Digitalni arhiv Filozofskog fakulteta u Zagrebu
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Beta Izrael: povijesni kontekst i akcije spašavanja kroz operacije Mojsije, Saba i Salamon
No full textPovijest zajednice Beta Izrael bila je obilježena mnogim previranjima i demografskim kretanjima. Nakon dugog razdoblja izolacije etiopski Židovi su početkom 20. st. stupili u kontakt sa židovskom dijasporom i počeli mijenjati svijest koja je oblikovala njihov dotadašnji način života te vjerski i nacionalni identitet. Više no ikad u etiopskoj državi počeli su se osjećati kao stranci i težiti za povratkom u „zemlju svojih predaka.“ S obzirom da su se razlikovali od normativnog okvira vjerskog i etničkog identiteta kojeg pojam „židovstvo“ obuhvaća, bila su potrebna desetljeća za službeno priznanje njihovog židovskog statusa. U ovom radu naglasak je stavljen na razdoblje koje je uslijedilo nakon ovog priznanja i koje je kulminiralo 1985. i 1991. u tri operacije masovnih zračnih mostova, Operaciju Mojsije, Operaciju Saba i Operaciju Salamon, tijekom kojih je više od 20.000 etiopskih Židova transportirano iz Etiopije u Izrael. Zbog političke situacije operacije su trebale biti provedene u tajnosti, a najuspješnija je bila Operacija Salamon tijekom koje je u svibnju 1991. u manje od dva dana prevezeno 14.310 etiopskih Židova u Izrael.U vrijeme kada svjedočimo velikim migracijama stanovništva iz dijelova Azije i Afrike u Europu te poteškoćama pri njihovoj integraciji u „zapadno društvo“ primjer i iskustvo migracije i integracije zajednice Beta Izrael, jednako kao i njihovih današnjih sunarodnjaka, može nam pomoći da se suočimo s izazovima koje stoje pred nama
Percepcija talijanskog bojišta u hrvatskom tisku 1915.- 1918
No full textNedugo nakon potpisivanja primirja na Villi Giusti, Njemačko Carstvo potpisalo je 11. studenog 1918. u Compiѐgneu svoju predaju čime je označen kraj jednom od najvećih sukoba u ljudskoj povijesti. Milijuni vojnika su poginuli tijekom 4 godine rata, a jedan dio njih ostavio je svoje kosti na mnogobrojnim grobovima talijanskog bojišta. Na talijanskoj je strani smrtno stradalo oko 660 tisuća vojnika dok je austrougarska strana izgubila oko 400 tisuća ljudi, a ako tome pridodamo ranjene, nestale i zarobljene, brojka se penje iznad 4 milijuna. Na samom bojištu, dvije su se sile borile s različitim ciljem – Talijani zbog uvećanja svojeg mladog imperija, a Austro-Ugarska zbog očuvanja svojeg starog carstva. Samo je jedna strana izašla kako pobjednik iako je, realno gledajući, precijenila svoju snagu i zapravo završila nezadovoljna kompletnim ishodom…gubitnik u Antantinom taboru par exellence. Ta je činjenica izrodila niz problema na političkoj karti Europe jer neispunjenje Londonskog ugovora nije opravdalo tako velike žrtve talijanskog naroda što je posljedično dovelo do uspona fašizma koji je iz bojišta na Soči napravio nacionalni mit
Poticanje čitanja kod djece predškolske i rane školske dobi
No full textU suvremenom svijetu čitanje je vještina koja je nužna za opstanak jer ona omogućuje ispunjenje osobnih, društvenih, profesionalnih i drugih životnih ciljeva svakog pojedinca. S obzirom da čovjek nema posebnu „čitačku sposobnost“, kao što ima sposobnost govora, za usvajanje vještine čitanja potrebna mu je priprema i poticajna okolina. Priprema za usvajanje vještine čitanja započinje po rođenju djeteta, dok poticajna okolina podrazumijeva bogatstvo materijala koje ga okružuje te aktivnosti koje roditelji, odgajatelji i knjižničari provode s djecom. Djeci je važno čitati od najranije dobi jer čitanje pomaže u razvijanju govornih sposobnosti, pismenosti, obogaćuje rječnik i važno je za emocionalni razvoj, iz čega se može zaključiti da utječe na djetetov cjelokupni razvoj. U ovom radu se objašnjava koji su preduvjeti za razvoj vještine čitanja, što su predčitačke vještine i zašto su one važne te kako ih možemo razvijati u različitim okruženjima, od roditeljskog doma, preko dječjeg vrtića i knjižnice.
