Institute of Psychology,Chinese Academy Of Sciences
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Online social networking behaviors among Chinese younger and older adolescent: The influences of age, gender, personality, and attachment styles
No full textRisks associated with adolescents' uses of social networking sites (SNSs) propelled investigations concerning how online privacy and security behaviors are related to young people's general activities online. To explore adolescents' SNS behaviors, among a group of 531 volunteered adolescent participants during their junior or senior middle school years in Beijing, this study ran exploratory factor analysis based on statements from non-structured interview targeting their Renren SNS uses, and further investigated the levels of and the associations between SNS behaviors based on developmental factors of age, gender, personality, and attachment styles. Results suggest most Chinese younger and older adolescents were likely disclosing real names and photos on SNSs, and their latent utilization, socializing, and privacy disclosure SNS behaviors were influenced by age, gender, personality, or attachment styles. Moreover, the negative associations of privacy disclosure with utilization or socializing behaviors were likely affected by personality and attachment categories. Although Chinese adolescents showed some levels of concerns in their SNS privacy disclosure, education of SNS privacy and security along with adolescent care in general are perhaps helpful for providing a better online experience for young people. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
Examining Self-Advantage in the Suffering of Others: Cross-Cultural Differences in Beneficiary and Observer Justice Sensitivity Among Chinese, Germans, and Russians
No full textOther-related concerns for justice are fundamental components of morality and interpersonal behaviors. In this paper, we investigated macro/cultural and micro/individual differences in justice concerns for others. More specifically, beneficiary sensitivity (BS) and observer sensitivity (OS) were compared across China as a typical collectivist society, and Germany and Russia as two individualistic societies. Individualism-collectivism was assumed to mediate the cultural variance of BS and OS. In Study 1, Chinese participants exhibited more BS but less OS compared to German participants. In Study 2, the Chinese participants exhibited more BS but not significantly different OS compared to Russian participants. Moreover, collectivism mediated this cultural difference in BS but not OS. In Study 3, collectivist participants identified according to their proposals in social value games exhibited more BS than did individualistic participants, while the two groups revealed no significant difference in OS. Taken together, our studies consistently show that higher collectivism both on the cultural and individual levels is related to BS but not to OS, suggesting that collectivist values make people sensitive to self-advantage in comparison to the suffering of others
ESI中心理学及相关领域热点论文信息推送2014年第3期（总第17期）
No full textESI中心理学及相关领域热点论文信息推送
——基于2014 年5月更新数据
ESI热点论文指近两年内发表的在近两个月内被引次数高居前千分之一的SCI/SSCI文章，即最近两个月内最受关注的文章。
本期入榜文章是2011年12月至2013年12月发表的文章中，在2014年1月和2月两个月内被引次数排名前千分之一的文章。数据更新时间为2014年5月10日。
