Institute of Psychology,Chinese Academy Of Sciences
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Cultural differences in sensitivity to the relationship between objects and contexts: evidence from P3
No full textCross-cultural differences in Easterners and Westerners have been observed in different cognitive domains. Differential sensitivity to the relationship between objects and contexts might be an underlying cognitive mechanism for these differences. Twenty-one Chinese and 22 Germans participated in a three-stimulus event-related potential oddball task. They were instructed to monitor geometrical forms filled in black (targets) that were presented among a series of blank geometrical forms (standards). Novel stimuli were colored images of common objects. Robust novelty P3 and target P3 over the entire scalp were observed in both groups. As compared with the German group, Chinese participants showed larger amplitudes of novelty P3 and target P3 over frontal regions and earlier peak latency for target P3. This indicates a higher sensitivity to the relationship between contexts and objects in the Chinese as compared with the German group, which might be an underlying mechanism for cross-cultural differences reported in many cognitive domains. (C) 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health vertical bar Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Researches on Atypical Lateralization of Autisms' Language Development
No full textAutism spectrum disorders (ASD) is a widely developmental disabilities, with the main clinical features including barriers to social interaction, verbal and non-verbal communication defects, narrow interests and stereotyped behaviors. The present article aims to introduce some information about language impairment of autism, including relative researches published from 1986 to the current time on the neural mechanisms underlying autism's language impairment. This issue was addressed from brain structural, brain functional asymmetry, and the influence of handness, and at last, a summary was given based on the literatures, which is that the autism has an atypical right language lateralization both of structural and functional, there also exist available evidence that atypical handness is associated with poorer neurocognition or anomalous cerebral asymmetries. This article will be helpful for diagnosis and therapy to the autism in the future and will facilitate the research of ASDs under Chinese culture
High-dose corticosterone after fear conditioning selectively suppresses fear renewal by reducing anxiety-like response
No full textExposure therapy is widely used to treat anxiety disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, preventing the return of fear is still a major challenge after this behavioral treatment. An increasing number of studies suggest that high-dose glucocorticoid treatment immediately after trauma can alleviate the symptoms of PTSD in humans. Unknown is whether high-dose glucocorticoid treatment following fear conditioning suppresses the return of fear. In the present study, a typical fear renewal paradigm (AAB) was used, in which the fear response to an auditory cue can be restored in a novel context (context B) when both training and extinction occur in the same context (context A). We trained rats for auditory fear conditioning and administered corticosterone (CORT; 5 and 25 mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle with different delays (1 and 24 h). Forty-eight hours after drug injection, extinction was conducted with no drug in the training context, followed by a test of tone-induced freezing behavior in the same (AAA) or a shifted (AAB) context. Both immediate and delayed administration of high-dose CORT after fear conditioning reduced fear renewal. To examine the anxiolytic effect of CORT, independent rats were trained for cued or contextual fear conditioning, followed by an injection of CORT (5 and 25 mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle at a 1 or 24 h delay. One week later, anxiety-like behavior was assessed in the elevated plus maze (EPM) before and after fear expression. We found that high-dose CORT decreased anxiety-like behavior without changing tone- or context-induced freezing. These findings indicate that a single high-dose CORT administration given after fear conditioning may selectively suppress fear renewal by reducing anxiety-like behavior and not by altering the consolidation, retrieval, or extinction of fear memory. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc All rights reserved
Distinguish between focus and newness: An ERP study
No full textThe relationship between focus and newness was explored by recording brain responses to information structure in discourse reading. Focus was manipulated by whether or not placing a Chinese focus-particle "shi" in front of the critical words, while newness was manipulated by whether or not introducing the critical words in the preceding context. The focused words elicited a larger P2 as well as a larger positivity than the non-focused words, possibly reflecting attention allocation and immediate integration of focused information respectively. In contrast, the new words elicited a larger N400 and a smaller LPC than the given words, which may reflect difficult integration or memory retrieval of new information. These results suggest that the processing of focus and newness may involve different cognitive processes. Therefore, focus should be distinguished from newness from the perspective of cognitive processing. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
Does co-residence with adult children associate with better psychological well-being among the oldest old in China?
