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The Role of Construct State in Multi-Word Lexical Units Formation in Arabic
No full textAs times change and new concepts become part of our reality, Arabic, just like any other language, is facing the challenge of building new lexical units into its vocabulary. However, its word formation system, relying heavily on derivation based on root and pattern system, characteristic of Semitic languages, defies the use of affixation, conversion and compounding as major word formation methods in English and other Indo-European languages. Although there are some examples of affixation and compounding in Modern Standard Arabic, their use remains largely limited, with blurred boundaries in linguistic description between the two and the Arabic equivalent of blending, i.e. naḥt. Therefore concepts expressed by compounds in other languages are usually rendered by the construct state or annexation construction in Arabic. Still, such structures manifest a high degree of variation in terms of their lexicalization and semantic compositionality, thus ranging from free word combinations to multi-word lexical units. The paper focuses on description of lexicalized non-compositional instances of Arabic construct state, including examples from Modern Standard Arabic, as well as a phenomenon dating from Classical Arabic. In addition to analysis of syntactic and semantic structure of Arabic construct state multi-word lexical units, based on which they are divided into several classes, discussion centers on different stylistic mechanisms operative in formation of their meaning.
Keywords: Arabic, lexical, units, formation, construct, state
The improvement of educational-training values is of paramount importance within most institutions
Get PDFThis article examines the essence of such concepts as "educational values","national values"; "common to all mankind values"; their interrelation and harmonious parity are shown. Special attention is given to the characteristic of values "ustoz-shogird" (teacher-pupil), from the historical and cultural heritage of outstanding thinkers of the East.
Keywords: spiritual heritage, national and common to all humankind values, personal and professional qualities, creative abilities, relations "ustoz-shogird"(teacher-pupil), mentor, socialization of the person
Consumer Protection in Croatia with a Special Emphasis on Distance and Off-Premises Contracts
Get PDFThe aim of this paper is to present consumer protection in Croatia with special emphasis on distance and off-premises contracts. The focus in this paper is on a rather narrow, but extremely important field of consumer protection. Namely, it depicts situations in which consumer is unprepared and unable to reconsider a purchase of a certain product or service.
In the first part of the paper a brief overview of the development of consumer protection in Croatia is presented, from the Stabilization and Association Agreement in 2001 until the present. Then, in the second part of the paper novelties which were brought to the „new“ Consumer protection Act by the implementation of Directive 2011/83/EU on consumer rights, in the manner that regulation of distance contracts are presented prior to the regulation of off-premises contracts.
In the third part of the paper establishment of out-of-court resolution of consumer disputes according to Directive on alternative dispute resolution for consumer disputes (Directive on consumer ADR) and Regulation on online dispute resolution for consumer disputes (Regulation on consumer ODR) are presented. Solutions which could enable simplified and efficient resolution of both national and cross-border disputes within a system of alternative dispute resolution for consumer disputes originating from distance and off-premises contracts are analysed and a critical consideration of their implementation in Croatian consumer protection legislation is carried out
Prepayment of Loan Under the Financial Services Consumer Protection Law of FBH and Law on Banks of the Republic of Srpska
Get PDFSummary: The article analyzes the main determinants and the specifics of the borrower right to prepay the loan defined by the financial services consumer protection law of FBH and Law on banks of the Republic of Srpska,ie legislation which is in the national legislation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (the entity regulations) transposed Directive 2008/48 / EC on credit agreements for consumers. As a result of inconsistent and non-systematic transposition of EU directives into the BiH legal system, in addition to the above regulations, the right of early repayment of the loan is regulated by the Consumer Protection Act of BiH which have taken scarce solutions of"old" directive on consumer credit (Directive 87/102/EEC on consumer credit). In this way, in Bosnia and Herzegovina both old and new solutions in consumer Directive exist at the same time (although the entry into force of Directive 2008/48/EC terminated Directive 87/102/ EEC), thereby and those related to consumer’s right, the borrower right to early repayment of loans. And given the subsidiary application of the provisions of the ZOO on the loan agreement, it is clear that the fragmentation of legislation in these areas often leads to confusion and the various problems related to adequate and complete use of the aforementioned rights
Trends and Challenges of Female Unemployment in the Republic of Macedonia: A Regional Comparative Study
No full textAbstract: The Republic of Macedonia has since its independence made great progress in terms of economic reform and social development; prompted often by the county’s aspiration to become part of the European Union. However, in spite of these advances, weak labour market indicators in particular among females remains a great concern and a persisting challenge for the country.