Kao primjeri dobre prakse u koje su uključena sva ili samo neka prethodno navedena okruženja, prikazano je nekoliko projekata i programa koji potiču čitanje djeci od najranije dobi i osnažuju roditelje. Naglasak je stavljen na programe i projekte za poticanje čitanja koji se provode u Hrvatskoj na lokalnoj razini, te na hrvatsku nacionalnu kampanju za poticanje čitanja djeci od najranije dobi
Mezolitički lovci u špilji Žukovici na otoku Korčuli
No full textŠpilja Žukovica smještena je na zapadnom ulazu u Pelješki kanal, dvadesetak metara iznad morske razine, između uvale Vaja i sela Račišće u blizini grada Korčule. Iznad ulaza u špilju uzdiže se 68 metara visoka litica koja njen položaj čini uočljivim s mora, dok je pristup kopnom najlakši lokalnom cestom te spuštanjem strmom stazom kroz makiju zadnjih stotinjak metara. Ulaz u špilju je širok 5-7 metara i okrenut je prema sjeverozapadu, a njena površina iznosi oko 100 m2. Zbog širine ulaza unutrašnjost je dobro osvijetljena i suha
Zooarheološka analiza ostataka velikih sisavaca iz mezolitičkih slojeva špilje Žukovice na otoku Korčuli pokazala je da je lov na srne i male zvijeri poput lisica i kuna igrao glavnu ulogu u životu ranoholocenskih zajednica na tom nalazištu, a u rijetkim slučajevima lovljeni su jeleni, divlje svinje i divlje mačke. Žukovica je za mezolitičku populaciju vjerojatno predstavljala bazni logor iz kojeg su kroz cijelu godinu kretale lovačke ekspedicije, a trupla životinja bi u potpunosti bila dopremana natrag u špilju. Lisice i kune hvatale su se uz pomoć različitih klopki, a osim što im je krzno moglo biti cijenjeno, analizom tragova rezanja i gorenja dokazano je da je lisičje meso u određenoj mjeri i konzumirano. S obzirom da se do istih spoznaja došlo istraživanjem mezolitičkih slojeva u Veloj Spili, očito je da je lov na lisice bio važan dio strategije preživljavanja na otoku Korčuli početkom holocena.
Rezultati ove analize svjedoče o prilagodbi načina života ondašnjih stanovnika Žukovice na novonastale uvjete u okolišu orijentirajući se na lov onih populacija divljači na čiju gustoću nije utjecalo odvajanje Korčule od kopna. Klimatske promjene, koje su dovele do podizanja morske razine, uzrokovale su nestanak velikih pleistocenskih lovnih vrsta na dalmatinskim otocima te natjerale čovjeka da se okrene drugim izvorima prehrane. Taksonomska diversifikacija, evidentirana porastom broja identificiranih životinjskih vrsta u skupu nalaza kao odraz promjena u lovačkim aktivnostima, jasan je indikator onoga što zovemo revolucijom širokog spektra. U konačnici,iako je ovim radom tek djelomično rekonstruiran život čovjeka koji je u to vrijeme nastanjivao Žukovicu, dobiveni podaci su od iznimne važnosti za upotpunjavanje vrlo siromašne slike o mezolitiku na ovim prostorima
Burnout syndrome in anaesthesiologists
No full textAnesteziologija je prepoznata kao zanimanje s objektivno zahtjevnim i stresnim obilježjima posla te visokim rizikom za razvoj problema poput sindroma sagorijevanja. Kod anesteziologa i liječnika općenito, utvrđena je i veliki otpor prema traženju stručne podrške za različite smetnje, pogotovo psihološke prirode. Ozbiljnost mogućih posljedica sindroma sagorijevanja i neistraženost područja potaknuli su na odabir ove teme. Cilj istraživanja bio je dobiti detaljan uvid u različite aspekte sindroma sagorijevanja kod liječnika anesteziologa koje uključuju znanje, uvjerenja o ozbiljnosti sindroma sagorijevanja kao problema i odrednice spremnosti na traženje podrške zbog pojave njegovih znakova. Naglasak je stavljen i na utvrđivanje razlika između specijalista i specijalizanata. Korištena je kombinacija kvalitativne i kvantitativne metodologije. U kvalitativnom dijelu korišten je polustrukturirani intervju čija je svrha bila dobivanje detaljnog uvida u navedene odrednice, a kvantitativnim putem dodatno se ispitivalo postoje li razlike u razini znanja i uvjerenja o ozbiljnosti problema između dvije skupine. Sudionici izvještavaju o visokoj izloženosti pojmovima vezanim uz stres, djelomičnom poznavanju obilježja sindroma sagorijevanja i nedostatku, odnosno upitnoj kvaliteti edukacije o toj temi. Sudionici također smatraju da se radi o veoma ozbiljnom problemu, i prepoznaju da su kao