autism and its characteristics, the description of education system for children with special needs in Croatia and the description of certain procedures of verbotonal method used in this paper, respectively. The paper focuses on a descriptive analysis of two audio tapes filmed in the period of 5 months. The goal of this study is the description of the work and assessment of progress during the process of rehabilitation. The analysis itself is divided into few areas: reading, writing, calculation and communication, respectively. The results confirm that the child shows most of the characteristics of PDP stated in different articles and medical guides. However, there are evidence of some improvements in the child's verbal behaviour such as longer and grammatically more correct sentences and better language comprehension. It can be concluded that the rehabilitation helped and that it should be continued with permanent professional support of different professionals
Neurolinguistic basics of sign language
No full textNeurolingvističke osnove znakovnog jezika je pregledni rad koji nastoji obuhvatiti relevantna
neurolingvistička istraživanja u razdoblju od 1976. do 2016. koja se bave dijelovima mozga zaduženim
za percepciju i razumijevanje znakovnog jezika i njihovom mozgovnom lateralizacijom.
Napretkom tehnologija ispitivanja, posebno u području neurolingvistike, dobivena je preglednija
slika mozga i njegovih funkcija u obradi jezičnih informacija. Ranija istraživanja pokazivala su
tek naznake mozgovone lateralizacije znakovnog jezika u usporedbi s govornim. Istraživanjima
strukture znakovnih jezika, dobila se jasnija slika o njihovoj složenosti i utjecaju modaliteta jezične
proizvodnje. Novijim neurolingvističkim istraživanjima dokazalo da su određeni dijelovi
mozga predodređeni za obradu jezičnih informacija, neovisno o jezičnome modalitetu. Podaci
sugeriraju da mozak poštuje razliku u funkciji, radije nego formu. Lijeva hemisfera dominantna
je za govor i znakovni jezik i ta nuralna simetrija sugerira da percepcijski mehanizmi i motorički
sustavi ne vode organizaciju mozga za jezik. S obzirom na zaključke neurolingvističkih
istraživanja, u edukaciji i rehabilitaciji osoba oštećena sluha potrebno je uvesti znakovni jezik
kao primarni jezik komunikacije, a govorni jezik, prvenstveno u pisanom obliku kao drugi jezik.Neurolinguistic basics of sign language is a scientific review of relevant neurolinguistic studies
which studied brain areas responsible for perception and understanding of sign language and their
cerebral lateralization from 1976 to 2016, which deal with brain parts responsible for perception and
understanding of the sign language and their cerebral lateralization. Advancement of technology,
especially in the field of neurolinguistic, enabled creation of a more visual representation of the
brain, and its functions in the processing of language information. Earlier studies only partially
showed clues of lateralization of sign language, compared to speech. Studies that analyzed the
structure of sign languages, created a more detailed depiction of their complexity and the influence
of language modality on language production. More recent neurolinguistic studies have shown that
certain parts of the brain are predetermined for the processing of language information, regardless
of language modality. Data suggests that brain differentiates between function, rather than form.
The left hemisphere of the brain is dominant for language, and this symmetry suggests that perceptual
mechanisms and motor systems do not determine nor influence organization of the brain,
necessary for language execution. Considering the conclusions of neurolinguistic studies, author
suggests use of sign language (primary) aided with written form of spoken language (secondary)
for communication, education and rehabilitation of hearing impaired people
Povijest Spomen-područja Jasenovac: od ustaškog logora do mjesta pamćenja i zaborava
No full textOdnos prema spomen područjima i (zaboravljenim) mjestima sjećanja kompleksno je područje teorije, muzeologije, zaštite spomenika i ostalih društvenih i interdisciplinarnih studija danas koje često zapada u zamke ideoloških manipulacija jer je politika sjećanja uvijek podložna onoj aktualnoj, a kultura sjećanja veoma fluidno područje. U Hrvatskoj je to posebno vidljivo kroz nedostatak jasne strategije u afirmaciji antifašizma te odnosu prema baštini spomenika nastalih u doba socijalizma, osobito teškoj baštini kojoj svakako pripada i Spomen-područje Jasenovac. Cilj ovog rada pridonijeti je uvođenju diskursa u (zaboravljena) mjesta stradanja i obuhvatiti, što je detaljnije moguće, povijest Spomen- područja Jasenovac, od ustaškog logora do mjesta sjećanja, te barem zagrepsti u problematiku prezentacije teško prikazivih tema memorije. Jedno od pitanja kojim će se rad baviti jest i kada i kako je Jasenovac postao mjesto prezentacije traume, na koji se način to manifestiralo u zaštiti spomen-područja, muzealizaciji ustaškog terora i sjećanja na žrtve te koji su nedostaci, a koje prednosti pojedinih pristupa kroz povijest. Ovaj je rad zamišljen kao pregled povijesti prostora, od ustaškog logora do suvremenog muzeja i spomen-područja. Prvi dio rada bavi se poviješću najmasovnijeg ustaškog logora od 1941. do 1945. godine, povijesnim kontekstom nastanka logora s posebnim naglaskom na osnivanje NDH, kronologiju osnivanja logora i odgovorne ljude tog režima, a osvrće se i na veoma problematično i manipulacijama podložno pitanje broja žrtava. Uz to, analizira i izgled logora III Ciglana, središnjeg logora KL Jasenovac što je posebno važno s obzirom na činjenicu da su svi ostaci logora uništeni 1945. godine pa o njima saznajemo iz nacrta, karti, skica, svjedočanstava i fotografija. Drugi dio rada bavi se razdobljem od 1945.-1991. godine s posebnim naglaskom na projekt uređenja spomen- područja koji je izveo Bogdan Bogdanović te na prvi stalni muzejski postav iz 1968. godine i drugi iz 1988. godine. Tu se osvrćem i na odnos socijalističkog režima prema Jasenovcu te na kontekst osnivanja samog Spomen-područja i početke komemorativnih praksi. Dio poglavlja posvećen je i europskim praksama zaštite spomen-područja no bez prevelikih ulaženja u detalje i komparacije. Treći dio posvećen je razdoblju od 1991. do danas., dakle, odnosu prema Jasenovcu u razdoblju Domovinskog rata i politike predsjednika Tuđmana te u međurazdoblju prije realizacije još uvijek aktualnog postava iz 2006. godine. Poseban dio posvećen je propitivanju kustoskog i muzeološkog pristupa novog postava u komparaciji s nekim od suvremenih europskih (i svjetskih) primjera i teorijskih tendencija.