No full textObjectives: Embedded in a traditional culture where filial piety was honored, living with adult children once had been the most prevalent living arrangement and the best option for Chinese elderly people. This study examined whether co-residence with adult children would be still beneficial to the psychological well-being (PWB) among the oldest old (aged 80 and above) in China today.Method: Using data from the fifth wave of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey conducted in 2008, the authors examined the living arrangements among the total sample (n = 12,213) and the association between living arrangement and PWB among a subsample (n = 7037) of respondents with normal cognition.Results: (1) More than half (67.1%) of the unmarried oldest old reported being co-resided with their children; while for the married oldest old, the majority of the respondents (62.4%) lived with a spouse only. (2) For the widowed, co-residence with adult children was associated with better PWB compared to living alone; but for the married, co-residence did not bring additional benefits to the PWB. (3) Co-residence of the widowed and children was associated with better life satisfaction compared to living with a spouse only, while it was associated with lower emotional well-being compared to living with a spouse (with or without a child).Conclusion: These findings suggest that living arrangements of Chinese oldest old are partially getting westernized, and a majority of them adapt it well. Government programs need to be developed to assist the Chinese oldest old (especially widowed) to live independently
rSNPBase: a database for curated regulatory SNPs
No full textIn recent years, human regulatory SNPs (rSNPs) have been widely studied. Here, we present database rSNPBase, freely available at http://rsnp.psych.ac.cn/, to provide curated rSNPs that analyses the regulatory features of all SNPs in the human genome with reference to experimentally supported regulatory elements. In contrast with previous SNP functional annotation databases, rSNPBase is characterized by several unique features. (i) To improve reliability, all SNPs in rSNPBase are annotated with reference to experimentally supported regulatory elements. (ii) rSNPBase focuses on rSNPs involved in a wide range of regulation types, including proximal and distal transcriptional regulation and post-transcriptional regulation, and identifies their potentially regulated genes. (iii) Linkage disequilibrium (LD) correlations between SNPs were analysed so that the regulatory feature is annotated to SNP-set rather than a single SNP. (iv) rSNPBase provides the spatio-temporal labels and experimental eQTL labels for SNPs. In summary, rSNPBase provides more reliable, comprehensive and user-friendly regulatory annotations on rSNPs and will assist researchers in selecting candidate SNPs for further genetic studies and in exploring causal SNPs for in-depth molecular mechanisms of complex phenotypes
ATTENTIONAL SWITCHING IN INTELLECTUALLY GIFTED AND AVERAGE CHILDREN: EFFECTS ON PERFORMANCE AND ERP
No full textThe study compared the performance and brain activity of children who were intellectually gifted or of average intelligence. 13 intellectually gifted (4 girls, 9 boys; M age = 12.0 yr., SD = 0.2) and 13 average children (5 girls, 8 boys; M age = 11.9 yr., SD = 0.3) participated in a task-switching experiment. The children performed a task repeatedly (single-trial blocks) or switched between two different tasks (mixed-trial blocks). Intellectually gifted children performed quicker than the average group for both mixed and single-trial blocks. The electroencephalography P300 amplitude was larger in the mixed compared to the single-trial condition, but this effect was observed only in the gifted children. The results support the notion that gifted children are characterized by a faster maturation that leads to an 'adultlike' brain activity
The mediation effect of menstrual phase on negative emotion processing: Evidence from N2
No full textNumerous studies have shown a negativity bias' in emotion processing and effect of menstrual phase on emotion processing. Most of these results, however, did not match the arousal of different types of stimuli. The present study examined the time course of negative emotion processing across different menstrual phases (e.g., late luteal/premenstrual phase and follicular phase) when the arousal level of negative and neutral stimuli was equal. Following previous studies, an oddball paradigm was utilized in present study. Participants viewed neutral and negative (highly (HN) and moderately negative (MN)) stimuli with matched arousal and were asked to make deviant vs. standard judgments. The behavioral results showed a higher accuracy for HN stimuli than neutral stimuli, and the other comparisons were not significant. The major event-related potential (ERP) finding was that N2 amplitude was larger for MN than neutral in the late luteal phase, whereas such difference was absent during the follicular phase. Moreover, The N2 for HN stimuli was larger in late luteal phase than in follicular phase. Therefore, female may be with higher sensitivity to MN stimuli during late luteal phase than during follicular phase when the arousal of stimuli was well controlled. These results provide additional insight to premenstrual affective syndrome and affective disorder
The influence of anhedonia on feedback negativity in major depressive disorder
No full textAnhedonia is associated with reward-processing deficits of the dopamine system, which may increase the risk of depression. Nevertheless, few previous studies have examined the influence of hedonic tone on event-related potential (ERP) measures of reward processing in major depressive disorder. A simple gambling task was used to elicit feedback negativity (FN), an ERP component elicited by feedback indicating gain versus loss, in 27 patients with major depression and 27 healthy participants. We found that participants with depression were characterized by reduced FN responses, especially towards monetary gains, but not losses, compared with healthy individuals. In addition, the amplitude of FN to gain feedback in participants with depression was related to anhedonia severity and depressive symptoms. These findings indicate an association between low hedonic capacity and reduction in FN. As a neural measure of reward sensitivity, FN may be generated in part by reward-related activity. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
Association of Interleukin-10 Polymorphisms with Schizophrenia: A Meta-Analysis
No full textBackground: The involvement of cytokines in schizophrenia (SZ) has been proposed in recent years and various studies have accumulated convergent lines of evidence. Among which, the role of interleukin-10 (IL-10) in SZ has been explored in a number of studies by investigating association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and susceptibility of SZ. However, the results are inconsistent since its power is limited by the individual sample size. To evaluate the overall effect between them, we conducted a meta-analysis by combining all available studies
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