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Higher Education Is History: How the Legacy of Exclusion Impedes Socioeconomic Mobility
No full textThe legacy of exclusion within higher education shapes current perceptions and practices in academia; it is also the essential lens through which to view the present reactionary climate against efforts supporting diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) in higher education and elsewhere.For centuries, access to higher education was reserved for wealthy white men. This book details and counters a number of the most strident criticisms of higher education and illustrates that many of these criticisms are inextricably tied to the opening of higher education to women, students of color, and others whose identities have historically been excluded. These expansions require addressing a host of needs-not merely financial but emotional, psychological, and social as well-to establish a true sense of belonging for all students. This includes acknowledging past injustices and actively creating environments that support all students. Brendan Cushing-Daniels advocates for a commitment to equity in education and promotes greater access to the intellectual and economic benefits of a college degree, indicating that a more inclusive approach will benefit both individuals and society as a whole.https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/books/1212/thumbnail.jp
Exploring the Relative Effects of Natural Gas and Biogas Cooking on Indoor Air Quality in Residential Kitchens
No full textIndoor air pollution from gas stove combustion remains a public health concern, given links to adverse cardiorespiratory health effects, yet few studies have characterized or compared the air quality impacts of different gas-based cooking fuels. We investigated kitchen-level concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations in four homes in Central Pennsylvania that used natural gas and/or biogas fueled stoves. We conducted time-resolved kitchen monitoring and assessed pollutant concentrations during cooking and non-cooking periods. We applied linear mixed-effect regression models with kitchen-level random effects and time-varying covariates to estimate the influence of fuel type on indoor air quality. During cooking, mean kitchen NO2 concentrations during cooking were more than 160% higher in homes using natural gas compared with biogas (95% confidence interval [CI]: 109.4%, 211.1%), although both levels remained below the WHO guideline. PM2.5 concentrations showed limited sensitivity to fuel type, with modest differences observed. Adjusted mixed-effect regression models revealed attenuated but consistent associations, with natural gas use increasing NO2 exposure by 2.8 ppb, or 60.3% (95% CI: 1.7, 4.6 ppb). These findings suggest further research into understanding the exposure and health benefits of alternative fuels in residential kitchen settings is merited
Handbook of Mindfulness and Self-Regulation: Theoretical, Cognitive Neuroscience, Social-Personality, and Clinical Perspectives
No full textThe second edition of the handbook provides an updated and expanded overview of theoretical models, empirical studies, and critical perspectives concerning the interface between mindfulness and self-regulation. The 20 chapters cover advances in the field since the first edition was published and 85% of the chapters cover new material. Chapters are grouped by Theoretical Perspectives, Cognitive Neuroscience Perspectives, Social-Personality Perspectives, and Clinical Perspectives, representing most major areas of psychology and cognitive science. Given the expanded scope, the new edition is titled Handbook of Mindfulness and Self-Regulation: Theoretical, Cognitive Neuroscience, Social-Personality, and Clinical Perspectives.https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/books/1213/thumbnail.jp
APPC Minutes – October 21, 2025
No full textMinutes of the Academic Policy and Program Committee Meeting, October 21, 2025
Environmental Receipts: The Ecological Footprint of Multilateral Development Banks
No full textThis paper assesses whether membership in multilateral development banks (MDBs) is associated with lower ecological footprints. Drawing on country-year data from the 2025 Quality of Government (QoG) Basic Dataset and the Correlates of War (CoW) IGO Dataset, I analyze 1,714 observations from 1970–2008. Ecological footprint (global hectares per capita) is used as the dependent variable, while the central explanatory variable is the total number of MDB memberships annually. I utilize an OLS regression model controlling for logged GDP per capita, regime type, oil production value, urbanization, and economic globalization. Contrary to my hypothesis that MDB safeguards, norm diffusion, and pooling effects would reduce ecological footprint, my results indicate that higher MDB membership is associated with a statistically significant increase in ecological footprint. My results suggest that the ecologically burdensome preference for economic growth outweighs sustainability mechanisms within MDBs. I conclude by directing future research to disaggregate MDB breadth and shareholder structure, and to explore institutional factors that decouple economic growth from ecological footprint
Warmer Temperatures Increase Egg Laying and Egg Hatching Frequency in the Invasive Freshwater Snail Physa Gyrina from Pennsylvania, USA
No full textClimate change continues to impact populations of organisms and to affect physiological adaptations to their environments. Freshwater snails have been so impacted globally, not only by climate change, but by the concomitant exposure to environmental pollutants like human antidepressants released from wastewater treatment plants. To test the effect of climate change and antidepressants, we exposed the freshwater snail, Physa gyrina to three temperatures (12 °C, 20 °C, and 25 °C) and to a concentration of the antidepressant fluoxetine, known to modulate snail behavior, and measured time to egg laying and egg hatching. Snails exposed to 20 °C and 25 °C laid significantly more egg masses sooner than snails at 12 °C. Embryos hatched from egg masses significantly sooner at the two warmer temperatures than those at 12 °C. Exposure to fluoxetine had only a minor effect on the timing of egg laying and no effect on the timing of egg hatching. Our findings suggest that warmer temperatures may be more important in modulating reproduction in P. gyrina than fluoxdetine fluoxetine. Since this species is invasive in Europe, we discuss our results in terms of the possible consequences of climate change on the potential geographical spread of invasive species
Arms Up or Down? The Effect of International Organization Membership on Military Expenditures
No full textIn this paper, I investigate the relationship between the total number of international organizations a state is involved in and its military expenditures as a percentage of GDP. Utilizing both qualitative and quantitative analysis, I find support for my hypothesis that the more international organizations a state is a member of, the less a state will expend on its military. Qualitatively, I focus on the three main theories of international relations (realism, liberalism, and constructivism) to construct a theoretical foundation for my paper. Under realism, I focus on free riding behavior, under liberalism, I center on non-military priorities, and under constructivism, I explore the diffusion of peaceful norms. Quantitively, I employ an ordinary least squares linear regression utilizing cross-sectional panel data and find a statistically significant negative relationship between the total number of international organizations a state is involved in and its military expenditure as a percentage of GDP. These results carry broader policy implications as states may explore more nontraditional methods to provide security through diplomacy, for instance, in place of a large military. Finally, I employ NATO as a case study throughout this paper to demonstrate that as people lose confidence in international organizations, states turn to more traditional means of security: the military
APPC Minutes – January 28, 2025
No full textMinutes of the Academic Policy and Program Committee Meeting, January 28, 2025
APPC Minutes – February 4, 2025
No full textMinutes of the Academic Policy and Program Committee Meeting, February 4, 2025
Foreword for Cinema of/for the Anthropocene: Affect, Ecology, and More-Than-Human Kinship
No full textThis foreword introduces readers to the revisionary ethics of the collection of essays in the book that explore the world of cinema in a time of rapid planetary ecological change