Kompleksnost teme sjećanja, teške baštine, retraumatizacije, (ne)mogućnosti prezentacije takvih tema ne može se obuhvatiti detaljno ovim radom pa se tim temama bavim sporedno, uz naznake izvora i publikacija koji mogu poslužiti kao poticaj daljnjem bavljenju temom. Fokus je na Spomen-području Jasenovac o kojem je, bez obzira na veliki broj objavljenih knjiga, potrebno uvijek i ponovno pisati, kritički ga revaluirati i propitivati moguće smjernice.
Pri pisanju ovog rada koristila sam se svim dostupnim publikacijama iz knjižnica, muzeja, arhiva JUSP Jasenovac, web izvorima, kao i tekstovima na engleskom jeziku koji se bave suvremenim pristupima ovoj problematici. Na savjetima i pomoći posebno zahvaljujem mentoru dr. sc. Marku Špikiću, na literaturi Maji Kućan iz JUSP Jasenovac, Božici Anić iz knjižnice Muzeja grada Koprivnica i Sanji Horvatinčić, a na poticaju traganja za istinom kroz teoriju profesorici Leonidi Kovač. Također, ovaj rad ne bi nastao da nije bilo moje bake koja je sa mnom podijelila svoja sjećanja na ljude koje je izgubila u logoru Jasenovac i s kojom sam par puta posjetila mjesto, moje sestre s kojom imam najpoticajnije i najljepše razgovore i mojih roditelja koji su beskrajno strpljivi i puni ljubavi
Information and knowledge management in the function of marketing of financial institutions
No full textKoncept poslovne inteligencije podrazumijeva proces prikupljanja raspoloţivih internih i
eksternih podataka te njihovu pretvorbu u kvalitetne informacije koje sluţe kao pomoć
menadţerima pri donošenju poslovnih odluka, tako i marketinških odluka. Samo pomoću
dobro organiziranih informacija menadţeri mogu donositi prave poslovne odluke, a institucije
mogu pravovremeno reagirati na trţišne promjene. Uspješno upravljanje informacijama je
izuzetno vaţno za svaku organizaciju, a ovdje će biti naglasak na vaţnost u funkciji
marketinga. Financijske institucije koje ţele nastaviti uspješno poslovati pored tolikog broja
konkurenata na trţištu moraju prionuti na vaţan i nimalo jednostavan zadatak, uspješno
upravljanje informacijama i znanjem. U kvalitetne proizvode ugraĎuje se sve više znanja o
korisnicima, koje dodaje vrijednost novom proizvodu. Da bi financijska institucija došla do
znanja o korisnicima potrebno je prikupiti podatke odnosno istraţiti trţište, iskoristiti i
upravljati informacijama te donijeti prave odluke. Uspješne organizacije stoga prilikom
kreiranja svoje strategije analiziraju i utvrĎuju elemente koji bitno pridonose stvaranju
konkurentske prednosti i osiguranju dugoročnog rasta i razvitka. U situaciji kada ponuda na
trţištu značajno nadmašuje potraţnju, u uvjetima dinamičnog i turbulentnog poslovnog
okruţenja te konkurencije, raste potreba za učinkovitijim upravljanjem i donošenjem pravih
odluka u pravo vrijeme. Da bi opstale u tom okruţenju, organizacijama nije dovoljno da su
prosječne, moraju teţiti samom vrhu i poslovnoj izvrsnosti, a potrebno je znati kako opstati u
takvom okruţenju, kako pripremati planove i temeljem njih donositi uspješne poslovne
odluke. Stoga je u empirijskom dijelu rada razvijen i prikazan Model koji objašnjava ulogu i
vaţnost organiziranih informacija kao preduvjeta za uspješno ostvarenje marketinške
strategije i konkurentnosti na trţištu.Marketing of financial institutions differs from the product marketing and requires a special
approach and treatment. Challenges in the service marketing have been recognized, so
different approaches have been developed that product marketing adapt to the special needs of
service marketing. In financial institutions, services are even more specific because it is very
sensitive area with strong regulations and laws. In order for the services to be more interesting
to users, it is necessary to collect information about the market itself and the users and their
wishes and preferences. The data should then be transformed into useful information that will
result in proper management decision for the purpose of developing the right product or
service that users will recognize as necessary. One of the biggest challenges in the area of
strategic planning of marketing activities is new product development. Business intelligence
acquires process of collecting available internal and external data and its conversion into the
high quality information that will serve managers while making business and marketing
decisions. Only with the well-organized information a manager can make the right business
decision, hence can help institutions react to the market changes promptly. Successful
information and knowledge management is extremely important for every organization, and
here the focus will be especially under the marketing role. Financial institutions that wish to
continue to operate successfully in such a competitive environment, have to put all their
efforts to an important and not so easy task, to successfully manage knowledge and
