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Gettysburg College Headquarters Spring 2022
Get PDFThe Gettysburg College Headquarters is an open access, peer-reviewed, undergraduate research journal that publishes works from specific fields in the Humanities, Social Sciences, Natural Sciences, and Visual Arts
The Perspectives of Urban Renewal: Reevaluating the Image of Late Twentieth Century Gentrification of U.S. Chinatowns
Get PDFUrban renewal or gentrification has affected many low-income minority families in the United States with redevelopment projects that destroyed their neighborhoods for the affluent white middle class. Unlike, many minority groups who protested against the intrusive practice Chinatowns communities saw themselves divided over the issue. Chinatowns throughout the nation benefitted from redevelopment projects that brought new investments into their neighborhoods’ businesses, but like other minority neighborhood, they also suffered as their residents were displaced. This case study examines the debates over urban renewal of Philadelphia and Washington D.C’s Chinatowns through local newspaper coverage from the 1970s-1990s. Specifically, this study uncovers the patterns, voices, and circumstances that led to the preservation or destruction of these Chinatowns due to gentrification. While Washington D.C’s Chinatown embraced urban renewal projects to bolster its businesses and witnessed the transformation of its neighborhood into a culturally co-opted tourist site, Philadelphia’s Chinatown took the path of protest and successfully fought for the survival of their neighborhood as a cultural bastion. These inner conflicts over redevelopment revealed that Chinatowns had to make difficult decisions regarding the future of their neighborhoods and gentrification. The results of that decision created two frameworks of Chinatowns that continue to persist today: Chinatowns that continue their role as an ethnic enclave or the conversion of Chinatowns into economic cash cows for tourism. Future research needs to incorporate the diverse voices in all neighborhoods affected by gentrification and examine how communities choose to navigate the phenomenon in the present day
Unprecedented Success: How the Alternative for Germany Party Capitalized on Eastern German Economic Grievance and Euroscepticism in 2013 and 2014
Get PDFThe Alternative for Germany party (AfD) has experienced a remarkably fast rise to state, federal, and European electoral success and has disrupted German politics. This paper investigates how the AfD achieved popularity in 2013 and 2014 and later became the first far-right German party since the Nazi Party to be represented in the Bundestag. I find that eastern Germany’s aging population and deficient economy engendered contempt for Angela Merkel and the Bundestag that transformed to euroscepticism when Germany committed to taxpayer bailouts of Greece during the eurozone debt crisis while ignoring domestic economic inequality. As such, the AfD’s single-issue platform of abolishing the euro resonated with these older, economically marginalized eastern German citizens who felt neglected by the German federal government and excluded from the benefits of the single currency. The findings of this paper, combined with the projected continuation of the trends that enabled the AfD’s rise, suggest that the far-right party will continue to erode the majority of the Union and will compel the Bundestag to reconsider its domestic economic priorities
The Voluntary Carbon Market: Managing the Private Provision of Public Goods
Get PDFWhile much work has examined the large-scale compliance-based carbon offset programs associated with the Kyoto Protocol and Clean Development Mechanism, there has been far less focus on the voluntary purchasing of carbon offsets. This critical literature review will look at the formation and management of the demand for voluntary carbon offsets within the United States. It will frame carbon offsets as impure public goods and review possible explanations as to why private provision has been so active in the U.S. market. The paper will then survey the efficiency gains and other benefits associated with the voluntary market. It will highlight the informational asymmetries that undermine these benefits through moral hazard and adverse selection. To mitigate these concerns, it will examine the current regulatory environment for voluntary offsets and propose possible pathways to optimize the market through regulation in the future
The Curvilinear Relationship between Political Terror and Internal Armed Conflict
Get PDFI examine the relationship between political terror and the annual incidence of internal armed conflict. Studies have found that other factors associated with violence have a curvilinear relationship to internal conflict, including regime type, GDP, and ethnic fractionalization. I seek to find if political terror has a significant impact on instances of conflict and, more particularly, whether a curvilinear relationship exists between these two variables. I hypothesize that the relationship will be significant and in the shape of an inverse U. If a country uses no political terror, or extensive political terror, then the number of internal armed conflicts will be low. If the level of political terror employed by a regime is somewhere in the middle, I expect to see a greater number of internal armed conflicts. The results of my test do not support my hypothesis. There is a statistically significant relationship between political terror and instances of internal armed conflict, and the relationship is curvilinear. However, the relationship is convex, rather than being concave as I had predicted. This is a relationship I had yet to come across in previous literature. It could add a new dimension of thought for policy makers and scholars, requiring them to consider different roles violence may play in preventing and starting internal conflicts
Androgyny in the Ancient World: The Intersection of Politics, Religion and Gender in the Art of Hatshepsut
Get PDFThe Pharaoh Hatshepsut is one of the most well-known rulers of ancient Egypt and she has fascinated historians for decades. She ruled Egypt during the 15th century BCE, coming to power after the death of her husband, Thutmose II. Hatshepsut is particularly interesting to historians due to how she was portrayed in her art. Due to how far in the past she ruled, not many pieces of her art have survived; however, in the objects that we do have she is often shown very androgynously or even in came cases distinctly masculine. My research focuses on the many theories as to why she chose to do this including: that it was politically motivated; that it was an expression of her gender identity as well as society’s view on gender; or that it was a product of their religion. The most likely answer to this question was that it was a combination of all three. Egyptians did not believe in the gender binary mainly due to their religion and the existence of an androgynous god, Amun. Hatshepsut felt very connected to Amun and even claimed that Amun had designated her as the next ruler of Egypt. Most Pharaohs connected themselves to a god for political reasons, and Hatshepsut was no different. While there was definitely a religious aspect to her connection with Amun, she also used it for political reasons and to increase her legitimacy as a ruler. Hatshepsut chose to portray herself androgynously to further connection of Amun and show herself as a strong legitimate leader
Water Intoxication: Current Developments In Hyponatremia
Get PDFThis paper is a review of recent research on the subject of exercise-associated hyponatremia. Hyponatremia is notoriously difficult to diagnose and to treat due to its general symptoms and required specificity in diagnosis in order to assign appropriate treatment. If left untreated, Hyponatremia can result in the development of complications like cerebral edema, seizures, coma, and sometimes death. The pathogenesis of hyponatremia includes multiple proposed mechanisms, including overconsumption of hypotonic fluids, inappropriate release of antidiuretic hormone, inefficiency of fluid filtration by the kidneys, redirection of fluid into intestinal lumen, and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Signs and symptoms of hyponatremia typically consist of dizziness, fatigue, irritability, generalized weakness, headache, nausea, and decreased urine output. More severe cases can result in presentation of excess thirst, general malaise, fatigue, headache, and vomiting. Timely treatment of hyponatremia is extremely important, and universal diagnosis techniques and treatment methods are still debated