Institute of Psychology,Chinese Academy Of Sciences
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When adaptive control fails: Slow recovery of reduced rapid online control during reaching under reversed vision
No full textPrevious studies have shown that short-term exposure to mirror-reversed visual feedback suppresses rapid online control (ROC) of arm movements in response to a sudden target displacement. Here we tested if the reduced ROC under reversed vision can be observed for natural reaches without target perturbations, i.e. without corrective movements that are driven by visual input perturbation. Second, we ask if such ROC reduction generalizes to movement phases without visual feedback of the hand. Subjects were instructed to perform simple reach movements towards a stationary target position either under normal or physically reversed vision of the hand during the late movement phase. We quantified time-resolved ROC via a coefficient of determination of the reach trajectories over the full course of the movement. As for other measures in previous studies, we found that our perturbation-independent ROC was reduced within a few trials after exposure to reversed visual feedback. The reduced ROC was restricted to late movement phases, and was not observed in early movement phases. We further asked if subjects would be able to re-gain ROC with prolonged exposure to the reversed visual input. ROC gradually and incompletely increased over the course of 400 exposure trials, affecting both early and late movement phases. Our results show that under reversed vision ROC is reduced even for perturbation-independent natural reaches aiming at stationary targets. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
Contextual valence modulates the neural dynamics of risk processing
No full textA well-known bias in risky decision making is that most people tend to be risk averse when gains are salient but risk seeking when losses are salient. The present study addressed the neural dynamics of this process by recording ERPs during a gambling task in a gain and a loss context. Behaviorally, participants were found to be risk averse in the gain context but risk neutral in the loss context. During the anticipation stage, an increased stimulus-preceding negativity was elicited by high- versus low-risk choices in the gain but not the loss context. During the outcome-appraisal stage, the feedback-related negativity was larger after high- versus low-risk choices in the gain instead of the loss context. For the P300, an outcome valence effect (a larger P300 for gain vs. loss outcomes) emerged following the high- versus low-risk decisions in the gain but not the loss context. Our findings suggest that risk processing can be modulated by the context of valence during the anticipation stage and by both the contextual valence and the outcome valence during the outcome-appraisal stage, which may be driven by the motivational salience imposed by the context of valence
DOES WORKING MEMORY TRAINING IMPROVE HEDONIC CAPACITY? PILOT DATA FROM INDIVIDUALS WITH SOCIAL ANHEDONIA
No full textThe relationship between response inhibition and posttraumatic stress symptom clusters in adolescent earthquake survivors: An event-related potential study
No full textPosttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients experience impaired response inhibition. Little is known about the relationship between response inhibition abnormalities and distinct PTSD symptom clusters. This study investigated the relationship between response inhibition processing and a five-factor model of posttraumatic stress symptomatology in adolescents. The event-related potentials of 54 unmedicated adolescent earthquake survivors (age 15-18 years) were recorded as they completed a Go/NoGo task. The PTSD Checklist-Specific Stressor Version (PCL-S) was used to assess PTSD symptoms. Regression analyses were conducted to examine the associations between the five symptom-cluster model and response inhibition processing. The results revealed that the avoidance symptom cluster score, but not the numbing or other clusters' scores, was positively associated with NoGo-P3 latency. These results suggest that a specific PTSD symptom cluster-avoidance-has a distinct association with the slowed speed of the late step of response inhibition processing, i.e., decision or success of response inhibition in adolescent earthquake survivors
Adverse Environments and Children's Creativity Development: Transforming the Notion of "Success in Adversity" in China
No full textChina has been undergoing great social change due to its new focus on urbanization and globalization. Such change has had a tremendous adverse impact on the living conditions of millions of young children, simultaneously generating new interest in children's creativity development. The intersection of these two issues has important implications for China's future as it brings together one of China's core cultural values "success in adversity" the importance of creativity, and very real social and economic needs. "Success in adversity" reflects the strongly held belief that individuals who suffer adverse environments can rise to excellence and success through persistence, effort, and creativity. In this article, we briefly explore the historical sources of this belief and how it is closely related to the Chinese conception of creativity. We then present some studies on the creativity of some of China's migrant children. Findings show that while migrant children as a group may not generally exhibit higher creativity than their urban peers as hypothesized, indications of resilience and creative potential suggest that the notion of success in adversity may contribute to the positive development of China's migrant children more substantially when it is informed by research and augmented by research-supported policy. (C) 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc
