Institute of Psychology,Chinese Academy Of Sciences
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The effect of implementation intention on prospective memory: A systematic and meta-analytic review
No full textProspective memory (PM) refers to remembering to perform a planned action at a future time. Implementation intention is an encoding method in the form of “if situation Y is encountered, then I will initiate the goal-directed behavior X”. It has been applied to improve PM performances. The present study conducted a systematic and meta-analytic review on the effect and mechanism of implementation intention on PM. In the meta-analysis, 36 comparisons were included. The results showed that for healthy young adults, the overall effect of implementation intention in improving PM performances was significant with a medium effect size (d=0.445). The combined verbal and imagery form of implementation intention had a relatively larger effect size (d=0.590). For older adults, implementation intention had a medium to large effect size on their PM performances (d=0.680). As for the mechanism, implementation intention seemed to reduce ongoing task performances in young adults as reflected by longer reaction time (d=0.224) though the effect size was small. The present study supports the positive effect of implementation intention on PM. The mechanism and potential implications of this promising strategy especially for clinical/sub-clinical people are discussed.Prospective memory (PM) refers to remembering to perform a planned action at a future time. Implementation intention is an encoding method in the form of "if situation Y is encountered, then I will initiate the goal-directed behavior X". It has been applied to improve PM performances. The present study conducted a systematic and meta-analytic review on the effect and mechanism of implementation intention on PM. In the meta-analysis, 36 comparisons were included. The results showed that for healthy young adults, the overall effect of implementation intention in improving PM performances was significant with a medium effect size (d=0.445). The combined verbal and imagery form of implementation intention had a relatively larger effect size (d=0.590). For older adults, implementation intention had a medium to large effect size on their PM performances (d=0.680). As for the mechanism, implementation intention seemed to reduce ongoing task performances in young adults as reflected by longer reaction time (d=0.224) though the effect size was small. The present study supports the positive effect of implementation intention on PM. The mechanism and potential implications of this promising strategy especially for clinical/sub-clinical people are discussed. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Science Foundation of China
Elevated amygdala activity during reappraisal anticipation predicts anxiety in avoidant personality disorder
No full textBackground
Avoidant personality disorder is characterized by pervasive anxiety, fear of criticism, disapproval, and rejection, particularly in anticipation of exposure to social situations. An important but underexplored question concerns whether anxiety in avoidant patients is associated with an impaired ability to engage emotion regulatory strategies in anticipation of and during appraisal of negative social stimuli.
Methods
We examined the use of an adaptive emotion regulation strategy, cognitive reappraisal, in avoidant patients. In addition to assessing individual differences in state and trait anxiety levels, self-reported affect as well as measures of neural activity were compared between 17 avoidant patients and 21 healthy control participants both in anticipation of and during performance of a reappraisal task.
Results
Avoidant patients showed greater state and trait-related anxiety relative to healthy participants. In addition, relative to healthy participants, avoidant patients showed pronounced amygdala hyper-reactivity during reappraisal anticipation, and this hyper-reactivity effect was positively associated with increasing self-reported anxiety levels.
Limitations
Our finding of exaggerated amygdala activity during reappraisal anticipation could reflect anxiety about the impending need to reappraise, anxiety about the certainty of an upcoming negative image, or anxiety relating to anticipated scrutiny of task responses by the experimenters. While we believe that all of these possibilities are consistent with the phenomenology of avoidant personality disorder, future research may clarify this ambiguity.
