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Conceptual Metaphors of Science Prolegomena to a Cognitive History of Science
Get PDFThe cognitive abilities explained by cognitive science and cognitive semantics can inform us concerning the use of metaphors in science. The thesis is that abstract ideas rest on experiences of the concrete world. In this paper I will explain the use of conceptual metaphors in science, with examples from the mechanistic worldview of the 17th and 18th century. If we proceed from the way people think in general, their mental abilities, reason and cognition, we could get close to an understanding of how scientists during the scientific revolution shaped their ideas about the invisible geometry of matter. This is a cognitive history of ideas. What is called the ‘cognitive turn’ in the humanities has generated vigorous growth of research, for example, in cognitive poetics, neuroaesthetics, and cognitive anthropology. These approaches try to arrive at an understanding of creative processes. In the historical sciences there is also a growing interest in cognitive-historical analyses, particularly in archaeology and history of science. The aim of the cognitive history of science is to reconstruct scientific thinking on the basis of cognitive theories. The starting point for a cognitive history of ideas that I defend here is that philosophy, science, and mathematics do not really happen just in texts, in language, in laboratories, or in social contexts, but in brains and minds in interaction with the world around the subject, and are thus connected to the body, to perception, thoughts, and feelings. We humans are captured in our brains situated in the world, we are dependent on our thoughts and senses, our prior knowledge, our mental images, when we try to create a picture of the world. Science, in other words, is shaped by our distinctive way of reasoning, not least in metaphors.
Keywords: metaphors, cognition, cognitive history, Swede
Konceptualna metaforizacija stihova sa somatskom sastavnicom srce unutar sevdalinki
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Rad će se baviti iznalaženjem odgovora dvama pitanjima: dinamikom mogućeg udjela metaforiziranih stihova sevdalinke sa somatskom sastavnicom srce, u kognitivnoj perspektivi, s jedne strane, i pojavnošću odgovarajućih konceptualnih modela, s druge strane. Kognitivna lingvistika u ovom smislu obuhvata teoriju pojmovne metafore kao sredstava da se konceptualizuje svijet, ali i uže specifično, kao sredstvo perspektivizacije i usmjeravanja pažnje s dvojakim ciljem: da se naglase željeni stavovi, pogledi i mišljenja i da se odagnaju nebitni i nepoželjni aspekti ostalih pojava. Na taj način sevdalinka konceptualizuje svijet oko sebe, svijet primarno bošnjačko-muslimanski, sa mnogim socijalnim netrpeljivostima koje u ovoj perspektivi bivaju odagnane, jer ne umire se od njih već od sevdaha.
Ključne riječi: sevdalinka, sevdisanje, kognitivna lingvistika, konceptualna metafora i metonimija, domene izvora i cilja
Abstract
The purpose of the study will be to explore the following questions: the dynamics of the possible contribution of metaphorical lyrics in sevdalinka song with the heart as a somatic component, in a cognitive perspective, on the one hand, and the occurrence of corresponding conceptual models, on the other hand. In this sense, cognitive linguistics covers the theory of conceptual metaphor as means of conceptualizing the world, but also in the narrow sense specifically, as means of perspectivisation and directing the attention with a twofold purpose: to emphasize the desirable attitudes, views and opinions, and to dispel unimportant and undesirable aspects of other phenomena. In this manner, sevdalinka conceptualizes the world around it, primarily a Bosniak-Muslim world, with many social animosities being dispelled in this perspective because one dies, in figurative sense, because of sevdah and not because of them.
Keywords: sevdalinka, sevdah, cognitive linguistics, conceptual metaphor and metonymy, domains of source and purpos
A Review of Service and E-Service Quality Measurements: Previous Literature and Extension
Get PDFAbstract: The purpose of this study is to show the requirement of industry-specific national service quality indices for measuring quality in both traditional and electronic services in various industries in a country. In this study, the literature about service and e-service quality measurements was reviewed, and a three-dimensional framework was developed. It was found out that the dimensions of each service quality measurement were all different from each other due to the different characteristics of the industries that each study has been conducted in. The study showed that there is a need for an industry-specific national service quality index and suggested that national customer satisfaction indices which have existed in the literature can be a model for industry-specific national service quality indices. An industry-specific national service quality index enables national companies to understand their unique industrial characteristics that needed to be improved continuously in order to increase service quality and gain competitive advantage. The index which was proposed to develop in the future was suggested for the first time in this study.
