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The Bottom Would Drop Out of Everything : A Brief History of the Battle for Blair Mountain
Get PDFIn the summer of 1921, thousands of Appalachian miners took up arms and marched in southwest West Virginia. Fighting back against attacks on miners\u27 unions like the United Mine Workers of America, the conflict quickly turned violent. The Battle for Blair Mountain, as it came to be known, was one of the largest labor strikes in American history and impacted the history of the Coal Wars and the United States for decades to come. This analysis uses interviews with people who experienced the battle as well as the speeches of labor leaders Samuel Gompers and John Lewis to discuss the events and implications of the battle
Religious Affairs in British Indian Governance: 1857-1905
No full textThis paper examines the British government’s approach to religious affairs in British India in the late nineteenth century, positing that religion was an important factor in understanding imperial governance in the period between 1857 and 1905. Beginning with a historiography containing the works of four authors, which is followed by a brief consideration of Queen Victoria’s 1858 proclamation, the paper proceeds to consider three distinct areas, namely personal law, caste, and interfaith interactions. Some of the specific elements examined include the role of English belief in Christianity in their dealings with religion and the British policy of “divide and rule,” specifically as it relates to how Hindus and Muslims coexisted in the late nineteenth century. There is also a legal historical element stressed through the in-depth examination of two cases within the time period at issue. The Partition of Bengal is the culminating event analyzed
Catholics, Property, and the Experience of the Penal Laws in Eighteenth-Century England: Evidence from the Vincent Eyre Manuscripts
No full textThis article seeks to nuance our understanding of how the penal laws against Roman Catholics were interpreted in eighteenth-century England and how English Catholics of the era experienced their status as a penalised minority. Using evidence from Ushaw Library’s Vincent Eyre Mansucripts, it examines how propertied Catholics navigated proscriptions against owning and selling property. Although much scholarship has emphasised the flexibility that the statutes afforded Catholics, this article focuses not on the enforcement of these laws but on the pressure they exerted on Catholics’ daily consciousness. Vincent Eyre, a Derbyshire conveyancer, trained under Catholic conveyancers in London and worked as agent for the tenth Duke of Norfolk in Sheffield. His manuscripts, which consist principally of legal opinions and briefs on conveyancing cases, testify to the pervasive uncertainty under which Catholics laboured as they sought to assert a ‘good title’ to property, protect their faith from legal discovery, and assert their standing as subjects despite laws that disabled them from full belonging to the nation. This article builds on recent work that charts Catholics’ affective experiences in eighteenth-century Britain as their dynamic contributions in the period are increasingly recognized
Algae on the Brain in Bioengineering
No full textÖzugur et al. recently pushed the boundaries of augmented physiology through artificial symbioses. They microinjected algal cultures into tadpole (Xenopus laevis) hearts. The resulting capillary-bound algae produced physiologically relevant levels of oxygen, which could rescue neuronal hypoxia. This work contributes to the growing field of artificial photosymbioses
Strategic Concealment: Locating Armed Private Contractors in State Foreign Policy
Get PDFThe global expansion of armed private contractors has led to a revived interest in researching armed private contracting firms, especially investigating how their personnel have functioned as an extension of state foreign policy. However, the literature on the industry contains a confusing diversity of terms when reviewing such firms, whether private military company, private security company, private military security company, or even just mercenary. Using the Singer (2010) ‘tip of the spear’ typology, I analyze the distinctions across armed private contracting firms and discuss the differences between armed private contractors and conventional militaries, armed private contractors and mercenaries, and highlight the differences between private military companies and private security companies. I find several substantive distinctions, including recruitment and retainment, rent-seeking behavior and compliance with international regulations, and expected threat environment, respectively. Armed private contracting firms will continue to influence international security dynamics and necessitate further research and attention
Brown Adipose Tissue (BAT) Activation and Its Potential Utilization as a Treatment Option for Obesity and Diabetes
