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    Problems in Science Education -Toward improving Teaching Skills-\n

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    本稿の目的は、これまでの全国学力・学習状況調査や国際比較調査(PISA、TIMSS等)及び理科教員の実態調査から、明らかにされている理科教育の課題を把握し、理科教員の指導力向上へ向けた方策等について考察し、これからの理科教員養成に資することである。 各種の調査結果から、次のようなことが明らかになった。 ① 児童生徒の理科の学力は国際的に高い水準を維持しているが、観察・実験の結果などを整理・分析した上で、解釈・考察し、説明することなどに課題が見られる。 ② 理科の学習は大切、将来役に立つという意識は他教科に比べて低く、理科に関係する職業に就きたいという意識は国際平均より低い。 ③ 理科教員の研修・研究に関する課題としては、授業準備等の時間不足が挙げられ、理科の教材研究に力を入れて取り組みたくても取り組めない状況である。  今後、効果的な教員研修や教材研究のための環境の整備が求められており、理科教員養成においても、これらのことを踏まえ、指導力の向上を図る取組が必要であると考える

    The Revision of the Constitution and the Dynamics between the Political Parties

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    憲法改正は安全保障関連法成立後、安倍政権の最大の課題として残っている。何を改正するかの問題が最重要だが、本稿では、その問題はいったん横に置いて、憲法改正を実現するためには、どうしたら改正に必要な「3分の2多数」を獲得できるか。リンカーンのアメリカ合衆国憲法修正第13条(奴隷解放)の実現のプロセス、西ドイツの再軍備と緊急事態規定の改正のプロセスに絞って分析するとともに、安倍晋三首相の下で行われるであろう憲法改正の過程について、現行の政党間の力関係をシミュレーションすることによって憲法改正が可能なシナリオを探る

    A Study on Structural Changes of Urban Air Temperature in Small snd Mediu-sized Cities - On the Basis of Data at 36 Observatories for 114 Years of 1891-2004 (2) -

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    わが国において蓄積されている100年以上の超長期的気温データを対象に、Chow Test等の統計分析を通して、わが国における都市温暖化現象を表現することが本研究の目的である。対象データは1891年から2004年までの114年間の日平均気温で、対象観測所は36箇所である。主な結論は、次のとおりである。第1に、対象とした観測所すべての気温変動は、極めて高い確度で、1本の回帰直線よりも2本の回帰直線で表現する方が妥当と判定された。第2に、気候区分が同じ観測所での比較検討により、観測所が所在する都市規模(行政区域人口)が大きいほど温暖化現象が著しいことが明らかとなった。第3に、対象観測所36箇所の気温上昇を5タイプに分類し特徴を記した。特に、1980年代末に気温の上方ジャンプをみせたタイプ以外では、大都市や中規模都市では対象期間の第2期つまり後半になって急激に気温上昇したことが判明した。これらにより、日本における都市部の温暖化現象は、地理的・気候的要因の規程を受けるものの、都市化現象の要因の影響が少なくないものと推測された

    The Sanctuary of Crea and Construction History of its Sacro Monte―Paying Particular Attention to the Decoration of Chapels―\n

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    The Sacro Monte of Crea, located in the Serralunga di Crea in the province of Alessandria in Piedmont, is one of the Sacri Monti built in northwestern Italy during the Counter-Reformation. It was listed as one of the “Sacri Monti in Piedmont and Lombardy”, along with eight other Sacri Monti, as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. In Japan, although Sacro Monte of Crea has been mentioned somewhat in books and papers, it has not yet been sufficiently introduced or studied.Therefore, in this paper, looking at future research, based on previous researches, we tried to grasp the overall image of the Sanctuary of Crea and its Sacro Monte, especially the painters and sculptors involved in the decoration of chapels as follows.First, Chapter 1 gives an overview of the creation and subsequent development of the Sanctuary of Crea, which precedes Sacro Monte, and Chapter 2 also outlines the history of land acquisition for Sacro Monte, which also precedes the construction of Sacro Monte. Chapter 3 provides an overview of the changes in the pilgrimage courses and chapels since the decision to build Sacro Monte in the late 16th century, with a particular focus on the artists involved in the decoration of chapels

    Speaking More, Making Friends and Feeling Less Anxious:Learner Perceptions of a Novel Oral-Communication Course

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    The present study investigates first-year undergraduate STEM students’ perceptions of the impact of an interaction-centered English curriculum on their feelings of social anxiety. The study employed two forms of qualitative analysis to gain greater insight into student perceptions regarding aspects of the curriculum that Japanese learners from STEM majors reported as helpful in relieving social anxiety. The analyses presented in this paper support the overall conclusion that course activities played an important role in lowering learners’ perceptions of social anxiety. An overwhelming number of learners responded that the curriculum and its activities contributed to lessened feelings of anxiousness and nervousness. Interestingly, increased interpersonal familiarity played as significant a role in relieving learners’ feelings of social anxiety as the classroom activities themselves did. This indicates the need to focus on a new area of emphasis in helping to relieve interactional anxiety in the foreign language classroom: facilitating bonds of familiarity and friendship amongst learners. Additionally, this paper argues that with an understanding of the importance of ingroup-outgroup perception, the creation of a class-wide ingroup should become a curricular objective of communication classes focused on learner interaction, as in the present study