struka izloženi riziku za njegov razvoj. Unatoč prethodnom iskustvu i trenutno razvijenim znakovima sindroma sagorijevanja sudionici nisu otvoreni prema traženju stručne podrške. Izražena je tendencija oslanjanja na sebe i izbjegavanja traženja podrške dok znakovi ne postanu drastični. Primijećene su razlike između specijalista i specijalizanata u načinu edukacije o sindromu sagorijevanja (iako ne i u znanju), prethodnim osobnim iskustvima i trenutnoj izraženosti znakova sindroma sagorijevanja, kao i u preferiranim izvorima podrške i preprekama pri traženju podrške koje doživljavaju.Anaesthesiology is recognized as an occupation with objectively demanding and stressful job characteristics, and high risk for development of various problems including burnout syndrome. Anaesthesiologists and physicians in general, show great resistance regarding help-seeking, especially for psychological problems. Severity of possible consequences of the burnout syndrome and not enough research in this area were the main motivation for this study. The main purpose of the study was to get detailed insight into different aspects of burnout syndrome in anaesthesiologists, including knowledge, perceived severity and willingness to seek help when symptoms arise. The purpose of study was also to determine if there are any differences between attendings and residents. Combination of qualitative and quantitative methodology was used. Qualitative part consisted of semi-structured interviews which were used to examine determinants of burnout, and quantitative part was used to determine if there are any differences between
two groups in knowledge and perceived severity. Participants report regular exposure to stress-related concepts, partial knowledge of burnout, and question the quality of education they are receiving about this syndrome. Participants also consider burnout as a serious problem and recognize that anaesthesiologists, as an occupation, are under risk for developing it. Despite previous personal experience with burnout and current symptoms, participants are not open to the idea of help-seeking. There is a strong tendency of relying on themselves and avoiding seeking for help until the symptoms become severe. Differences were found between attendings and residents in education about burnout (but not knowledge), previous personal experiences and current symptoms, as well as in the preferred source of help and barriers they perceive in help-seeking process
The phenomenology of crime in Croatian crime novels
No full textRad istražuje točke preklapanja i načine na koje hrvatski kriminalistički romani mogu
pridonijeti boljem razumijevanju i tumačenju problema kriminala i zločina u kulturološkom
kontekstu. Važno je istaknuti metodološke i analitičke postupke kulturalne kriminologije s
uvidom da elementi kulture prenose određena značenja o kriminalu. Pritom, kulturalna
kriminologija nema namjeru odgovoriti na pitanje što je zločin, nego ispitati predodžbe o zločinu
u masovnim medijima i popularnoj kulturi kako bi se lakše proniklo u bit zločina i načine na koje
društvo kontrolira takve pojave.
Kriminalistički romani uvijek se bave prijestupom i zločinom, što je teorija književnosti
često zapostavljala. No, postavimo li kao središnji interes istraživanja pitanje i pojam zločina i
načine na koje ga je tematizirala književnost, tada se šire granice diskurza o zločinu. Priđe li se
istraživačkoj problematici na ovaj način, otvaraju se novi interpretativni uvidi i strategije
tumačenja određenih aspekata fenomena zločina i prijestupa, ali i nove interpretativne analize
književnih tekstovaThe specificity of the approach in this paper is that the scientific findings will precede the
review of popular culture, more precisely the crime novel, in order to inscribe the meanings that
literature has to deal with causes and phenomena of criminality. Such an approach assumes lax
boundaries between criminology, literary and cultural theory. As such, new themes and
approaches came from the radical peripherals to the centre of knowledgeable interest which
resulted in new crime directions and schools. Such insights will serve the methodological and
analytical approach to the Croatian criminal novel.