information. Furthermore, into the quality products, companies input more knowledge of their
consumers, which adds to the final value of it. In order for financial institution to acquire
knowledge of the consumers, they are required to collect as much data about them, as well as
do a research of the market itself, use and manage all the gathered data in order to make the
right decision. Consequently, successful corporations while working on their strategy, analyze
and take into account elements which are important in creation of competitive advantage and
long term development. In a dynamic and turbulent business environment characterized by a
continuously growing competition, there is an increasing demand for more efficient
management and excellence in decision making. For the companies to sustain in such an
environment, it is not enough to be average, they have to strive for business excellence in
order to be on the top and it is required from them to know how to sustain in such an
environment, as well as how to make appropriate plans based on which they can make
successful work decisions. Empirical research will develop and demonstrate a Model to
explain the role and importance of organized information as a precondition for the successful realization of marketing strategies and market competitiveness. The scientific contribution of
the dissertation is the Information and Knowledge Management Model developed as a
recommendation for financial institutions, based on a successfully organized process of
managing information for the purpose of a new product development with clearly defined and
measurable goals. The fundamental recommendation refers to the pursuit of organized and
planned activities of market research, since it is evident that the information obtained through
such research is a basis to be organized and used as the main driver of its competitive
advantage. The dissertation demonstrates the advantage of successful information and
knowledge management in the process of new product development as one of the key
marketing strategies that financial institutions apply more and more. The process of new
product development results with the creation of new knowledge
A reconstruction of the medieval urban network of the Vukovo county based on the analysis of the central functions
No full textPitanje definicije grada i kategorizacije srednjovjekovnih naselja tema je kojom se dulje vrijeme
bave stručnjaci različitog profila i znanstvenih interesa. Kada govorimo o području
srednjovjekovnog Ugarsko-Hrvatskog Kraljevstva, napose njegovog panonskog dijela, ovaj
problem osobito dolazi do izražaja tijekom 15. i početkom 16. stoljeća. Naime, u to vrijeme, u
sklopu novog vala urbanizacije, bilježimo sve češću pojavu naselja s urbanim karakteristikama
koja izvori označavaju pojmom oppidum, uz ona, svakako višeg ranga, označavana pojmom
civitas. Iako ih se načelno može razlikovati i bez kompleksnih teoretskih razmatranja, pri
nastojanjima da se rekonstruira urbana mreža na nekom području ipak je nužno svako naselje,
koje je njezin dio, ispravno kategorizirati. Taj posao, osim nepostojanja jasnih definicija, znatno
otežava nedosljedna upotreba termina u izvorima. K tome, literatura pojmove civitas i oppidum
tumači na razne načine, iz različitih uglova, te ih se najčešće nastoji razgraničiti upotrebom
jednog kriterija, poput pravnog statusa, vlasništva, utvrđenosti i sl. S ovom se problematikom,
napose s mogućnostima pronalaska rješenja, bavio mađarski povjesničar András Kubinyi. On je,
na temelju teorijskog koncepta centralnih mjesta njemačkog geografa Waltera Christallera,
osmislio sustav vrednovanja centralnih funkcija naselja prema deset kriterija te kategorizaciju
naselja u sedam kategorija, s ciljem izdvajanja onih koja možemo smatrati gradovima. Svojim
je istraživanjem obuhvatio uglavnom područje današnje Mađarske. Ovim se radom htio obraditi
prostor jedne županije južno od rijeke Drave te dobivene rezultate pridružiti onima za već
istražena područja. Primjenom Kubinyijevog sustava kriterija izdvojeno je 56 naselja koja imaju
status centralnih mjesta, a pojedinačnom su analizom vrednovane, točnije bodovane, njihove
centralne funkcije. Primjenom Kubinyijevih kriterija utvrđeno je da mrežu Vukovske županije
tri grada, Ilok i Đakovo u 3., te Gorjani u 4. Sedam mjesta u 5 kategoriji, odnosno Ivankovo,
Morović, Nijemci, Nuštar, Osijek, Sotin i Vukovar, predstavljaju prijelazni oblik. Ostalih 46
naselja Kubinyi ne tretira kao urbana, premda, u širem smislu, dijelom urbane mreže možemo
smatrati i ona u 6. kategoriji, koju čine prosječna trgovišta. U radu se predlažu i određene
modifikacije kriterija Kubinyijevog sustava te se donosi paralelno vrednovanje i kategorizacija
prema modificiranim kriterijima, što donosi određene promjene u konačnoj hijerarhiji naselja.
