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Selectivity Effects of Hydrogen Acceptors and Catalyst Structures in Alcohol Oxidations Using (Cyclopentadienone)iron Tricarbonyl Compounds
Full text linkOppenauer-type oxidations are catalyzed by air- and moisture-stable, sustainable, (cyclopentadienone)iron carbonyl compounds, but the substrate scope is limited due to the low reduction potential of acetone, which is the most commonly used hydrogen acceptor. We discovered that furfural, an aldehyde derived from cellulosic biomass, is an effective hydrogen acceptor with this class of catalysts. In general, reactions using furfural as the hydrogen acceptor led to higher isolated yields of ketones and aldehydes compared to those using acetone. Importantly, primary benzylic and allylic alcohols─typically a challenging class of alcohols to oxidize with these catalysts─could be oxidized. The selectivity for primary vs secondary alcohol oxidation with (cyclopentadienone)iron carbonyl catalysts was also explored using acetone and furfural as the hydrogen acceptors. Most of the catalysts tested preferentially oxidized unhindered secondary alcohols, but catalysts with trialkylsilyl groups in the 2- and 5-positions of the cyclopentadienone preferentially oxidized primary alcohols. A combination of substrate scope experiments and kinetic studies concluded that the selectivity with the trialkylsilyl-based catalysts was kinetically derived─primary alcohols were oxidized more quickly than secondary─and the selectivity for secondary alcohol oxidation with the other catalysts arose from the equilibrium-driven nature of the Oppenauer-type oxidation
Behind the Curtain: The Influence of Tourism and Production Costs on Broadway Success
Full text linkThis study explores the relationship between Broadway\u27s financial success, NYC tourism, and production costs. By analyzing data from 1980 to 2023, the study finds that tourism plays a crucial role in Broadway\u27s performance, while cost management, particularly cotton prices, also influences its financial outcomes
Infanta: The Short, Remarkable Life of Catalina Micaela
No full textThe first full biography of Catalina Micaela, infanta of Spain and duchess of Savoy. Catalina Micaela was the younger daughter of Philip II and granddaughter of Catherine de Medici. Aged just seventeen, Catalina married Carlo I, duke of Savoy, and moved from the royal court in Madrid to Turin to begin a new life as a duchess. Overlooked by historians and little known today, Catalina was nonetheless a key figure in sixteenth-century Europe. A woman of intelligence, forceful personality, and strong feeling, she energetically and effectively governed her husband’s dukedom during his long absences from Turin on military campaigns. In this widely researched account, Magdalena Sánchez traces Catalina’s life from her childhood to her early death shortly after giving birth to her tenth child. Drawing on thousands of letters Catalina exchanged with her husband, Sánchez paints an intimate portrait of a young Spanish woman adapting to a new husband, a new land, and the demands of governance.https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/books/1214/thumbnail.jp
Running on the Battlefields
Full text linkMy action plan for my first-year seminar is centered on eliminating the unjust requirement for the Gettysburg College Cross Country team to have a permit to run on the battlefields. Currently, the cross country team, and other sports teams, are not allowed to run on the battlefield grounds because the former superintendent, Steven Sims, claimed that organized activities, such as athletic practices, need a permit to operate on park land. Steven Sims has a history of unjustly regulating the use of the park, such as shutting down long-running races and prohibiting college sports teams from running
Legislative Configuration and Strength Through the Idea of Ends Independence
No full textPrior approaches to evaluating legislative strength cross-nationally have focused on the idea of Means Independence, defined as the procedural autonomy of a legislature. However, expanded Means Independence might not necessarily effect policy effects outside the chief executive’s preference, referred to as Ends Independence. Spatial models estimate the influence of different configurations of legislative processes on Ends Independence. Findings show that an increase in Means Independence does not simultaneously increase Ends Independence. Ends Independence can be guaranteed only when the opposition has the right to propose first, and results are minimally affected by new information updated through the exercise of Means Independence. These findings demonstrate the importance of understanding the overall structure of the legislative process to assess legislative power vis-à-vis an authoritarian executive