本期ESI（Essential Science Indicators）发布精神病学/心理学领域的热点文章63篇，其中首次入榜文章42篇。单篇最高被引111次，最低被引3次。被引111次的文章由伦敦国王学院（King's College London）的Fusar-Poli P等人发表在Archives of General Psychiatry上，标题为“Predicting psychosis meta-analysis of transition outcomes in individuals at high clinical risk”，该研究是对截止到2011年1 月发表的有关精神病高危人群发展为临床发病的文章的元分析，该研究在上期也是单篇被引最高的文章。首次入榜的42篇中单篇最高被引43次，由雅虎研究院（Yahoo! Research）的Mason W和Suri S发表在Behavior Research Methods上标题为“Conducting behavioral research on Amazon’s Mechanical Turk ”，讨论了如何在Amazon’s Mechanical Turk（一个在线劳动力市场）上开展行为研究。该领域所有热点文章的详细信息请见附表1（按文章被引次数排列）。
本期发布神经科学与行为领域热点文章83篇，其中首次入榜文章41篇。单篇最高被引224次，最低被引4次。被引224次的文章由耶鲁大学（Yale University）的Stephan J. Sanders等人合作发表在NATURE上，标题为“De novo mutations revealed by whole-exome sequencing are strongly associated with autism”，利用全基因组测序（Whole-exome sequencing）揭示自闭症谱系障碍相关的新生突变（De novo mutation），该文在上期也是单篇被引最高的文章。首次入榜文章单篇最高被引73次，由斯坦福大学（Stanford University）的Tye KM和 Deisseroth K等人合作发表在Nature Reviews Neuroscience上，标题为“Optogenetic investigation of neural circuits underlying brain disease in animal models”，是一篇关于利用光遗传学技术研究脑疾病模型动物神经环路的综述。该领域所有热点文章的详细信息请见附表2（按文章被引次数排列）。
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信息推送-美国弗吉尼亚州寻求精神卫生立法改革
No full textMonitor on Psychology
美国弗吉尼亚州寻求精神卫生立法改革
2013年11月，美国弗吉尼亚州参议会议员Creigh Deeds时年24岁的儿子（Gus）在用刀刺伤其父后开枪自杀。而在前一天Gus曾经接受过精神病学评估，但他并没有被医院收治，只是因为当时没有空床位。
精神疾病患者暴力行为并不多见，但是精神障碍却在自杀群体中十分常见。根据美国国家精神卫生研究院（National Institute of Mental Health，NIMH）提供数字，超过90%的自杀者患有各种精神障碍。
自从失去儿子后，Deeds开始牵头在弗吉尼亚推动精神卫生立法改革，包括制定法律保证人们出于精神危机状态时不会因为缺少一张床位而被拒绝收治。在Deeds看来更重要的是，他发起的改革需要一项为期4年的综合性研究以考察弗吉尼亚州的精神卫生-护理体系存在的缺口。
APA首席执行官Norman Anderson博士的高级政策顾问Ellen Garrison博士表示，APA支持州一级通过建立覆盖从预防到危机干预的贯穿一生的连续护理体系来处理精神疾患。
原文标题：Senator seeks mental health reforms
原文链接：-http://www.apa.org/monitor/2014/06/upfront-reforms.aspx
检索日期：2014年6月4日
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信息推送-加拿大宣布创立精神健康研究网络
No full textGovernment of Canada
加拿大宣布创立精神健康研究网络
6月13日，加拿大卫生研究院（Canadian Institutes of Health Research，CIHR）院长Alain Beaudet博士和Graham Boeckh Foundation（GBF）基金会主席J. Anthony Boeckh共同宣布启动ACCESS Canada（Adolescent/young adult Connections to Community-driven Early Strengths-based and stigma-free Services）。
ACCESS Canada是由青少年精神卫生转化研究项目（Transformational Research in Adolescent Mental Health，TRAM，由CIHR和GBF合作创立）主导建立的研究网络。其目标是5年内为患有精神疾患的青少年提供有研究基础的干预手段，改善该群体预后，并最终使加拿大整体精神卫生现状得到改观。
在加拿大，约有五分之一的人在一生中会经历至少一次精神疾病发作。在全部年龄段中，青少年所占比例最大，约有75%的精神心理障碍或疾病在25岁前首次发病，同时超过一半患者首次发作年龄在11到25岁之间。虽然青少年比其他任何群体都更有可能罹患精神疾病，但不幸的是，他们接受精神卫生服务的机会最少。因为现有的干预绝大部分是为更幼小的儿童和更年长的成年人提供的，这意味着加拿大精神卫生系统在本应该最强大的地方最脆弱。其结果是精神疾病正在给青少年及其家庭造成重创。
ACCESS Canada网络将患者与研究人员、健康护理专家及政策制定者联系起来，力图弥补基础研究与干预实践和相关政策之间的空白。把有价值的干预手段带到临床一线，使患者及其家庭从研究中获益。它代表了一种整合了多省、多领域及不同合作者的多级合作模式，从扩大资源和资助研究等角度为最终改善加拿大精神健康干预体系出资出力。
ACCESS Canada的目标是：
1. 改善青少年对精神健康问题的关注与认识，实现疾病的早期诊断；
2. 尽快让青少年接受适宜的、尊重事实和证据的且友好的精神卫生干预。
另外，通过CIHR，加拿大政府将在5年内资助TRAM 1250万美元。Graham Boeckh Foundation同时匹配同等金额，总投资将达到2500万美元。
原文标题：CIHR and Graham Boeckh Foundation launch mental health research network
原文链接：http://news.gc.ca/web/article-en.do?nid=856679
原文标题：Fact Sheet - ACCESS Canada, a research network developed by TRAM - Transformational Research in Adolescent Mental Health
原文链接：http://news.gc.ca/web/article-en.do?nid=856669
检索日期：2014.6.20<br /
信息推送-NIH院外研究处2014年1月至7月14日发布的基金资助计划
No full textNIH院外研究处2014年1月至7月14日发布的基金资助计划
机构
序号
领域
预算
基金标题
公告时间
资助周期
链接
(NIH)
1
人脑连接组
不限
Connectomes Related to Human Disease (U01)
July 14, 2014
The maximum project period is 4 years
http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PAR-14-281.html
2
神经科学信息架构
Application budgets are limited to 900,000 total costs
Neuroscience Information Framework (U24)
July 16, 2014
The maximum project period is 2 years.