Ipak, modifikacije ne utječu na konačni zaključak istraživanja da je primjena Kubinyijevog
sustava pokazala kako je urbana mreža Vukovske županije u naravi bila bicentrična, te da svoj
položaj u hijerarhiji naselja Đakovo i Ilok temelje na bitno različitim centralnim funkcijama. Usporedba s rezultatima dobivenim za Karpatski bazen pokazuju da kod Vukovske županije
nema velikih odstupanja u pogledu dobivenih vrijednosti, ali i da će se svi dobiveni rezultati
moći staviti u pravi kontekst tek onda kada se obave istraživanja za sve srednjovjekovne ugarske
županije uz objavu cjelovitih rezultata.One of the main problems a medievalist might encounter is a complex issue of definition and
categorisation of urban settlements. This problem emerges from the fact that it is not always a
simple task to identify crucial characteristics upon which one can distinguish urban from rural
places. It takes more than one criterion to define a city. In that respect, the city should not be
viewed merely as a densely populated place, or a place with many streets and squares, a place
where the majority of population is not agricultural, or as a privileged community of citizens.
The most important theoretical work in the field is Die Stadt by Max Weber, published post
mortem in 1925. He was the first one who realised, when referring to the definition of the
medieval city, that it takes a combination of criteria in order to deal with the problem of marginal
and unusual examples. Also, he abandoned the size as the main criterion for determining the
importance of cities and turned to their functions as economic, political, administrational,
defence, juridical and ecclesiastical centres. A certain turning point in urban geography occurred
when a German geographer Walter Christaller published his work on South German central
places in 1933. By introducing a theory of central places, that is, a concept of hierarchical
distribution of centres based upon their centrality level, which is determined by the accumulation
functions in the city and its influence on the immediate and broad surroundings. Although
Christaller did not intend his theory as a tool for historical research, in the past several decades
it has become widespread as one of the leading theoretical concepts for the reconstruction of the
historical urban networks.
When we refer to the problem of definition of urban places in the medieval Hungary, the most
complex is the period from the beginning of the 15th until the first half of the 16th century. During
that time, we can notice a vast development of the urban network. Prior to that, it comprised
mainly of privileged royal cities and episcopal cities. The written sources called these places
civitates, which remained the main term for the settlements of the highest importance and urban
development. But, in the 15th century, we witness an increasing number of other places, also
regarded as (semi-) urban, called oppida, or market towns, usually private towns, functioning as
the main settlements on a manor. Although, the sources, as well as royal decrees, distinguished
civitates and oppida as two different types of urban settlements, the former being more urban,
or more city-like, than the latter, when we try to determine the type of a certain individual place, we can come across a problem of inconsistent use of terminology in sources. Also, if we want
to define the urban network in an area, we need to know the exact meaning of each term, but the
medieval documents do not exactly provide simple and unambiguous explanations. The early
renaissance author of the first collection of the Hungarian custom law, István Werbőczy, gives
certain definitions of legal and topographical provenance for a city (a privileged community of
citizens, a place with houses and many streets). Nevertheless, this does not help in the situation
where you have such a place, but the documents call it an oppidum, or even oppidum seu civitas.
This is when one realises that the terminology in the sources is not enough to deal with the
problem of categorisation of medieval urban settlements.
One of widely accepted approaches to have dealt with this problem, at least in the Hungarian
historiography, is a system of criteria for quantifying central functions of the late medieval
central places in Hungary, devised by a historian András Kubinyi. He based his system on the
theoretical framework of May Weber and the Central Place Theory by Christaller. In order to
determine which settlements can be regarded as cities, he gave points (1-6) to each central place
according to ten criteria for appraisal of the central functions, and then he made a hierarchical
chart according to the points (max. 60) and categorised the central places into seven categories.
The first four categories he regarded as urban, and the fifth as a transitional one. By his
categorisation, he did not abandon the original terminology or tried to introduce a new typology
of settlements. He merely tried to determine the position of a place in the hierarchy of the
Hungarian urban network. During more than two decades of work, he managed to process large
parts of Hungary, and he modified his criteria according to results of his research. Although he
never finished his work before he passed away, many of his students and other researches
continued to apply his system.
As for the parts in the present-day Croatia, there were no attempts to systematically apply
Kubinyi’s system on one of the counties south of the Drava. Any research to do so, would be a
contribution to the overall research of the urban network of the medieval Hungary. One of the
well populated and well positioned counties was the Vukovo County, bordered by three large
rives, the Drava, the Danube and the Sava, and transacted by important roads leading from
south-eastern parts of Europe to the centre of the Hungarian Kingdom. During the Late Middle Ages, it had developed a polycentric urban network with several important cities, among which
was Ilok, one of the principal residences of the dukes of Ilok (Újlak).