Keywords: Service quality; E-service quality; Service quality dimensions; National customer satisfaction indices; Turkish Customer Satisfaction Index (TCSI)
RAZVOJ SIGURNOSNE POLITIKE BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE U SVJETLU EUROATLANSKIH INTEGRACIJA
Get PDFJedan od najvećih problema u Bosni i Hercegovini, od samog potpisivanja Dejtonskog sporazuma, predstavlja stvaranje zajedničkog odbrambeno - sigurnosnog sistema, a samim tim i donošenja i uspostavljanja zajedničke sigurnosne politike Bosne i Hercegovine. Problem leži u tome što Bosna i Hercegovina još uvijek nema zaokružen sistem nacionalne (državne) sigurnosti, što proističe iz oslikavanja državne strukture i na sigurnosni sektor. Akt o sigurnosnoj politici je osnov kako za prevenciju tako i represiju modernih sigurnosnih izazova svake demokratske države. Prethodno navedene značajke je moguće posmatrati kao jasan indikator da istraživanje njegove preduge izrade i usvajanje uz političke kompromise, koja je itekako nedopustiva, ima naučnu, stručnu, ali i društvenu opravdanost. Jedno od rješenja koje se nameće, ali lahko ne ostvaruje, su evropske integracije koje bi značile usklađivanje svih zakonskih akata sa evropskim, i poštivanje principa Evropske unije. S tim u vezi, ovaj rad neposredno tretira negativne, ali i pozitivne aspekte razvoja sigurnosne politike Bosna i Hercegovina na putu ka euroatlanskim integracijama.
Ključne riječi: sigurnosna politika, euroatlanske integracije, sigurnos
The Relationship among Ethical Leadership and Organizational Citizenship Behavior: a study of private primary and high school teachers in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Get PDFAs a recent modern concept, ethical leadership inspires researchers in many ways. Relations between ethical leadership and organizational citizenship behaviors, though a new field of study, is a big mine that requires some digging. The so-called extra-role or pro-social actions of employees is called the organizational citizenship behavior meaning that whatever extra job they do than what they are supposed to do is within Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Namely, how the school teacher’s perception of his/her superior’s ethical behavior influences the organizational citizenship behavior has evoked curiosity in the developing country context. This study tries to examine the effects of the ethical leadership on Organizational Citizenship Behavior of private primary and high school teachers in Bosnia and Herzegovina which is a developing and transitional country. Data collected from 80 teachers. The relationship among multiple variables is evaluated on the basis of factor analysis, reliability, descriptive statistics, correlations, and linear regression. The study showed a positive and strong influence of ethical leadership on teachers’ organizational citizenship behavior in private primary and high schools.
Keywords: Organizational citizenship behavior, ethical leadership, factor analysis, correlation, regression
CRITERIA FOR THEMATIC GROUPING OF BANKING/FINANCIAL TERMS IN THE UZBEK LANGUAGE
Get PDFThe following article is dedicated to the question of thematic grouping of banking/financial terms, which take a considerable place in the lexical structure of the Uzbek language. The paper presents the criteria for the distribution of terms according to their lexical structure, their original properties, and it provides examples for the substantiation of the hypothesis
EXTENDING BEYOND THE CLASSROOM: SEMIOTICS AND CULTURE IN EFL COURSES
Get PDFThis essay describes a semiotic analysis exercise designed to enhance students’ cultural and critical literacy, a skill necessary for language comprehension, pragmatics, and proficiency (Liton and Madanat). Rather than observing and comparing cultures as monolithic and unchangeable, students are encouraged to develop complex cultural understanding based on the reading of their surrounding semiosphere. Following Yuri Lotman’s concept of “semiosphere,” defined as a totality of signs in a certain system, students apply semiotic analysis on their local physical and media space in order to understand the signifying processes in their hybrid cultural environment. Rather than looking at the target culture as a separate Other, students observe the incursion of that culture into their own environment. The relevance of this approach is ensured by the system of signs in the Gulf – its semiosphere - being heavily influenced by mixing of Arabic and English, as well as Filipino/Tagalog, Bengali, and Hindi languages, by entertainment and media outlets of multiple cultures, and the logoed and branded presence of multinational companies. The semiosphere of the Gulf involves an array of signals that function both on the global and local scale, what Yuri Lotman describes as “a semiotic continuum filled with multi-variant semiotic models situated at a range of levels.” The exercise described in this paper invites students to use semiotics for analysis of culture and its objects, in turn increasing their integrated motivation, their agency, and their cultural literacy by getting them involved in “the processes of reflection and negotiation through which shared cultural understanding emerges” (Weninger and Kiss) while relying on standard practical techniques for teaching culture in the EFL classroom, “noticing,” “prediction,” and “research” (Cullen and Sato
Banking Crises of the 1990s and 2000s in Developed Countries: How Similar are they?