http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-DA-15-009.html
3
药物成瘾治疗
Application budgets are limited to 500,000 per year in direct costs
The National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network (UG1)
July 3, 2014
The maximum project period is five years.
http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-DA-15-008.html
4
创伤性脑损伤
Budgets up to 750,000 total costs per year for Phase II may be requested.
Peripheral Blood Biomarkers of Chronic Traumatic Brain Injury in Human Subjects - SBIR Direct Phase II (R44)
June 25, 2014
Durations only up to 2 years for Phase II may be requested
http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-HD-15-012.html
5
中风
Not Applicable; funds are not awarded via the X01 mechanism
NIH StrokeNet Clinical Trials and Biomarker Studies for Stroke Treatment, Recovery, and Prevention Infrastructure Resource Access (X01)
June 6, 2014
The maximum project period is 5 years
http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PAR-14-253.html
6
脑与行为研究技术转化
According to statutory guidelines, total funding support (direct costs, indirect costs, fee) normally may not exceed 150,000 for Phase I awards and 1,000,000 for Phase II awards. With appropriate justification from the applicant, Congress will allow awards to exceed these amounts by up to 50% (225,000 for Phase I and 1,500,000 for Phase II).
Lab to Marketplace: Tools for Brain and Behavioral Research (R43/R44)
June 5, 2014
Durations up to two years for Phase I and up to three years for Phase II may be requested
http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PA-14-250.html
7
慢性痛
The combined budget for direct costs for the two year project period may not exceed 275,000. No more than 200,000 may be requested in any single year
Research on Chronic Overlapping Pain Conditions (R21)
June 4, 2014
The project period is limited to 2 years
http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PA-14-243.html
8
美国不同人种间心理健康差异
Application budgets are limited to no more than the amount of the current parent award, and must reflect the actual needs of the proposed project.
Administrative Supplements for Minority Health and Mental Health Disparities Research (Admin Supp)
May 27, 2014
The project and budget periods must be within the currently approved project period for the existing parent award. Supplements may be requested for up to 2 years of support.
http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PAR-14-238.html
9
精神疾病、酒精、药物成瘾的治疗
不限
National Cooperative Drug Discovery/Development Groups (NCDDG) for the Treatment of Mental Disorders, Drug or Alcohol Addiction (U19)
May 20, 2014
The total project period may not exceed five years
http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PAR-14-234.html
10
精神分裂症
The budget may not exceed 450,000 in direct costs over the 3-year project period, with no more than 225,000 in direct costs in any single year.
Exploratory Studies of Smoking Cessation Interventions for People with Schizophrenia (R33)
May 19, 2014
The maximum period is 3 years.
http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PAR-14-231.html
11
精神分裂症
不限
Exploratory Studies of Smoking Cessation Interventions for People with Schizophrenia (R21/R33)
May 19, 2014
The maximum period is 5 years
http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PAR-14-230.html
12
慢性痛治疗
不限
Clinical Evaluation of Adjuncts to Opioid Therapies for the Treatment of Chronic Pain (R01)
May 15, 2014
http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PAR-14-225.html
13
精神疾病非药物治疗
不限
Confirmatory Efficacy Clinical Trials of Non-Pharmacological Interventions for Mental Disorders (R01)
May 14, 2014
The maximum project period is 5 years; however, applicants are strongly encouraged to limit their proposed project period to 4 years.
http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-MH-15-340.html
14
脑与行为研究干预工具
Budgets of up to 800,000 total costs per year for up to 3 years may be requested for Phase IIB applications
Renewal Awards of SBIR Phase IIB Grants for Brain and Behavior Tools (R44)
May 13, 2014
Durations up to 3 years for Phase IIB may be requested
http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PA-14-219.html
15
创伤后综合征
Budgets may not exceed 5,000,000 total costs in any one year.