Although Kubyiny’s system is widely accepted, there are some criteria that could use some
optimisation. They either neglect some important urban attributes (such as places of
pilgrimages), or they measure certain functions inadequately (e. g. the function of road
intersection being measured according to quantitative criterion-the number of road connections,
instead of qualitative criterion – the position on the main routes, or river crossings), the use of
the Ottoman sources for the criterion for fairs under the assumption that the Ottomans did not
found fairs in the 16th century, or some criteria cannot be supported by the historical sources
(oppida mentioned prior to 1490 are less likely to be regarded as more urban than the ones
mentioned posterior to the year). Therefore, I suggested certain modifications of the system in
my dissertation in order to correct certain values that I think did not accurately reflect the central
functions.
The principal aim of the study is to reconstruct the urban network of the Vukovo County by the
analysis of the central functions of the settlements. The main method used is the Kubiny’s
system of the criteria, according the latest version published in 2004. In parallel to the analysis
according to the Kubinyi’s original criteria, the central places were also analysed according to
the modifications I introduced. The overall number of central places in the analysis is 56. That
includes all the settlements called civitates and oppida in the medieval, and varos in the Ottoman
sources. Also, all the places for which we have a weekly market or an annual fair documented
in the medieval or Ottoman sources. Since the modified criteria exclude the Ottoman sources
from the analysis, the overall number for the parallel research is 50. For every individual place,
a research was conducted based, mainly, on the archival documents, on the includes line of
ownership, location, residence and administrational functions, juridical functions, financial
institutions, ecclesiastical administration and institutions, students on foreign universities, trade
and merchant guilds, roads count, fairs and markets and legal status.
The results of the analysis showed that, in comparison to average values for the Transdanuiban
region, Northeast Hungary and The Great Plain, the county of Vukovo is somewhat less urbanised according to Kubiny’s system of criteria, that is the average values for the first four
categories for the Hungary proper varies from 10,1 to 14,1 % of the overall number of central
places, while the value for the Vukovo County is only 5,4 %. The average value for the
transitional 5th category for the Hungary proper varies between 11,5 and 18,7 %, whereas for
the Vukovo County this value is 7,3 %.
The very urban network comprises of two cities in the 3rd rank, Ilok and Đakovo, whose
influence as centres in the 15th century stretches beyond the southern border of the Kingdom. In
the 4th rank we have Gorjani, as the former main residence of the Gorjanski (Garai) family. The
other important urban places (5th rank) are Osijek, Morović, Ivankovo, Sotin, Nuštar, Nijemci
and Vukovar.
With the application of the modified criteria the ranking of the two principal cities does not
change, but it does for the ranks 4 and 5, mainly because of exclusion of the Ottoman sources
for the data on fairs and markets. Accordingly, Gorjani are demoted to the 5th rank, while Sotin
Ivankovo, Nuštar and Nijemci were demoted to the 6th rank. Osijek, Morović and Vukovar
remained in the 5th rank, while Šarengrad (Atya) and Borovo were promoted to the 5
th rank.
The overall result of the research is an image of the urban network that, generally, enables a
better insight into the urbanisation process in the county. There are three main conclusions,
regarding the theses set forth at the beginning of the research:
a) The research proved that there were more than one city in the Vukovo County, according
to Kubinyi's system in the 15th and early 16th century.
b) The research also proved these cities were similar regarding their degree of centrality.
c) Although they were similar in rank, the cities had different functions, and thus had a
different role in the county’s urban network
d) Some results indicate that there may be a connection between the geographical
similarities between the regions and the similarities in the structure of their urban
networks, as Kubinyi suggests, but the available data is only partial, so the connection
cannot be confirmed. In the end, we can conclude that the research with all its results should be able to contribute to
any synthesis in the fields of urban history or historical geography. Also, the data collected, as
the methodology used was compatible to the one applied for the Hungary Proper, could be
integrated in a database of information for the medieval settlements in these parts, similar to the
efforts by Pál Engel and his digital vector map of Hungary around 1500, but more advanced in
order to enable various “big data” analyses in the field of digital humanities
Integration of persons under international protection in Croatian society
No full textOsobe pod međunarodnom zaštitom su izbjeglice koje su dobile ili azil ili supsidijarnu zaštitu u Republici Hrvatskoj. Ciljevi rada su, na osnovi etnografija pojedinačnog, istražiti kako se te osobe integriraju u hrvatsko društvo, kako se zakoni koji se odnose na integraciju provode u praksi, te kako pojedine organizacije ili kolektivi sudjeluju u procesima integracije osoba pod međunarodnom zaštitom. Istraživanje je
zasnovano na metodi utemeljene teorije, a u radu su korištene tradicionalne kvalitativne etnografske metode: terensko istraživanja, promatranje,