The effects of unitization on the contribution of familiarity and recollection processes to associative recognition memory: Evidence from event-related potentials
No full textFamiliarity and recollection are two independent cognitive processes involved in recognition memory. It is traditionally believed that both familiarity and recollection can support item recognition, whereas only recollection can support associative recognition. Here, using a standard associative recognition task, we examined whether associative retrieval of unitized associations involved differential patterns of familiarity and recollection processes relative to non-unitized associations. The extent of engagement of familiarity and recollection processes during associative retrieval was estimated by using event-related potentials (ERPs). Twenty participants studied compound words and unrelated word pairs during encoding. Subsequently, they were asked to decide whether a presented word pair was intact rearranged, or a new pair while electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded. ERP results showed that compound words evoked a significant early frontal old/new effect (associated with familiarity) between ERPs to intact and rearranged word pairs, whereas this effect disappeared for the unrelated word pairs. In addition, the left parietal old/new effect (associated with recollection) between ERPs to intact and rearranged word pairs was greater for compounds than for unrelated word pairs. These findings suggest that unitization enhances the contribution of both familiarity and recollection processes to associative recognition. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
Hyperactivation of working memory-related brain circuits in newly diagnosed middle-aged type 2 diabetics
No full textType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is well known for its adverse impacts on brain and cognition, which leads to multidimensional cognitive deficits and wildly spread cerebral structure abnormalities. However, existing literatures are mainly focused on patients with advanced age or extended T2DM duration. Therefore, it remains unclear whether and how brain function would be affected at the initial onset stage of T2DM in relatively younger population. In current study, twelve newly diagnosed middle-aged T2DM patients with no previous diabetic treatment history and twelve matched controls were recruited. Brain activations during a working memory task, the digit n-back paradigm (0-, 1- and 2-back), were obtained with functional magnetic resonance imaging and tested by repeated measures ANOVA. Whereas patients performed the n-back task comparably well as controls, significant load-by-group interactions of brain activation were found in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), left middle/inferior frontal gyrus, and left parietal cortex, where patients exhibited hyperactivation in the 2-back, but not the 0-back or 1-back condition compared to controls. Furthermore, the severity of chronic hyperglycemia, estimated by glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA(1c)) level, was entered into partial correlational analyses with task-related brain activations, while controlling for the real-time influence of glucose, estimated by instant plasma glucose level measured before scanning. Significant positive correlations were found between HbA(1c) and brain activations in the anterior cingulate cortex and bilateral DLPFC only in patients. Taken together, these findings suggest there might be a compensatory mechanism due to brain inefficiency related to chronic hyperglycemia at the initial onset stage of T2DM
Emphasizing the only character: Emphasis, attention and contrast
No full textIn conversations, pragmatic information such as emphasis is important for identifying the speaker's/writer's intention. The present research examines the cognitive processes involved in emphasis processing. Participants read short discourses that introduced one or two character(s), with the character being emphasized or non-emphasized in subsequent texts. Eye movements showed that: (1) early processing of the emphasized word was facilitated, which may have been due to increased attention allocation, whereas (2) late integration of the emphasized character was inhibited when the discourse involved only this character. These results indicate that it is necessary to include other characters as contrastive characters to facilitate the integration of an emphasized character, and support the existence of a relationship between Emphasis and Contrast computation. Taken together, our findings indicate that both attention allocation and contrast computation are involved in emphasis processing, and support the incremental nature of sentence processing and the importance of contrast in discourse comprehension. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
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