It is that by combining the theory of classical criminological science with culture and
media studies, cognitive sciences, deconstruction, psychoanalytic semiotics and feminism that
these theories have come to important notions in the interpretation of the phenomenon of crime
through the numerous products of popular culture.
Crime has always been a focus of interest in different disciplines, but the cultural studies
and cultural criminology disciplines have begun to be interested in this phenomenon and in the
field of culture to try new ways to understand the problem. This was confirmed by the fact that,
because of its complexity, the phenomenon of crime cannot be and has never been the subject of
just one discipline and it is therefore logical that the boundaries between disciplines should be
relaxed. Such an approach necessarily leads to the spread of discourse regarding the boundaries
of crime.
There are several important facts that justify attempts to investigate the faintness of
fictional texts of crime novels with the theories of criminology and, in general, with the world of
crime. First, in this work, I am interested in how the crime was “packaged” in this popular genre
that has recently been interpreted solely as a cheap entertainment. By crossing two discourses,
literary theory and criminology, I want to examine with which criminological concepts the
authors of Croatian crime novels negotiated and how they changed the narrative of crime in this
genre. More precisely, if we approach a criminal novel as one of the many narratives on crime, it
can testify on the occurrences and causes of deviant behaviours. The aim of the paper was to
point to possible overlap points and ways in which criminology can serve as an analytical object
in approaching various scientific concepts like criminology, social control and criminal law. It was also intended to illustrate how these ideas can be used in the creative analysis of
the problem. Such an approach required the examination of cultural and social meanings on the
various criminal-related phenomena in Croatian crime novels. Though literature is one of the
narratives on crime, most academic criminologists have not been honouring it in their research
until recently, but it is the stories that allow us to pursue crime and criminals in a different kind
of complexity than those we encounter in classical criminal studies. The fact is that literature and
culture are involved in building our reality and they shape the way we think about certain
phenomena, including the phenomenon of crime.
According to the literary text, I used the same approach as a narrative of the crime, such
as crime news, criminological texts, offenders’ biographies or case studies. With this approach, it
becomes clear that there are numerous insights into our social world. The important conclusion I
tried to contribute to is the conclusion reached by two American authors - Nicole Rafter and
Michelle Brown (2011), that criminology is not only produced by scientists, but by many
participants in popular culture, including those who write and read crime novels or watch and
record criminal films. According to their conclusion, it can be said that crime, albeit a negative
social phenomenon, is also a cultural resource.
The idea and the inspiration for such an approach have been found in the theory of
cultural criminology and in one of the fundamental insights of the representative of this
orientation, that the phenomenon of criminality must also be studied by analyzing both the
criminal activities shown in the media, and culture of everyday life.
What is cultural criminology at all? It is a theoretical, methodological and interventionist
approach to crime investigation, where crime and social control are interpreted in a cultural
context. The phenomenon of crime is also approaching as a cultural product and a creative
construct, with emphasis on the interpretation of meaning and on representation and power in the
construction of crime and the formation of experiences. In building such a concept, it was
necessary to step out from the framework of academic criminology to other ideas and scientific
interests, such as literature, music, art, architecture and philosophy. In this sense, cultural
criminology means to things; new analytical objects and new ways of analysis centered on
symbolic meanings.
If we ask ourselves whether or not we need cultural criminology, the answer is that
cultural interpretations complement and alter existing knowledge about problems that are hidden beneath manifest contents and problematize the purity of the concepts of crime phenomenon
which are often the product of precisely designed data of criminological and criminal law
analyzes and theories. This moves the boundaries of criminological theory beyond known
concepts, including understanding the perception of crime in pop culture, in which forms this
popular literary genre is involved. An interdisciplinary approach becomes clearer in which places
overlapping two crime narratives that often seemed to be opposing fields - academic and literary,
and that cultural dynamics largely define criminality that is not just statistics and other
bureaucratic calculations.
It is important to note why crime novels have become the focus of new criminological
theories and there are several reasons for this. First, every crime and criminal act always appear
and interpret as narrative events, regardless of whether the testimonies are from the courtrooms,
insights of social sciences and criminology, through biographical case studies, newspaper
reports, or, discovering crime by reading crime novels. Secondly, the themes that were produced
by popular culture originated in all forms of crime and often caused certain reactions to its
content. Third, there is a whole history of a relationship between criminology and literature.