sudioničko promatranje i polustrukturirani intervjui. Uloga lokalnih organizacija u integraciji osoba pod međunarodnom zaštitom istražena je i kroz dvije studije slučaja: kulinarsku zadrugu Okus doma i nogometni klub Zagreb 041. Rezultati provedenih kvalitativnih istraživanja pokazali su da je integracija dinamičan proces koji, s jedne strane, ovisi o kvaliteti institucionalne infrastrukture koju društvo prihvata osigurava osobama pod međunarodnom zaštitom, te, s druge strane, o samoj osobi. Pokazalo se da je od samih osoba pod međunarodnom zaštitom u značajnoj mjeri ovisila uspješnost ostvarenja interakcijskih veza s drugim članovima zajednice, od kojih su se ključnima za integraciju pokazali odnosi s domicilnom stanovništvom. Institucionalna infrastruktura integracije, koju čine zakoni i institucije koje ih provode, pokazala je određene nedostatke, u smislu
neprovođenja zakona. Učenje hrvatskog jezika i kulture uz ostvarivanje prava na zdravstvenu zaštitu i pristup obrazovnom sustavu pokazali su se najslabijim karikama lanca koji je država zakonski dužna osigurati osobama koje su dobile međunarodnu zaštitu u Hrvatskoj. Istraživanje integracije je tako dalo uvide ne samo u živote osoba pod međunarodnom zaštitom u Hrvatskoj, već i uvide u funkcioniranje institucija pa time i samog hrvatskog društva u razdoblju provođenja
istraživanja: od veljače 2015. do kraja ljeta 2017. godine. Hrvatsko zakonodavstvo se u istraženom slučaju nije provodilo u cijelosti ili je provođenje ovisilo o političkom kontekstu, a odgovornost institucija u određenim slučajevima skoro pa nije postojala. Istraživanje je, nadalje, pokazalo i međusobne utjecaje pojedinih područja integracije: uspostavljene ili neuspostavljene društvene veze izbjeglica s članovima lokalne zajednice utječu na rezultate koji
oni ostvaruju na područjima smještaja, zapošljavanja, obrazovanja. Pokazalo se i da možemo govoriti o egzistencijalnoj dimenziji integracije u hrvatsko društvo, a nju čini poznavanje hrvatskog jezika i pronalazak posla koji će biti dovoljno plaćen da pokriva elementarne životne potrebe i troškove osoba pod međunarodnom zaštitomIntegration of persons under international protection is one of the current political and social
issues in the European Union and Croatia, as its member state but also a country that, in autumn
and winter 2015/2016 became part of the migrants’ movements across, what the European
Commission calls, the Western Balkan route. The persons under international protection are the
refugees who have been granted asylum or subsidiary protection in Croatia. Their integration
in society depends upon the rights they, as refugees, have in the Republic of Croatia and how
these rights are implemented, as well as upon the support and assistance in integration provided
to them by institutions, organisations, local communities and citizens. The research approach
used in this dissertation is the ethnography of particular, that served as a basis for getting deeper
and more comprehensive insights and answers to the following research goals: finding out what
integration means to those who got international protection in Croatia and what are their
experiences of integration, how, according to them, the integration-related legislation has been
implemented, and how non-governmental organisations and individuals participate in and
support the process of their integration into Croatian society. The research has been based on
the grounded theory and traditional qualitative ethnographic methods: field research,
observation, participant observation and semi-structured interviews. The role of local
organisations in the integration of persons under international protection has been also
researched within two case studies: the culinary cooperative Taste of Home and the football
club NK Zagreb 041.
The research that is foundation of this work was conducted between February 2015 and
September 2017. By the end of the research period, according to the official data, Croatia
granted international protection to 327 persons. Some of them were the persons whom I
interviewed one or several times, and some of them I followed during the period of several
months or during the whole period of the research. My informants are persons of different
educational background (from accomplished elementary school to accomplished faculty),
different occupations (cook, sportsman, musician, professional truck driver, lawyer, housewife,
activist), different age (from 19 to 42) and different situations they were living in Croatia (as
single persons, in family or in a homeless shelter). Their countries of origin are: Afghanistan,
Congo, Nigeria, Pakistan, Senegal, Syria and Somalia. Most of them went through traumatic
life experiences on their way from their countries of origin to Croatia, followed by difficult
times spent in asylum seekers centre while waiting for the decision about asylum. In that centre they spent from one month to more than a year. The traumatic experiences and memories of
refugees are not acknowledged nor taken care of by legislation that is the backbone of Croatian
integration policy.
For my informants, refugees, integration mainly means adaptation to a new culture, learning
local language and getting to know the culture of the society they got asylum in. For none of
them, except for a Syrian family, Croatia was a destination country, and even the Syrian family
came to Croatia within the framework of the relocation programme of the European Union
(EU), that was “distributing” asylum seekers from Greece to other EU countries. Some of my
informants did not like the term integration as it constantly reminded them that they were
refugees, the status which most of them did not like to have and identity they mostly did not
want to accept. Instead, they wanted to be regarded as human beings, and not as a special
category of asylum seekers or asylees. One informant said it in this way: “I want to be regarded
as any other Croatian citizen who lives here and goes through same difficulties as other people.
I want to talk about what is going on in Croatia, and not about asylum seeking any more”.