Longitudinal Assessment of Post-traumatic Syndromes (U01)
May 6, 2014
The scope of the proposed project should determine the project period. The maximum project period is 5 years.
http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-MH-15-110.html
16
自闭症谱系障碍
Application budgets are limited to 400, 000 direct costs for each year
Environmental Contributors to Autism Spectrum Disorders (R01)
May 2,2014
The scope of the proposed project should determine the project period. The maximum project period is 5 years.
http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PAR-14-203.html
17
自闭症谱系障碍
The combined budget for direct costs for the 2-year project period may not exceed 275,000. No more than 200,000 may be requested in any single year.
Environmental Contributors to Autism Spectrum Disorders (R21)
May 2, 2014
The scope of the proposed project should determine the project period. The maximum project period is 2 years.
http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PAR-14-202.html
18
心理健康研究与实践技术
According to statutory guidelines, total funding support (direct costs, indirect costs, fee) normally may not exceed 150,000 for Phase I awards and 1,000,000 for Phase II awards. With appropriate justification from the applicant, Congress will allow awards to exceed these amounts by up to 50% (225,000 for Phase I and 1,500,000 for Phase II).
Complex Technologies and Therapeutics Development for Mental Health Research and Practice (R41/R42)
April 30, 2014
Durations up to two years for Phase I and up to three years for Phase II may be requested.
http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PA-14-196.html
19
心理健康研究与实践技术
According to statutory guidelines, total funding support (direct costs, indirect costs, fee) normally may not exceed 150,000 for Phase I awards and 1,000,000 for Phase II awards. With appropriate justification from the applicant, Congress will allow awards to exceed these amounts by up to 50% (225,000 for Phase I and 1,500,000 for Phase II).
Complex Technologies and Therapeutics Development for Mental Health Research and Practice (R43/R44)
April 30, 2014
Durations up to two years for Phase I and up to three years for Phase II may be requested.
http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PA-14-197.html
20
精神疾病药物研发
不限
National Cooperative Drug Discovery/Development Groups (NCDDG) for the Treatment of Mental Disorders, Drug or Alcohol Addiction (U01)
April 21, 2014
The total project period may not exceed five years.
http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PAR-14-184.html
21
人脑中体细胞嵌合（Somatic Mosaicism）与精神疾病
不限
Brain Somatic Mosaicism and its Role in Psychiatric Disorders (U01)
April 9, 2014
The maximum period is 5 years.
http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PAR-14-173.html
22
人脑中体细胞嵌合（Somatic Mosaicism）与精神疾病
不限
Brain Somatic Mosaicism and its Role in Psychiatric Disorders (Collaborative U01)
April 9, 2014
The maximum period is 5 years.
http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PAR-14-174.html
23
精神疾病分类
Application budgets are limited to 400,000 in direct costs.
Dimensional Approaches to Research Classification in Psychiatric Disorders (R01)
April 9, 2014
The scope of the proposed project should determine the project period. The maximum period is 5 years.
http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-MH-15-500.html
24
心理疾患临床研究
不限
Clinical Studies of Mental Illness Not Involving Treatment Development, Efficacy, or Effectiveness Trials (Collaborative R01)
March 27, 2014
The scope of the proposed project should determine the project period. The maximum project period is 5 years.
http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PAR-14-165.html
25
扩大神经科学研究影响力
Projects must average no more than 175,000 per year direct cost (excluding consortium Facilities and Administrative costs). In any given year, up to 350,000 direct cost may be requested as long as the total direct costs for all years does not exceed 700,000
High Impact Neuroscience Research Resource Grants (R24)
March 27, 2014
Support may be requested for up to four years.
http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-NS-14-006.html
26
药物滥用
Application budgets are limited to 300,000 in Direct Costs each year for five years, plus applicable Facilities and Administrative (F&A) costs to be determined at the time of award.
Avenir Award Program for Genetics or Epigenetics of Substance Abuse (DP2)
March 27, 2014
The maximum project period is 5 years.
http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-DA-15-006.html
27
大麻类物质对发育中大脑的作用
Budgets for direct costs of up to 100,000 direct costs over a two-year project period.