Based on official data from the Labour Force Survey (LFS) conducted by the State Statistical Office (SSO) for the case of the Republic of Macedonia, the aim of this study is to examine the development of female unemployment in the past decade (2004-2013) in the Republic of Macedonia from a multi-dimensional perspective. This while comparing national trends with other Balkan countries already in the EU using LFS data provided by Eurostat.
Findings show that the female unemployment rate in the R. Macedonia is moving in the right direction with a decreasing trend throughout the observed period with drop of 8.8 percent point from 2004 to 2013 (observed at 29% in 2013). Compared to Balkan countries in the EU, findings show that the R. Macedonia has been performing relatively better than these countries, who have all experienced negative fluctuations in female unemployment rates in the observed period with rates at higher levels compared to 2004. Furthermore, the findings show no evidence of inequality between male and female unemployment rates in the country, however notable disparities are evident when observing unemployment among various age groups and the level of education attainment.
The paper concludes with clear policy recommendations for boosting female employment to include increasing female access to education and entrepreneurial programs, increased access to childcare, etc.
Keywords: Labour market, female unemployment; unemployment, employment
BEHAVIORAL FINANCE PERSPECTIVE ON MANAGERIAL DECISION MAKING UNDER RISK IN COMMERCIAL BANKS
Get PDFAbstract: Decision making is the most important and the most difficult task that
managers perform. On the other side they are most of the time confronted with risk
and uncertainty, especially in banking industry. Objective of this study is to examine
how managers of commercial banks performs this task, by putting it in the perspective
of the newest findings from Behavioral finance field. Behavioral finance is based on
premise that decision makers behave less than fully rational. Due to their deeply rooted
human nature managers are prone to make decisions based on subjective evaluation
of available options, relative to certain reference point and to current state of wealth,
and also according to their personal interests which may contradict banks`, industry`s
and social welfare`s. Specifically, this study explores role of heuristics, biases and
intuition in decision making, through concise review of existing literature. Importance
of the study is in a fact that commercial banks are simultaneously the most important
industry for country`s economic development and stability and the most submissive
industry to the risk. Owing to systematic nature of risk generally in financial markets, any
irregularity in one country`s banking industry will eventually reflect on other countries
and is able to make ground for crisis. Study will contribute to better understanding of
managerial perception of risk and their behavior under risk, which is primarily useful
for architects of banks` corporate governance and banks` regulative. As we will see,
setting identical option in two different frames leads to different decisions, this opens
up possibilities to construct an environment in such a manner that decision makers are
naturally led to make decisions that are in the best interest of all stakeholders involved
ADOPTION OF STANDARD FOR INFORMATION SECURITY ISO/IEC 27001 IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
Get PDFAbstract: When it comes to security, no company in the world can be too cautious.
Many companies own and use different systems for protection of data and information
from intentional or non-intentional loss, unauthorized access, or abuse. However, the
legal aspects of information security systems are well known in order for system to be
internationally accepted and adopted. Because of this, the standard ISO/IEC 27001,
which ensures positioning in relation to competition through marketing usage of this
certificate, fulfills all requirements of the client for information security; reducing the risks
associated with information relevant for the organization, reducing operating costs for
the prevention of complaints and other incidents, and optimization of the process
because the tasks in the organization are clearly defined and understood. ISO/IEC
27001 process of certification is carried out by a certification body that is accredited
by schemes that are under the supervision of the IAF (International Accreditation
Forum), as only these certificates are a guarantee of global standard acceptance.