The results of the qualitative research that I conducted have shown that integration is a dynamic
process that depends, on the one hand, on the quality of the institutional infrastructure that
Croatian society provides to people under international protection and, on the other hand, on
the individuals who got the protection. It has been shown that the persons under international
protection (refugees) have a core influence on the success of their interaction with other
members of the community, of whom the key ones have been members of the host society. The
institutional infrastructure of integration consists of the legislation that grants rights to refugees
and institutions which implement that legislation. A person who got the international protection
in Croatia and is recognised by the state as a refugee is entitled to the same rights as Croatian
citizens, except the right to vote on national or local elections. The research has shown that the
main Croatian legislative act that grants the rights to refugees and also refers to their integration
in Croatian society, Act on International and Temporary Protection (Official gazette 70/2015),
has been partially implemented. Its implementation is the most problematic in the areas that
refugees consider as essential and having the top priority for integration: provision of state supported
Croatian language and culture courses. Learning Croatian language and culture,
together with exercising the rights to the health care and access to the education system, have
proved to be the weakest loops of the chain that the state is legally obliged to provide to the
persons it granted the international protection. The courses of Croatian language, history and culture, whose attendance for persons under international protection is even a legal obligation,
have not been organised regularly, and even when, in rare occasions, organised, they were
provided within insufficient 70 hours (for comparison: the Netherlands provided 600 hours and
Norway initial 300 hours of the integration programmes that mainly involved language
courses). Other areas of integration that have shown deficiency in law implementation have
been the access to health and access to educational system. Legislation that exists “on paper”
but is actually not implemented sheds light not only on life of refugees in Croatia during the
researched period, but also on the functioning of the institutions, and therefore the Croatian
society itself. In the researched case, Croatian legislation was not implemented fully or its
implementation depended on the political context, while the responsibility of institutions in
some cases almost did not exist. Inefficient bureaucracy and administrative barriers that my
informants encountered in Croatia, which they could not easily understand without explanations
that their new friends from the host society were giving them, are depicted in the example that
one informant gave me, describing a situation in the hospital: “To the one who is in pain, who
is sick and urgently needs medical care, you say to come next week? So, the person can die and
you do not care for strangers? First and foremost, it is necessary to take care of sick persons,
and procedures should come later… That doctor did not care about us… somebody could die
because of too many procedures”.
The research has also shown that people under international protection do not always want to
be viewed as a special category of asylum seekers or asylees, and that they want to be accepted
only as human beings. All the informants wanted to participate in the society and work, while
finding a job that would enable them to cover their basic needs proved to be the next problematic
area of integration. Non-governmental organisations and individuals, from or outside these
organisations, were most helpful to them in finding a job. Certain organisations and collectives
participating in the integration of refugees have shown to be helpful to certain asylees, and it
can be concluded that all of them are useful in integration. Non-governmental and international
organisations most frequently referred to by the informants as the ones who assisted them in
integration, especially in job search, in Croatian society were the following ones (in alphabetic
order): Are You Syrious, Centre for Peace Studies, Croatian Red Cross, Rehabilitation Centre
for Stress and Trauma Zagreb. Some informants, referring to their experiences in other
countries, have suggested that there should be more organisations that help refugees and asylum
seekers, and that they should employ more people instead of relying on the volunteers and their
free time, that these organisations usually engage in their work of assisting integration of refugees. They should also apply an individual approach to people, what some of them claim
to do, but the research has shown that in reality the individual approach to refugees is often not
happening. Furthermore, organisations or groups of people that do not have integration as one
of their goals are beneficial in integration as well, such as sport clubs. Football and cricket, i.e.
sport in general, showed to be areas of the greatest potential for integration because sport does
not divide people and, while playing sport, everyone speaks the same language. Food, or its
preparation and consumption, has also proved to be a means capable of connecting people that
would otherwise not approach each other and start communicating. Researched case studies,
the culinary cooperative Taste of the Home and the football club NK Zagreb 041, have therefore
shown to be organisations with a significant potential to create spaces where people under
international protection could find something like a family environment, what most of the
informants lacked in their life in asylum.
Of many integration dimensions that migration scholars refer to in their work, interaction
dimension showed to be the most important for refugees that are supposed to integrate into
Croatian society: the interaction, that refers to their connections to local people and new friends
from the host society, helps them in many areas that integration involves. Besides that, this
research acknowledges the importance of existential dimension of integration, that other
scholars do not recognise as such, probably as they mostly conudcted their research in wealthier
countries of Europe or other parts of the “developed” world. The existential dimension of
integration into Croatian society refers to learning Croatian language and possibility of getting
a job that would cover core needs and basic life costs that a person who got international
protection in Croatia encounters once the state’s assistance in covering the costs of rent of
apartment expires, two years after the international protection is granted to the person.