Effects of Cannabis Use and Cannabinoids on the Developing Brain (R03)
March 26, 2014
The maximum period is 2 years.
http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PA-14-164.html
28
大麻类物质对发育中大脑的作用
不限
Effects of Cannabis Use and Cannabinoids on the Developing Brain (R01)
March 26, 2014
Project periods can be up to 5 years.
http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PA-14-163.html
29
大麻类物质对发育中大脑的作用
Direct costs are limited to 200,000 in direct costs allowed in any single year.
Effects of Can
信息推送-欧盟委员会将“地平线2020”资金转投新领域的计划遭遇抵制
No full text科学杂志新闻
欧盟委员会将“地平线2020”资金转投新领域的计划遭遇抵制
11月27日，欧盟委员会新任主席的新计划——将欧洲科学预算分一杯羹给一个旨在改善欧洲低迷经济创造新工作机会的新型投资基金——已经惹来争议。
早些时候，欧盟委员会主席Jean-Claude Juncker提议从“地平线2020”（700亿欧元，为期7年的研究资助计划）中划拨27亿欧元给一个新的欧洲投资计划（Investment Plan for Europe）。再加上连接欧洲基金（Connecting Europe Facility，CEF，该基金资助宽带和交通运输项目，由欧洲投资银行资助）的资助，这一新型投资基金目前已经获资210亿欧元。Juncker表示未来将会从产业和政府吸引到15倍于该数目的投资，在未来3年总预算将达到3150亿欧元。欧洲投资银行（European Investment Bank，EIB）总裁Werner Hoyer也表示，有效刺激投资对于重振欧洲经济非常重要，当前必须在投资空白间搭建桥梁以吸引私人基金的参与。
EIB总裁表示该投资计划意在促进芬兰与整个欧洲的经济发展与竞争力提升。结合芬兰的经济结构与发展私有生产力的需要，芬兰政府正将其发展重点布置于可直接或间接支持创新与生产力的部分，如通过支持信息、通信与技术（Information Communication Technology，ICT）、运输和能源等基础设施建设来加强芬兰内部以及芬兰与其余欧洲部门的联系。
欧委会指出该计划被明确设计为欧洲研究投资，项目资金可以给符合该计划优先目标设置的任一欧洲国家，任一计划。除了更多地聚焦于宽带和能源网络、交通基础设施、教育、研究与创新，以及可再生能源和能源效率外，并未提出更多细节。欧委会举例指出这项资金可帮助加速基于激光的研究基础设施（Laser-based research infrastructure）的建设。
11月26日，当Juncker在法国斯特拉斯堡将该计划提交欧洲议会时，部分研究机构并不相信从“地平线2020”中划拨27亿欧元会有用。
Juncker表示他理解科研人员对于从“地平线2020”和连接欧洲基金中分出一部分可能对研究产生影响的顾虑，也理解科研机构担心这笔钱会损失的忧虑。但Juncker指出，该计划每投资1欧元将会为类似的研究与基础设施建设创造15欧元，这不是资金的流动，而是最大化投入。
但是质疑该项目过于乐观的人不在少数。比利时Bruegel研究所（欧洲智库之一）负责人Guntram Wolff就是其中之一。他并不相信国家和私人基金会匹配15倍资金，5倍在他看来都是幸运的。欧洲研究型大学联盟（League of european research universities，LERU）表示这一投资很可能最后走向可以取悦政客和公民的快速盈利项目，而非投资欧洲未来。
12月8日，德国科学机构联盟（Alliance of science organisations，德国最重要的研究机构联盟）又呼吁欧盟不要随便动用“地平线2020”的预算，欧盟投资计划不得以牺牲欧洲研究为代价。
要知道对于德国科学机构联盟而言，他们十分欢迎额外的研究领域基础设施投资。国际化的竞争性研究基础设施（包括信息基础设施）对于解决复杂科学问题以及推动具有创新潜力的技术进步是非常关键的。
然而，联盟内科学机构却对欧盟新型投资计划加以批评。他们认为，从“地平线2020”中拿走一笔不小的资金将会对其余部分的预算造成影响，如欧盟研究理事会（European Research Council，ERC）对卓越基础研究的支持，对职业早期研究者进行支持的“玛丽·居里行动计划”（Marie Curie Actions），以及研究人员对全欧洲内研究基础的使用支持。
欧盟委员会希望这次研究资金的再分配会令“地平线2020”给实体经济带来巨大好处。但是从科学机构联盟的角度讲，这一观点还存在争议。因为事实是，研究作为创新的先决条件必须以一种特殊的方式公开资助。此外，对研究预算的削减将会导致研究体系性能的下降。
因此德国科学联盟内机构要求欧盟委员会在进行资助时不要动用“地平线2020”的预算。值此欧盟研究所即将迎来关于新投资计划的协商时，德国科学联盟正在要求德国联邦政府坚持对卓越研究进行长期稳定并且足够的资助。
目前仍不清楚“地平线2020”的哪一部分预算会“遭殃”。
原文标题：E.U. Commission wants to divert Horizon 2020 money into new investment fund
原文链接：
http://news.sciencemag.org/europe/2014/11/e-u-commission-wants-divert-horizon-2020-money-new-investment-fund
原文标题：EIB official visit to Finland to discuss Investment Plan for Europe
原文链接：
http://www.eib.org/infocentre/press/news/all/eib-official-visit-to-finland-to-discuss-investment-plan-for-europe.htm
原文标题：EIB President proposes participation in Investment Plan for Europe
原文链接：
http://www.eib.org/infocentre/press/releases/all/2014/2014-262-eib-president-proposes-participation-in-investment-plan-for-europe.htm?language=en&media=rss
原文标题：EU Investment Plan Must Not Come at Expense of Research in Europe
原文链接：http://www.leopoldina.org/en/press/news/1039/
检索日期：2014-12-11<br /
Culture-specific familiarity equally mediates action representations across cultures