Literature is embedded in the foundations of criminology and criminal law since its creation in
the mid-19th century. The first criminologists would regularly seek evidence in literary texts for
dubious scientific theories, where literature was often instrumentalized. By returning to the past
of the criminological discipline, one will show that criminology has "always been" contaminated
with cultural, especially literary factors. Finally, crime novels have become a research topic in
criminology due to the contemporary relationships between power and influence, as well as the
explosion of the entertainment industry and the globalization of crime in culture, media, and
economy. In order to inscribe these types of meanings and try to explain them, it is important to
focus on the conceptions of crime circulating in the texts of Croatian crime novels.
There are two dominant research directions in this paper. The first is the diachronic
approach, which has shown that Croatian crime novels have to be interpreted within the positions
of ruling socio-political and ideological narratives. In that part, I examined the ways in which
symbolic images and narratives related to the phenomenon of crime and the time within which
they were formed. Such an approach proved to be important for yet another reason, as it allows
to describe the relationship between official crime policy and the Keith Hayward and Jock Young (2012) thesis that the phenomenon of crime and the cultural product and creative
construct incorporating representational power.
The second approach will be to define the ways in which the subjects of literature that
overlap with the scientific interests of criminal law and criminology are discussed. In this case, I
will approach the literary text as a scientific object that enriches the existing analysis of
established concepts in the field of criminology.
The main research question in the paper, which is basically theoretical, is whether a
criminal novel with a focus on the problem of crime can be the basis of empirical data and the
fact of establishing a common model of the study of phenomenology and the etiology of crime.
The research question led to the fact that crime novels can contribute to the research of numerous
criminal phenomena and enrich the criminological methodology of this issue. The objectives of
this research can be divided into the underlying goal and several applicable goals. It is
fundamental to point to and overlap the points and ways in which crime novels can further
explain some of the basic criminological concepts and illustrate how these ideas can be used in
creative analyzes and interpretations of phenomenology and etiology of crime.
Also, I would outline four applicable work goals. The first is to show that disciplinary
enrichment ˗ criminology in the field of literature and literacy in the field of criminology can be
achieved. Another, to contribute to the existing archive of the interpretation of the criminalistic
genre. The third is to draw attention to a somewhat neglected link between the phenomenon of
crime and literature. The latter will encourage a wider debate that would produce new
hypotheses and research on correspondence between criminological and cultural-theoretical
approaches in the field of music, film, theatre, media and other phenomena of popular culture.
The scientific methods I will use in such an endeavour will be to analyze and interpret
manifest contents of the phenomenon of crime in literary and criminological texts. They will be
compared by comparative analysis to gain insight into their overlapping, offer insights and
describe the results of the research. The work consists of two parts. The first part of the paper
deals with several important concepts, such as the problem of interdisciplinarity, the definition of
classical criminology, development, methodology and theory of cultural criminology, the
phenomenon of evil, the influence of cultural practices on the development of criminology and
the social history of the formation of the criminal genre. In the second part of the paper I have dealt with interpretations of Croatian crime novels
in four historical stages ˗ the first and second phase of socialism (Anthony Šoljan, Branko Belan,
Milan Nikolic, Paul Pavlicic and Goran Tribuson), transition period (Ivica Đikić, Robert Naprta,
Ivana Bodrožić, Drago Hedl, Jurica Pavičić, Nenad Stipanić) and a modern novel (Želimir Periš).
One of the aims of the paper was to present the possibility of disciplinary enrichment. It
is an attempt to reconceptualize criminological theory in relation to culture, assuming that it can
play an important role in relation to criminology, constituting its discourse and social
significance. An interdisciplinary approach has demonstrated the way in which "fictitious
reality" in literature can be useful in explaining the importance of imaginative and creative
thinking in social sciences. This goal has also led to the enrichment of existing archives of
reading and interpreting crime novels.
I believe this work will inspire a broader debate that would produce new hypotheses and
research by crossing criminological and cultural theoretical approaches in the field of popular
culture in music, film, theater, the media and other popular culture phenomena. With this intent, I
also believe in the possibility that literature is only one single segment of culture that can be
studied this way.