Conclusions
These results suggest that amygdala reactivity in anticipation of receiving negative social information may represent a key component of the neural mechanisms underlying the heightened anxiety present in avoidant patients
Implicit emotion regulation affects outcome evaluation
No full textEfficient implicit emotion regulation processes, which run without awareness, are important for human well-being. In this study, to investigate the influence of implicit emotion regulation on psychological and electrophysiological responses to gains and losses, participants were required to select between two Chinese four-character idioms to match the meaning of the third one before they performed a monetary gambling task. According to whether their meanings were related to emotion regulation, the idioms fell into two categories. Event-related potentials and self-rating emotional experiences to outcome feedback were recorded during the task. Priming emotion regulation reduced subjective emotional experience to both gains and losses and the amplitudes of the feedback-related negativity, while the P3 component was not influenced. According to these results, we suggest that the application of implicit emotion regulation effectively modulated the subjective emotional experience and the motivational salience of current outcomes without the cost of cognitive resources. This study implicates the potential significance of implicit emotion regulation in decision-making processes
Subjective pleasure experience in patients with recent-onset schizophrenia: A preliminary report
No full textLittle is known about subjective pleasure experience in recent-onset schizophrenia, and its relationship with neurocognitive functions. Twenty-seven recent-onset schizophrenia people and 26 controls completed the TEPS and neuropsychological tests. The results showed that schizophrenia people self-reported less anticipatory pleasure than controls. Semantic verbal fluency was apparently correlated with anticipatory pleasure. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved
Conditional neuroligin-2 knockout in adult medial prefrontal cortex links chronic changes in synaptic inhibition to cognitive impairments
No full textAbnormal activity in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is consistently observed in neuropsychiatric disorders, but the mechanisms involved remain unclear. Chronic aberrant excitation and/or inhibition of mPFC neurons were proposed to cause cognitive impairments. However, direct evidence for this hypothesis is lacking because it is technically challenging to control synaptic properties in a chronic and locally restricted, yet specific, manner. Here, we generated conditional knockout (cKO) mice of neuroligin-2 (Nlgn2), a postsynaptic cell-adhesion molecule of inhibitory synapses linked to neuropsychiatric disorders. cKO of Nlgn2 in adult mPFC rendered Nlgn2 protein undetectable after already 2-3 weeks, but induced major reductions in synaptic inhibition after only 6-7 weeks, and caused parallel impairments in anxiety, fear memory and social interaction behaviors. Moreover, cKO of Nlgn2 severely impaired behavioral stimulation of immediate-early gene expression in the mPFC, suggesting that chronic reduction in synaptic inhibition uncoupled the mPFC from experience-dependent inputs. Our results indicate that Nlgn2 is required for continuous maintenance of inhibitory synapses in the adult mPFC, and that chronic impairment of local inhibition disengages the mPFC from its cognitive functions by partially uncoupling the mPFC from experience-induced inputs
An illustrated heuristic prototype facilitates scientific inventive problem solving: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study
No full textMany scientific inventions (SI) throughout history were inspired by heuristic prototypes (HPs). For instance, an event or piece of knowledge similar to displaced water from a tub inspired Archimedes' principle. However, the neural mechanisms underlying this insightful problem solving are not very clear. Thus, the present study explored the neural correlates used to solve SI problems facilitated by HPs. Each HP had two versions: a literal description with an illustration (LDI) and a literal description with no illustration (LDNI). Thirty-two participants were divided randomly into these two groups. Blood oxygenation level-dependent fMRI contrasts between LDI and LDNI groups were measured. Greater activity in the right middle occipital gyrus (RMOG, BA19), right precentral gyrus (RPCG, BA4), and left middle frontal gyrus (LMFG, BA46) were found within the LDI group as compared to the LDNI group. We discuss these results in terms cognitive functions within these regions related to problem solving and memory retrieval. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved
Grey matter morphological anomalies in the caudate head in first-episode psychosis patients with delusions of reference