No full textPrevious studies have shown that we need to distinguish between means and end information about actions. It is unclear how these two subtypes of action information relate to each other with theoretical accounts postulating the superiority of end over means information and others linking separate means and end routes of processing to actions of differential meaningfulness. Action meaningfulness or familiarity differs between cultures. In a cross-cultural setting, we investigated how action familiarity influences recognition memory for means and end information. Object directed actions of differential familiarity were presented to Chinese and German participants. Action familiarity modulated the representation of means and end information in both cultures in the same way, although the effects were based on different stimulus sets. Our results suggest that, in the representation of actions in memory, end information is superordinate to means information. This effect is independent of culture whereas action familiarity is not
Effects of anomalous characters and small stroke omissions on eye movements during the reading of Chinese sentences
No full textWe investigated the influence of typographical errors (typos) on eye movements and word recognition in Chinese reading. Participants' eye movements were tracked as they read sentences in which the target words were presented (1) normally, (2) with the initial stroke of the first characters removed (the omitted stroke condition) or (3) the first characters replaced by anomalous characters (the anomalous character condition). The results indicated that anomalous characters caused longer fixation durations and shorter outgoing forward saccade lengths than the correct words. This finding is consistent with the prediction of the theory of the processing-based strategy. Additionally, anomalous characters strongly disrupted lexical processing and whole sentence comprehension, but small stroke omissions did not. Implications of the effect of processing difficulty on forward saccade targeting for models of eye movement control during Chinese reading are discussed
Chemosensory Communication of Gender through Two Human Steroids in a Sexually Dimorphic Manner
No full textRecent studies have suggested the existence of human sex pheromones, with particular interest in two human steroids: androstadienone (androsta-4,16,-dien-3-one) and estratetraenol (estra-1,3,5(10),16-tetraen-3-ol). The current study takes a critical step to test the qualification of the two steroids as sex pheromones by examining whether they communicate gender information in a sex-specific manner. By using dynamic point-light displays that portray the gaits of walkers whose gender is digitally morphed from male to female [1, 2], we show that smelling androstadienone systematically biases heterosexual females, but not males, toward perceiving the walkers as more masculine. By contrast, smelling estratetraenol systematically biases heterosexual males, but not females, toward perceiving the walkers as more feminine. Homosexual males exhibit a response pattern akin to that of heterosexual females, whereas bisexual or homosexual females fall in between heterosexual males and females. These effects are obtained despite that the olfactory stimuli are not explicitly discriminable. The results provide the first direct evidence that the two human steroids communicate opposite gender information that is differentially effective to the two sex groups based on their sexual orientation. Moreover, they demonstrate that human visual gender perception draws on subconscious chemosensory biological cues, an effect that has been hitherto unsuspected
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