As one of the most important conclusions of this paper, thanks to the diachronic approach
in the history of the Croatian crime novels and also the history of criminology, I would point out
that most of the criminal behaviours stems from economic and political structures, arrangements
and vice versa and criminology and criminal law have often been weapons in defence of such
structures. This is evidenced by almost all crime novels, from Marija Jurić Zagorka to the latest
novels by Želimir Periš, which point to the arbitrariness of the border between criminal and noncriminal behaviour as one of the fundamental political ideas of today
Late medieval stećak necropolises of Western Herzegovina
No full textU radu se donose rezultati terenskih i drugih istraživanja nekropola stećaka na području
zapadne Hercegovine. Odabirom teme nastojalo se prikupiti što više podataka o nekropolama
na navedenom području konzultirajući znanstvenu i stručnu literaturu u kojoj se naišlo na
nepotpune, a nerijetko i netočne navode o lokalitetima. Pristupilo se analizama nekropola,
formalno-tipološkim analizama nadgrobnih spomenika, natpisne i reljefne građe. Empirijski
podatci postignuti revizijama terena poslužili su kao temelj za propitivanje postojećih
paradigmi i prezentiranje drugačijega viđenja sepulkralne kulture bosanskohercegovačkog
srednjovjekovlja.
Suvremeni arheološki standardi pokazuju tendenciju prema nedestruktivnim metodama
istraživanja i teorijskim perspektivama u arheologiji putem kojih se dolazi do posve novih
arheoloških interpretacija. Svrha tako postavljenih istraživanja bio je pokušaj da se što bolje
razumije srednjovjekovna sepulkralna kultura, proces nastanka stećka i smještaj nekropole u
prostoru. Interpretacije ne bi bile moguće bez konzultiranja literature iz teorijskih pristupa u
arheologiji, točnije koncepata arheologije prostora i krajolika. Pri tome se nastojalo odstupiti
od ustaljenih formi i obrazaca prostornog rasporeda nekropola te ukazati da odabir mjesta za
ukop pokojnika nije determiniran samo ekonomsko-funkcionalnim parametrima, nego da se u
istraživanjima treba više osloniti na kontekst nastanka nove prakse pokapanja tijekom srednjeg
vijeka te sagledati stećak kao skulpturu u prostoru. Naglasak je stavljen na doživljaj
monumentalne forme nadgrobnoga spomenika kakav je stećak te interakciju između objekta i
onoga tko ga promatra u danom kontekstu.
Istraživanjem lokaliteta i njihovoga odnosa prema putovima, naseljima i prirodnom
okruženju pokušalo se doći do novih spoznaja o tome kako su te populacije percipirale krajolik.
Došlo se do određenih spoznaja koje zasigurno neće biti uzete kao zakonitost, ali će biti
inovacija u izučavanju.
U zaključku disertacije naglašava se kako budućnost istraživanja leži u
interdisciplinarnom pristupu te analizama arheoloških podataka dobivenih terenskim radom
koje, sukladno napretku epistemološke misli, trebaju biti popraćene teorijskim pristupima u
arheologiji 21. st., čime se otvara mogućnost interpretacije na drugačijoj razini.This thesis presents the results of field research conducted on various necropolises of
medieval tombstones, also known as stećci, throughout Western Herzegovina, and is the
compilation of the author’s findings. The term stećak relates to the medieval tombstone carved
on almost whole territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina and its bordering areas: central and
southern parts of Croatia and western parts of Serbia and Montenegro. According to the field
research conducted in the 20th century, there are more than 70,000 tombstones on 3,300
necropolises, appearing in the following basic forms: horizontal slabs, blocks, sarcophagus,
pillars and crosses. New necropolises have been registered during field research conducted in
a past couple of years.