This research has also opened further research questions regarding the integration of refugees
in Croatia and it has demonstrated, on the one side, the need to include Croatia in broader
European research projects on integration and, on the other side, the need to involve cultural
anthropologists in multidisciplinary research teams, with an aim of comprehending all the facets
that the integration of refugees into society involves
Determinants of substance use among high school students
No full textCilj ovog rada bio je ispitati u kojoj mjeri predanost izvršavanju školskih obveza i učestalost provođenja vremena u izlascima i zabavi uz izloženost sredstvima ovisnosti u vršnjačkom okruženju predviđaju čestinu korištenja sredstava ovisnosti kod srednjoškolaca. Također smo istražili razlike u predanosti školskim obvezama i sklonosti rizičnom provođenju slobodnog vremena s obzirom na spol, razred i školu koju učenici pohađaju. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 978 učenika srednjih škola Dubrovačko-neretvanske županije. Primijenjen je upitnik „Kako si?“ autora P. Bezinovića koji se višekratno koristio za ispitivanje rizičnih ponašanja adolescenata. Rezultati pokazuju da su mlađi učenici značajno predaniji školskim obvezama u odnosu na starije, djevojke u odnosu na mladiće, gimnazijalci u odnosu na učenike strukovne škole, kao i učenici četverogodišnje u odnosu na učenike trogodišnje strukovne škole. Nadalje, stariji učenici značajno češće provode vrijeme na rizičan način u odnosu na mlađe učenike, kao i učenici trogodišnje strukovne škole u odnosu na gimnazijalce. Ovaj trend posebno vrijedi za mladiće iz trogodišnjih strukovnih škola u odnosu na djevojke iz iste škole te mladiće iz ostalih škola. Rezultati pokazuju kako je predanost školskim obvezama značajan negativni prediktor čestine korištenja sredstava ovisnosti dok je provođenje vremena u izlascima i zabavi uz izloženost sredstvima ovisnosti značajan pozitivan prediktor i ujedno medijator povezanosti između predanosti i čestine korištenja sredstava ovisnosti. Značajnim prediktorom češće konzumacije sredstava ovisnosti pokazala se starija dob, muški spol i pohađanje strukovne škole.The aim of this study was to explore contribution of school commitment and unstructured leisure activities (partying, exposure to peer substance use) in explaining differences in the frequency of substance use among high school students. We investigated differences in school commitment and risky leisure activities regarding age, gender and type of school attended. A self-report questionnaire designed for monitoring risky behavior was administered to a sample of 978 high school students in Dubrovnik-Neretva county. Results have shown that younger students, females and preparatory school students reported significantly higher commitment to school. 4-year vocational school students reported significantly higher commitment to school in comparison to 3-year vocational school students. Older students reported spending significantly more time in risky leisure activities, as well as 3-year vocational students compared with preparatory school students which was most obvious among males from 3-year vocational schools in comparison to females from same school and males from other schools included. Both commitment to school and partying with peers were found to be significant predictors for the frequency of substance use among students, with commitment being negative and partying positive predictor and mediator in the relationship between commitment to school and frequency of substance use. Being male, older and vocational school student was predictive of higher substance use
Cross-group friendship and attitudes of Croatian citizens towards immigrants
No full textDosadašnja su istraživanja pokazala kako međugrupni kontakt dovodi do pozitivnijih međugrupnih stavova (Pettigrew i Tropp, 2006), te kako je povezan s brojnim mjerama predrasuda. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitati povezanost općih međugrupnih prijateljstava kao mjere međugrupnog kontakta s tradicionalnim i modernim predrasudama prema imigrantima, pozitivnim i negativnim emocijama prema imigrantima, te stavovima prema multikulturalizmu. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 411 punoljetnih građana Republike Hrvatske, a provedeno je putem interneta tijekom svibnja i lipnja 2017. godine distribuiranjem online upitnika koji se sastojao od ukupno 40 pitanja podijeljenih u 5 setova: Opći podaci, Broj općih međugrupnih prijateljstava, Skala tradicionalnih i modernih predrasuda, Skala međugrupnih emocija i Skala multikulturalizma. Rezultati su pokazali kako sudionici koji nemaju niti jednog inozemnog prijatelja u stvarnom svijetu imaju u prosjeku izraženije moderne predrasude i manje pozitivnih emocija prema imigrantima, te u manjoj mjeri podržavaju ideologiju multikulturalizma. Također je pokazano kako osobe koje u većoj mjeri podržavaju ideologiju multikulturalizma imaju manje izražena oba oblika predrasuda, više pozitivnih, a manje negativnih emocija prema imigrantima. Obje skale predrasuda su negativno povezane sa skalom pozitivnih emocija, a pozitivno povezane sa skalom negativnih emocija.Previous research has shown that interpersonal contact leads to more positive interpersonal attitudes (Pettigrew and Tropp, 2006), and that it is related with numerous prejudice measures. The aim of this study was to examine the relationships between general cross-group friendships used as a measure of interpersonal contact, and traditional and modern prejudices against immigrants, positive and negative emotions towards immigrants, and attitudes towards multiculturalism. A total of 411 adult citizens from the Republic of Croatia participated in this study which was conducted online through May and June 2017 by distributing a questionnaire consisting of a total of 40 questions divided into 5 sets: General data, Number of general cross-group friendships, Traditional and modern prejudice scale, Interpersonal emotions scale, and Multiculturalism scale. The results showed that participants who do not have a foreign friend in the real world have on average more pronounced modern prejudices, less positive emotions towards immigrants, and to a lesser extent support the ideology of multiculturalism. It has also been shown that people who are more supportive of the ideology of multiculturalism, have less pronounced both forms of prejudice, more positive and less negative emotions towards immigrants. Both scales of prejudice correlated negatively with the positive emotions scale, and positively with the negative emotions scale