Get PDFAbstract: The objective of this study is, on one hand, to determine whether the banking crises occurring in advanced economies in the 1990s and 2000s share the same roots, and on the other hand, whether aggregated accounting indicators are good predictors of crises in these economies. By means of the multivariate logit model, we have identified banking crises indicators for a set of 16 developed countries for the periods 1990-2006 and 2007-2012. Our results show the existence of certain similarities between the crises of the 1990s and 2000s, namely: a private credit boom and a deterioration of banks' balance sheets. In addition, we have tested the robustness of our results through the use of Bayesian averaging models. Our results have allowed us to confirm, in general, the robustness of the estimation results derived from the multivariate logit approach
THE ASPECTS OF PERRY-LORD FOR POPULAR BALLADS, CONCERNING THREEANGLO-SAXON BALLADS (SIR PATRICK SPENS, LORD RANDAL, THE WIFE OF USHER’S WELL)
Get PDFThe purpose of this paper is through properly selected examples to prove that Millman Parry and Albert Lord’s aspects of the theory of the popular ballad can be applied in the English ballads too. Perry and Lord explained how the Homeric epic and numerous popular ballads of the Balkans and traditions, could be transmitted through many generations by oral route and why have appeared formulaic principles in the way they are created and presented. Following the same procedure, we will try to show the same principles on an analysis of three Anglo-Saxon ballads: Sir Patrick Spens, Lord Randal, and The Wife of Usher's Well. Ballads will be treated according to the theory of oral-formulaic structure of the ballad. This theory suggests that the more phrases the singer knows, the higher is the chance to improvise and structure strings of verses. Ballads Sir Patrick Spens, Lord Randal, and The Wife of Usher's Well will be analyzed starting from their metric system, rhyme, and as well as locating stylistic figures used in these ballads. The paper will have a comparative approach to find similarities and differences between ballads of Balkans posed by Perry and Lord, and three Anglo-Saxon ballads. Also, this paper will analyze the themes treated in these ballads. Given that these ballads are located in two different regions with different history and culture, this paper will try to come to the conclusion that no matter that they belonged to two different traditions, histories and cultures, themes encountered in them if not identical, then many are very similar
INTERCULTURAL EDUCATION AS AN INTEGRAL PART OF MODERN LEARNING PROCESS
Get PDFThe process of the world globalization leads to the enlargement of intercultural and interlingual connections among the representatives of different countries, nations, religions and cultures. Herewith, there is a special interest towards the study of intercultural communication and its reflection in the educational sphere. That is why the problem of including cultural information into modern educational programmes and compilation of cutting edge teaching materials has acquired great importance.
Modern methodical complexes acquaint students with the changing realities of the English-speaking countries and fixed expressions that describe various aspects of life. The main task is to avoid misunderstanding, caused not only by purely linguistic reasons but also by lack of cultural knowledge, misunderstanding or simply unfamiliarity with the key concept of the culture being studied.
Taking into consideration the changing status of foreign languages as a source of intercommunication and mutual understanding, methodology underlines the necessity of intensification of pragmatic aspects of the language acquisition. Nowadays, the main purpose of the educational process is to get acquainted with the foreign language as a whole unit, including grammar and lexical data, as well as cross-cultural information. It helps to understand natural, historical and social realia, spiritual values and assists in the formation of the linguistic consciousness.
At the present stage educational courses solve the problem of a textbook, as well as a reference resource, highlighting all the lexical, grammatical and cultural information, and meeting the students’ needs. These directories support effective lesson and make it possible to get deeper into the culture of the foreign language