In choosing this topic, the author’s aim was to collect as much as possible information
on the necropolis in the given area by consulting scientific and professional literature, in which
incomplete and inaccurate information were sometimes provided (Arheološki leksikon Bosne i
Hercegovine, Tom 3; Stećci, Kataloško-topografski pregled by Š. Bešlagić). The objectives
pursued relate to the synthesis of medieval tombstones necropolises found on the territory of
city of Široki Brijeg, and Grude, Ljubuški and Posušje municipalities. The largest number of
medieval tombstones relates to the forms of slabs and blocks. The author analysed each
necropolis and conducted formal typological analyses of the medieval tombstones, its
inscriptions and reliefs. In comparison to the data in scientific literature, field research results
showed the differences in the number of medieval tombstones necropolises and tombstones as
well. Mainly, they are located near by the rivers, fileds, roads that were used in previous
archaeological periods, settlements, tumuli, prehistoric ruins and mountain areas. The author
noted damages of the tombstones especially in Posušje municipality, but also devastation of
several necropolises in Western Herzegovina caused by nature or human interventions. Field
research resulted in the observed analogies of tombstones in Široki Brijeg and Mostar, Stolac,
Čitluk and Nevesinje areas. The relief motives noted on stećci in Ljubuški municipality are
similar to those on the medieval tombstones registered in Vrgorac, Makarska, Ploče and
Imotski. The author also registered similarities in typology and iconography of medieval
tombstones in Posušje area and tombstones in Imotski, Kupres and Cetina area.
Empirical data obtained by field research were used as a basis for questioning the
existing paradigms on the topic and presenting a different view on sepulchral practices and rituals of the medieval Bosnia and Herzegovina. The final analyses showed that there are more
than 180 necropolises with 2,100 medieval tombstones in Western Herzegovina region, even
though there is always possibility to register new necropolises. It is also important to emphasize
that Bijača necropolis, located in Ljubuški municipality, is on the UNESCO’s world Heritage
list since 2016.
Due to the nomination of medieval tombstones necropolises on the UNESCO's world
Heritage list, there has been a lot of interest for their scientific valorisation. Scientific discourse
on stećci is presented in different disciplines such as archaeology, history, art history, religion,
philosophy, anthropology, literature, etc. However, understanding of the iconography and
inscriptions on stećci, as well as their cultural context, remained inconclusive. Thereby, there
was a need to review the existing interpretations.
Contemporary archaeological standards tend to use non-destructive research methods
and theory perspective in archaeology leading to different archaeological interpretations. In
order to avoid omissions and to obtain data on the necropolis, available non-destructive field
research methods, interviews with the local residents, maps and satellite imageries were used.
The purpose of this research was to try to understand the medieval sepulchral practices as well
as the process of stećak building and the geographic placement of each necropolis in relation
to its surroundings. The author also paid more attention to a human perception of space.
Interpretation would not be possible without consulting existing literature on the theoretical
approach in archaeology, or more precisely archaeological concepts on space and landscape.
The aim was to move away from the established forms and patterns of the spatial layout
of the necropolis and to point out that selection of burial locations of the deceased was not
determined solely by economic-functional parameters (processual archaeology), but that the
research should rely more on the context of the emergence of the new burial practice during
the Middle Ages and consider the stećak as sculpture in space. New scientific approach have
led to knowledge of space/landscape as multidimensional, e.g. understanding that besides
geographical dimension, space can be viewed through its ideological, symbolic, religious,
social, identity and other dimensions (post processual archaeology). Therefore, the author
designed new interpretative framework, according to which, the reliefs and inscriptions on
stećci have been viewed as artefacts. Those artefacts were incorporated in the form of medieval
tombstones located in space, and as such, they could have ideological, religious, identity,
temporal, and symbolic dimensions that are projected on space. It should also be noted that the
largest number of relief motifs are crescent, star, solar symbols, different shapes of cross,
human figures, heraldic motifs, animals and etc., mainly carved in bas relief. Emphasis is placed on the individuals’ experience of these monumental forms and
intrinsically sculptural tombstones, as well as the relevant relationship between these
tombstones, the observer and the surrounding landscape. It should not be forgotten that the
perception of a human in the modern age is certainly different from that of our medieval
ancestors.
Exploring the locations of each burial ground in relation to the paths, settlements and
natural surrounding environment was essential. The aim was to consider how these
communities perceived and interacted with their landscapes, how and why they buried their
dead in such specific and, in the edges of fields, in the old used pathways, areas which were
difficult to be reached and similar. The tendency of burial on archaeological sites from earlier
periods and iconographic repertoire of steċak are interpreted as links to surviving cults and
beliefs. Using prehistoric tumuli as their burial sites, medieval populations gave a new
symbolic shape to the space. Perhaps they wanted to preserve the remembrance of the deceased,
to identify with them, or they aspired to be closer to God and therefore used tumuli that are
mainly situated on the elevations, as their burial places.