    Active Learning among University STEM Teachers:Familiarity, Confidence and Current Use

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    The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) has emphasized active learning (AL) as one means to improve higher education. MEXT has not, however, presented educators with a clear definition of AL. This has lack of clarity has had the effect of creating a situation where university educators have neither a clear conception of AL nor sufficient understanding of how to implement AL in their courses. While this an issue for faculty members in all disciplines, it is likely a more pressing one for university educators in STEM fields. This study sought to elucidate the current situation of AL implementation among university STEM teachers by reporting results from a pilot survey of faculty members at the researchers’ institution. Responses showed that while there is a reasonable understanding of basic AL principles, and that faculty members are fairly confident in their abilities to implement AL, when examined in relation to participation in FD events, substantial differences in understanding in confidence and understanding appeared among educators. The most commonly reported means of using AL in the classroom were group-based approaches, but together with issues in assessing learning in AL, organizing groups was the most commonly reported issue. The implications of these findings for the enhancement of future faculty development activities is discussed

    Fundamental Study on Laser Cutting of Magnesium Alloy―Cutting Characteristics of AZ31B Plate Using CO2 Laser―

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    マグネシウム合金をレーザ加工する場合、燃焼しやすいため、適切な加工条件でなければレーザ加工熱によって容易に燃焼してしまう。しかしながら、レーザ加工は切削加工と異なり切りくずの排出がないため、機械加工の課題であるマグネシウムの切りくずの後処理を検討する必要がない。また、無負荷加工であるため、柔らかいマグネシウム合金であっても薄板や長尺品の加工が可能となる。このような利点を活かしてマグネシウム合金のレーザ加工の研究開発は進められているが、研究事例は少ない。本研究では、低出力炭酸ガスレーザによる微細加工の可能性を検討するため、レーザ加工条件を実験パラメータとして、マグネシウム合金の薄板の切断加工特性を調査した。試料には、マグネシウム合金で最も汎用的であるAZ31Bを使用した。レーザ切断加工実験では、レーザ出力およびレーザパルス数(オーバラップ率)の変化に対する切断溝性状、ドロス高さおよびデブリ高さについて評価した。また、評価結果から抽出した最適加工条件を用いて微細形状加工を行い、微細加工の可能性について検討した

    漱石と「紫溟吟社」

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    夏目漱石が、第五高等学校で生徒に請われて新派俳句の結社「紫溟吟社」を指導したことは知られているが、その実態を論じたものは、わずかに蒲池正紀の「紫溟吟社・その成立と終焉」(『熊本商大論集』一五号、昭三七・一二)があるだけである。今回、俳誌『ほとゝぎす』、雑誌『日本人』、新聞「日本」「九州新聞」「九州日日新聞」をつぶさに調査し、生徒たちの俳句がどのように掲載されたか、「紫溟吟社」に漱石がどのように関わったかを考察した。特にその中心人物である厨川千江、蒲生紫川、寺田寅彦に注目し、漱石との交流を明らかにし、熊本時代、五高教師としての漱石の一面を考察した

    A study on Plastic Form of Maitum Anthropomorphic Burial Jars

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    Maitum Burial Jars were found in the Pinole Cave in Sarangani Province in Mindanao Island located in the southern part of the Philippines in 1991. Those jars are referred to as an unprecedented discovery in Southeast Asia in recent years. The lids of these jars represent human heads. Each one’s expressions are subtly different. Some researchers think that they’re meant to express the portrait of a deceased individual. According to the radiocarbon date, these burial jars were made in the Philippine Iron Age.Regarding other such burial Jars, in Japan, in the middle Yayoi period, the eccentric burial remains were found in the southern region of Tohuku right down to some parts of Tokai. Also, in these jars, the face is attached to the neck of the jars. Furthermore, there are bone ash jars with a head figure in the abundant grave room of Etruria art.The author presumes that it could be possible to identify the elements behind the commonality and differences occuring in these works hailing from such different cultures and geographical areas, by comparing and studying the models used to represent these figures in isolation.In this paper, first of all, the author will examine the influence of the funerary culture on expressions, based on a survey conducted on funeral culture in the Philippines before Catholic influx. Secondly, the distinctive formative expressions seen in the existing Maitum burial jars will be scrutinized from the creator’s standpoint. Particular attention will be paid to the measurement results of the proportions of the face and the commonality of expressions of each part of the face. In doing so, the author will attempt to compare findings with the model expression of the Haniwa, which was mentioned in a past PhD thesis. Finally, differences and commonalities in model expressions of earthenware related to funeral rituals made in different regions and times will be considered, and an analysis of how the differences in culture and ethnicity affect expressions will be done

    Introduction of Radio Wave Experiment into Physics Laboratory― Experiment using Microwave ―

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    2年次に開講されている「物理学実験」では、実験項目を複数用意し,各学科の特徴を考慮して選び、実施している。実験項目は定期的に見直し、新たな項目の追加を行っている。今回は、波動に関する実験を拡充するため、マイクロ波を使った実験装置を導入した。本報では、この装置で反射、定常波、屈折、偏光、干渉の実験を試行し、講義への導入について検討した

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