No full textDelusions of reference (DOR) are theoretically linked with aberrant salience and associative learning. Previous studies have shown that the caudate nucleus plays a critical role in the cognitive circuits of coding prediction errors and associative learning. The current study aimed at testing the hypothesis that abnormalities in the caudate nucleus may be involved in the neuroanatomical substrate of DOR. Structural magnetic resonance imaging of the brain was performed in 44 first-episode psychosis patients (with diagnoses of schizophrenia or schizophreniform disorder) and 25 healthy controls. Patients were divided into three groups according to symptoms: patients with DOR as prominent positive symptom; patients with prominent positive symptoms other than DOR; and patients with minimal positive symptoms. All groups were age-, gender-, and education-matched, and patient groups were matched for diagnosis, duration of illness, and antipsychotic treatment. Voxel-based morphometric analysis was performed to identify group differences in grey matter density. Relationships were explored between grey matter density and DOR. Patients with DOR were found to have reduced grey matter density in the caudate compared with patients without DOR and healthy controls. Grey matter density values of the left and right caudate head were negatively correlated with DOR severity. Decreased grey matter density in the caudate nucleus may underlie DOR in early psychosis. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserve
SCHIZOTYPY TRAITS OR FEATURES IN NONPSYCHOTIC FIRST-DEGREE RELATIVES OF PATIENTS WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA
No full text科普文章推送-4个方法帮孩子远离校园欺凌
No full text 4个方法帮孩子远离校园欺凌
开学季，如何更好地帮助孩子在心理、情感和社交方面做好准备？
今年早些时候，加拿大一个非盈利性机构对该国家长及其8至12岁的子女展开调查，从心理、社交、情感和生理等四个维度衡量孩子的健康水平。结果显示，家长们正在开始将心理健康置于与学业表现同等重要的地位。
以下为其主要发现：
45%的父母认为“拥有应对人生盛衰的情感技巧”是对孩子心理幸福而言最重要的因素；
7%的父母认为社交的顺畅最重要；
父母对女孩的评分在很多方面要高于男孩：应对人生起伏（20% &15%），懂得如何管理压力（17% & 10%），有韧性（35% & 27%）；
父母认为子女在以下方面需要支持：心理（51%）、情感（40%）、社交（40）和生理健康（36%）
加拿大欺凌预防研究组织—PREVnet——的合作科学家之一约克大学心理学教授Debra Pepler博士表示非常乐于看到心理健康被父母放在如此高的位置，然而只有7%的父母将社交幸福至于首位，这一结果与家长对校园欺凌的高关注度形成强烈对比，而欺凌实际上就是一种同辈关系问题。
在另外一项调查中，98%的父母表示，欺凌是一个极其严重的问题。
父母该如何帮助孩子做好准备？
塑造心理弹性，提高情感调节能力，学会控制难以招架的情绪。孩子在人生道路上不可避免会遇到障碍，尊重孩子会犯错的现实，引导他将其视为学习机会，从长远角度看待眼前的难题（比如说：这并不是世界末日），帮助孩子思考下次遇到类似情形时应该如何采取不同措施。
找时间跟孩子交谈，一起玩耍。很多研究都将心理健康与一起吃晚饭的频率挂钩，可能在一起什么也不谈，或者偶尔谈些重要的并且真的困扰他们的话题，也就是通常所说的family date night。
保持积极乐观的态度，避免孩子被评判或苛责也是非常必要的。时刻保持交流渠道的通畅，因为儿童在父母这里时刻会学习和理解到重要的意义、观点以及问题解决策略。
父母和其他与孩子在一起的成年人要记得，在孩子的生活中家长处于一种“在舞台上”的状态。孩子注视着我们的每一个动作，通过我们的行为而不是语言学习如何与其他人交往，以及怎样管理压力。家长们要试着将自己塑造成拥有正念（mindfulness）、善良、富有同情心，拥有健康应对方式，有活力且可以战胜厄运的样子。
学期是繁忙而充满挑战的，希望各位从此文中获益。
原文标题：4 ways parents can support their children's mental health
原文链接：
http://www.canadianliving.com/health/mind_and_spirit/4_ways_parents_can_support_their_childrens_mental_health.php
检索日期：2015-9-7<br /
Long-term intensive training induced brain structural changes in world class gymnasts
No full textMany previous studies suggested that both short-term and long-term motor training can modulate brain structures. However, little evidence exists for such brain anatomical changes in top-level gymnasts. Using diffusion-weighted and structural magnetic resonance images of the human brain, we applied voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) as well as FA-VBA (voxel-based analysis of fractional anisotropy, a VBM-style analysis) methods to quantitatively compare the brain structural differences between the world class gymnasts (WCG) and the non-athlete groups. In order to reduce the rate of false positive findings, we first determined that the clusters defined at a threshold of t > 2.3 and a cluster significance of p < 0.05 (FWE-corrected) across all subjects were the brain regions that showed significant differences in a between-group comparison. We then constructed several between-group comparisons based on the repeated diffusion or structural MRI data and created the intersecting regions from multiple between-group comparisons. Thus, we found significantly decreased fractional anisotropy (FA) not only in the white matter of the WCG in areas that included the bilateral superior longitudinal fasciculus, inferior longitudinal fasciculus, and inferior occipito-frontal fascicle, but also in the gray matter of the WCG in areas that included the bilateral middle cingulum, bilateral postcentral gyri, and bilateral motor regions. We also identified significantly increased gray matter density in the WCG, especially in the left inferior frontal gyrus, bilateral inferior and superior parietal lobule, bilateral superior lateral occipital cortex, left cuneus, left angular gyrus, and right postcentral gyrus. We speculate that the brain changes of the WCG may reflect the gymnasts' extraordinary ability to estimate the direction of their movements, their speed of execution, and their identification of their own and surrounding objects' locations. Our findings suggest that our method of constructing intersecting regions from multiple between-group comparison can considerably reduce the false positives, and our results provide new insights into the brain structure changes induced by long-term intensive gymnastic training
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