Having regard that the interpretations on Romanic, gothic and byzantine art influences
on stećci dominate in contemporary literature, it is necessary to discuss the local artistic
expression and to develop new methodologies that would enable new interpretative framework.
In the author's opinion, none of those influences should be neglected. Instead they have to be
taken into consideration as well as the influences of art and beliefs of prehistoric and later
archaeological populations. Findings will certainly not be taken as legitimacy but will be
considered as innovation in the study.
Presented data are the results of the field research and, in the context of research and
research future, constitute an inseparable segment of defining the final interpretation of the
spatial location of stećak necropolis of Western Herzegovina. The scientific contribution of the
thesis are also the maps of necropolises distribution area and foto documentation obtained
during field work.
Taking into consideration lack of archaeological excavation of the necropolises in
Western Herzegovina as well as anthropological analyses of human remains, certain issues
such is wealth, way of life of those buried under the stećak tombstones, health condition, family
ties and so on, still remain in question.
In the thesis, it had been emphasised that the future of the research lays within interdisciplinary
approach and analyses of the archaeological data obtained by the filed research, which, according to the progress of epistemological thought, should be accompanied by theoretical
approaches on the archaeology of the 21st century, thus opening the possibility of interpretation
at different level
Identification of Croatian Light Verb Constructions with NooJ
No full textThis paper deals with the identification of verbal multiword expressions in Croatian using NooJ. We focus on light verb constructions, i.e. constructions consisting of a light verb and a nominal part (e.g. donijeti odluku ‘to make a decision’ or ‘to reach a decision’). The nominal part in light verb constructions (LVCs) can be either a noun phrase (e.g. dati udarac ‘to give a blow’) or a prepositional phrase (staviti na raspolaganje ‘to put at disposal’). Light verbs are entirely or partially deprived of their lexical meaning and the meaning of the whole construction is conveyed by their complimentary NPs or PPs. All elements in these constructions act as a single unit at some level of linguistic analysis, particularly at the level of semantics and, more recently, of syntax
Übersetzung aus dem Deutschen ins Kroatische; Übersetzung aus dem Kroatischen ins Deutsche
No full textAnalysis and comparison of authority files for ancient authors in international authority file VIAF
No full textAutorizirani podaci u preglednim zapisima za osobe osnova su za njihovu jednoznačnu identifikaciju u knjižničnom katalogu. Analiziranje i uspoređivanje preglednih zapisa antičkih autora, četiri grčka i četiri rimska, činilo je glavni fokus ovog rada. Prikazali su se načini biranja usvojene pristupnice iz prizme bibliografskih središta iz Njemačke, Francuske, Italije, Sjedinjenih Američkih Država i Hrvatske, uz pomoć Virtualne međunarodne normativne baze (VIAF). Knjižnični pravilnici određuju koji oblik je katalogizator dužan upotrijebiti kao usvojenu pristupnicu, a koje može staviti kao alternativno ime; u njima su antički autori obrađivani kao jedan kuriozitet koji odudara od osnovnih uputa za pregledne zapise. Pokazalo se da postoji dualnost u biranju preferiranog oblika imena gdje jedna skupina knjižnica bira službeno ime na latinskom jeziku, dok se druga skupina priklanja suvremenom, opće poznatom, konvencionalnom obliku imena za antičke autore. Drugo rješenje je svojevrsni trend nastao unatrag nekoliko godina razvitkom novih kataložnih pravilnika koji su uvažili preporuke IFLA-e i princip primjerenosti korisniku.Authorized access points in authority file for persons are basis for their identification in library catalogue. Analysing and comparing of authority files for ancient authors, four greek and four roman, was the main focus of this thesis. Selection methods for determining preferred access points were shown from perspective of national bibliographic agencies from Germany, France, Italy, United States of America and Croatia using Virtual International Authority File (VIAF). Standards for descriptive cataloging determine which form of the name is cataloguer obliged to choose for preferred name and which forms can be used as nonpreferred name. Those standards treat ancient authors as special examples that don't follow rules used for most cases. It has been demonstrated that there exist two approaches when it comes to choosing a preferred name; there's one group of libraries that chooses latin form of the name as preferred one, and the other group that chooses conventional form of the name in national language. The latter is a current trend that was distinguished few years ago with development of cataloguing standards and their adoption of the IFLA policy for convenience of the user