This study has examined the surveys of twenty (20) large companies, whose scope
guarantees the suitability to this standard, and explored the way of implementation,
and more importantly that the certification companies in Bosnia and Herzegovina
offer this feature. In the end we compared the results of this study with the results from
the region and the world
Trends and Challenges of Female Unemployment in the Republic of Macedonia: A Regional Comparative Study
Get PDFThe Republic of Macedonia has since its independence made great progress in terms of economic reform and social development; prompted often by the county’s aspiration to become part of the European Union. However, in spite of these advances, weak labour market indicators in particular among females remains a great concern and a persisting challenge for the country.
Based on official data from the Labour Force Survey (LFS) conducted by the State Statistical Office (SSO) for the case of the Republic of Macedonia, the aim of this study is to examine the development of female unemployment in the past decade (2004-2013) in the Republic of Macedonia from a multi-dimensional perspective. This while comparing national trends with other Balkan countries already in the EU using LFS data provided by Eurostat.
Findings show that the female unemployment rate in the R. Macedonia is moving in the right direction with a decreasing trend throughout the observed period with drop of 8.8 percent point from 2004 to 2013 (observed at 29% in 2013). Compared to Balkan countries in the EU, findings show that the R. Macedonia has been performing relatively better than these countries, who have all experienced negative fluctuations in female unemployment rates in the observed period with rates at higher levels compared to 2004. Furthermore, the findings show no evidence of inequality between male and female unemployment rates in the country, however notable disparities are evident when observing unemployment among various age groups and the level of education attainment.
The paper concludes with clear policy recommendations for boosting female employment to include increasing female access to education and entrepreneurial programs, increased access to childcare, etc.
Keywords: Labour market, female unemployment; unemployment, employment
TAX EVASION IN ALBANIAN ECONOMY AFTER ’90
Get PDFAbstract: Albanian economy has gone through some difficult processes during different
periods. For 45 years, it was a centrally planned economy, because of the dictatorial
system. Albanian economy suffered a defeat during its adoption from centralized
economy to a liberal economy. The main difficulty was the concentration of the
Albanian economy in the cooperative system. In this type of system, all properties were
owned by the state, there was no right of privatization. After ‘90 the identity of properties
was returned. The banking sector, as one of the most important sectors of economy,
was not having an appropriate development. Not only inflation would be the problem
of the economy, but also the loss of trust for the deposit of money in the second level
banks that could be opened, which would lead to the failure of the financial sector.
An important factor which characterize the economy is the informality. This article
seeks to explain the factors that influenced informality in economy, in specific, tax
evasion. Tax evasion is an illegal action as it constitutes a deed where the person is
breaching the provisions found in the Tax Procedures Law and Penal Code. This paper
shall discuss such provisions in the Albanian legislation
METAPHOR TRANSLATION IN SUBTITLING
No full textThe paper aims to shed light on how subtitlers cope with metaphor translation. The paper presents
the results of a case study on a set of English subtitles of one Croatian movie. Metaphor translation
procedures were analyzed using Conceptual Metaphor Theory. There are four basic ways to translate
metaphors: a. using the same conceptual metaphor, b. using a different conceptual metaphor, c. using a
non-metaphorical paraphrase; and d. deleting the metaphor. In addition, a non-metaphorical expression can
be translated by a metaphorical expression. Metaphors are mental, linguistic, but also cultural entities. Since
translation in the contemporary age is recognized as both linguistic and cultural transfer, translating
metaphors is at the core of the translation task. Many conceptual metaphors are universal and can be found
in (almost) all languages, but some are culturally specific, appearing in just one language (group). This case
study shows that the universality of metaphor influences the choice of a metaphor translation procedure, in
a way that shared metaphors are mostly translated using the same conceptual metaphor, whereas non-shared
metaphors are translated by a different metaphor or a non-metaphorical paraphrase. The paper also explores
the ways in which the specifics of subtitling as a constrained type of translation influence the choice of a
translation procedure. The results are compared to the results of a previous study, which dealt with the
translation of metaphors in literature