Get PDFWithin the human body, there are two types of adipose tissue: white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT). WAT is beneficial for insulation whereas BAT has thermogenic capacity. BAT activation increases energy consumption via heat generation. Increased energy expenditure is associated with improved glucose and lipid metabolism. Therefore, BAT activation research has primarily been aimed at its potential use in the treatment of obesity, diabetes, and other metabolic disorders. In this literature review, BAT\u27s thermogenic mechanisms, techniques of activation, potential therapeutic targets, and future research topics are explored
Logging Impacts on Aquatic Ecosystem Quality in Michaux State Forest, Pennsylvania
Get PDFLogging can affect freshwater streams around logging sites, even years after the logging has occurred. In this study, we looked into how sustainable logging in Michaux State Forest (in Adams County, Pennsylvania) has affected two streams within the state park: Mountain Creek and Birch Run. Six sites were selected along each stream, with three upstream and three downstream from the logging area. We hypothesized that the water quality would be lower at the stream sites downstream from the logged areas as compared to the upstream sites. At each site, water samples were collected, including pH, water temperature, and turbidity, as were freshwater macroinvertebrates. Turbidity was low, indicating good stream quality at all sites, but pH was also low, indicating poor stream quality. Coarse woody debris (CWD) was examined at each site, as it can impact stream quality by creating extra particulate matter, but counts of CWD were low. Diversity of freshwater macroinvertebrates was relatively high, with most of the collected taxa showing good water quality, though a few indicated poor water quality. The Hilsenhoff Index and the EPT Index, both based on the presence or absence of specific macroinvertebrate taxa, indicated good water quality for all locations. This study determined that future research should be conducted on logging impacts on stream quality in Michaux State forest, as there were several indicators that the stream waters could be low quality, even if the majority of the indicators showed good water quality
Evaluating Human Pressure on Protected Areas in East Africa
Get PDFProtected areas (PAs) are crucial to achieving effective conservation goals and mitigate the loss of biodiversity. I investigated the following research questions: How does human pressure threaten PAs in East Africa? Is human pressure associated with the factors of country, ecosystem characteristics, size, or governance type of a PA? For this study, I used a combination of a GIS analysis and case studies to evaluate human pressure on PAs in Tanzania and Kenya. For the GIS analysis, I used 589 terrestrial PAs from the World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA). Within each PA, I summarized the landform, landcover, moisture level, governance, size, and human impact. Human impact was measured using two datasets: the Temporal Human Pressure Index (THPI) to evaluate the change in human pressure from 1990 to 2010, and the Global Human Modification (GHM) dataset to evaluate the state of human pressure in 2016. I used summary statistics, scatterplots and boxplots to compare human pressure in PAs to the governance, size, and ecosystem characteristics. For the case study analysis, I focused on four different PAs in Tanzania and Kenya: Randilen Wildlife Management Area, Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Serengeti National Park, and Arabuko Sokoke Forest. I chose these specific areas because I visited them in Spring 2021, and they represent a variety of types and sizes of PAs. The case studies showed human experiences that were not evident from the GIS analysis. Overall, I identified that Kenya had more human pressure in its PAs than Tanzania. I also observed the PAs that had not reported a governance type had the highest increase in human pressure as well as the greatest state of pressure. Furthermore, I found that smaller PAs had more variability in human pressure than larger sized PAs and higher average human pressure. The case studies reinforced the findings of the GIS analysis. Randilen WMA and Arabuko Sokoke Forest, both characterized by small size and “Not Reported” governance type, had the highest increase in human pressure and impact in the current state of the case studies. These case studies offer a perspective on the relationships between managing organizations and the community, which is crucial to maintaining proper protection and reducing human pressure. On the other hand, Serengeti National Park and Ngorongoro Conservation Area both had high increasing pressure over time but a low average human pressure in 2016. These are some of the strictest PAs in Tanzania, and population growth has made it difficult to improve the welfare of the surrounding regions. Based on my results, I suggest that PAs should consider expanding their size, have effective collaboration between all stakeholders to promote the economic benefits of conservation to local communities, include education programs about the ecosystem as well as direct funding effectively to employ more staff to enforce regulations and proper supporting infrastructure within the PA
