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The Role of Mining in Development of Railways in Turkey
Get PDFIncrease of mass production, which is an important indication of Industrial
Revolution, requires a change in transportation method. Particularly, railways made
it possible to transfer iron and coal ores produced in the central part of Turkey to the
ports and plants on the costal towns and cities. This made railways a strong rival to
the waterways (rivers and sea ways) and roads. This fast and reliable new
transportation also affected the Ottoman Government. The railway transportation,
which had been started with the help of western companies due to the economic
difficulties, has gained acceleration with the start of Republican period. At this
context, together with nationalization of current railways, new railways were also
constructed to improve transportation inside the country with military, political and
economic aims. Reaching to the mine reserves inside the country and transporting
them to the plants were among the aims of constructing railways. The new routes of
railways which were sloganised as reaching coal, reaching iron, reaching copper
were played an important role in development of Turkish railways. In this study, the
role of mining in development of railways in Turkey was investigated with a
geographical perspective
Bending Analysis of Timber Connection Strengthen with Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic
Get PDFIn order to obtain both durability and originality of the timber structures it is
necessary to strengthen them particularly in the weak joint places. The aims of strengthen in
the connecting places are to decrease the stress, to obtain fibre continuity, to reduce
disadvantages of nail and bolts. Nowadays, Glass Fibre Reinforced Plastics, (GFRP)
produced via pultrusion process that is one of fibre reinforced polymer types, are used for
strengthen of the structural elements. In recently, it has been increased strengthen for timber
structural elements by using GFRP because of its high strength, light weight, corrosion
resistance and also very easily applying to the structures.
The aim of this study is to obtain the fibre continuity of connecting places of timber
structural elements of construction systems that under the bending conditions. Mechanical
performances of the connecting places of fibre reinforced longitudinal notched lap joints
have been investigated. Experimental specimens have been prepared from black pine timber
which is very abundant in nature. To determine performances of the specimens, 5 different
types of adhesively bonded and strengthen with GFRP bar samples, have been prepared. The
specimens have been tested subjected to bending strength and the obtained results have been
compared each others. The outcomes demonstrate that the bending strength of the
connection points strengthen with GFRP bar has higher than adhesively bonded connection
specimen and this ratio is about 300 %
The EU Cohesion Policy’s Impact on Regional Economic Development: The Case of Bulgaria
Get PDFAbstract: The EU cohesion policy has been a major driver of
change in the Member States, leading to positive effects as growth in
employment, economic development and modern infrastructure.
Since its EU accession in 2007, Bulgaria has been benefiting from
the Union’s investment and structural funds at an increasing speed.
Research shows that not only these funds contribute significantly to
the Bulgarian economy, but they seem to be its major driver.
Without them, the country would have recorded a zero growth in the
EU’s financial framework 2007-2013, and could be dumped in an
economic and social crisis. This paper explores the informational
sources that assess the influence of the EU cohesion policy and its
effects on Bulgaria. The goal of the paper is to make objective
conclusions about the impact of the EU cohesion policy on the
Bulgarian economy and how it has affected the level of economic and
social cohesion between the country’s regions and the most advanced
EU regions. For that purpose, the method of comparative analysis is
applied, as well as a historical analysis.