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"Nomád" tükrök az 5-6. századi Kárpát-medencében
Get PDFThe so-called „nomadic” mirrors are a prominent find group most common in the 5th century material culture of the Carpathian Basin. These mirrors were made of a metal alloy (commonly called „mirror metal”) equipped with an eyelet on the back and decorated with a geometrical ribbed pattern. During my research I focused on the 63 sites where this type of mirrors are known from and focused on their placement and accompanying finds in the graves which aspects may shed light on their multifaceted function as a cosmetic appliance and a possible magical tool. In graves „nomadic” mirrors are exclusively found as the furnishing of women and children with a large focus on wealthy single burials. We can also observe the custom of breaking mirrors or purposely only placing a single shard as an amulet. The magical connotations of mirrors are nothing new and were significant in the belief systems of the nomads in the Eastern European steppe region well before the Hun invasion. We can thereby count on this custom living on as the use of these mirrors was introduced to other populations. However the usage and possibly the sacral association of „nomadic” mirrors started to fade and slowly dissappeared after the 5th century. With only six of these finds known from Gepid row grave cemeteries we still see the custom of ritual breaking and usage as amulets though in a significantly lesser number as before with the mirror graves retreating only to the Tisza region. While their decoration pattern is still appearent in the Avar Age, actual eyelet mirrors are sparse and the custom of breaking seems to come to an end as well. We mostly see the reappearence of mirrors manufactured with handles setting a new a trend with the customs of before completely dying out
Az igazságügyi miniszter szervezési jogosultságai a dualizmus-kori esküdtbíráskodásban
Get PDFDuring the 19th century, the propagation of the idea of the national sovereignty had the European states make a demand to vindicate the participation of the people in the judicial power, besides the legislative and the executive. Hence, the European countries introduced the jury trial into their criminal procedure one afer the other. Te organisation of the jury trials burdened the states by new tasks. Te Act on the Jury Trials dedicated a signifcative role to the Minister of Justice in the organisation: the paper would have given the Minister of Justice three rights and three obligations. His planned administrative rights triggered heavy debates in the Parliament. In my study, I present why did the deputies object the institution of the jury trial, the rights of the Minister of Justice or his obligations by analyzing these debates. I strive to evaluate these critics in contrast to the Hungarian historical constitution, and to separate the veritable worries and the political attacks. I try to get the technical, necessary obligations of the Minister of Justice apart from the formal guarantees that are potentially disquieting in their substance. I attempt to point out the contemporary relevance of the subject
Vissza a természethez! Hatékony lehet a méz és az illóolaj a biofilmképző baktériumokkal szemben?
Get PDFMany infections are caused by bacterial bioflms, which make pathogens much more resistant to treatments such as antibiotics. Honey is a naturally occurring medicinal substance with anti-infammatory, antibacterial and antioxidant properties, which is frequently used to treat microbial infections. Essential oils also have antibacterial properties and can be used to complement antibiotic therapies. In our study we aimed to test the combination of linden honey and lavender essential oil, which have been shown to exert antibacterial activity, against bacteria (Haemophilus infuenzae, H. parainfuenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis) that cause acute otitis media. According to the microscopic pollen analysis and physicochemical parameters, our honey sample can be considered as linden honey. Gas chromatography was used to determine the chemical composition of lavender essential oil, which was in accordance with the literature. Te antimicrobial activity of honey, essential oil and their combination was tested by in vitro microbiological methods and supplemented by scanning electron microscopy. Te combination used in the procedure was able to inhibit the bioflm formation of the bacterial strains used, with an average inhibition rate between 80 and 84% against all strains. Our results obtained by combining natural substances containing a variety of active components may facilitate the development of new antibacterial formulations of natural origin
Zivatarokhoz köthető elektro-optikai jelenségek és megfigyelésük a világűrből
Get PDFThe global atmospheric electric current (GEC) as a system is generated by the charge distributing processes during thunderstorms. We discuss atmospheric electro-optical phenomena as an integrated part the GEC, focusing on intense discharges during thunderstorms, resulting in transient luminous events (TLE) between the cloud top and the lower ionosphere. Red sprites are the most commonly observed group of TLEs; they occur following intense tropospheric lightning discharges that cause a transient quasi-static electric feld stretching between the clouds and the ionosphere. At a critical strength of the feld, a streamer starts and propagates downwards, free electrons excite N2 molecules leading to red light emissions. We discuss the forming and morphological properties of sprite events and diferent means of capturing them. In the second part, we introduce the UHU proposal, which is a possible experiment hoped to be conducted by the astronaut of the HUNOR mission (Hungarian to Orbit – Hungary’s ongoing mission to send a man to the International Space Station). UHU aims to collect images of TLEs from space, paired with extensive observations from the surface, in the hope of capturing the same event both from the Earth’s surface and from orbit, a result that has never been achieved before
