Institute of Psychology,Chinese Academy Of Sciences
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Spatial conceptual associations between music and pictures as revealed by N400 effect
No full textThe processing of extramusical meaning can be reflected in N400 effects of the ERP. However, how conceptual representations can be activated in music still needs to be specified. We investigated the activation of iconic meaningful representations in music by using a cross-modal semantic priming paradigm with an implicit task. Pictures of spatial scenes were semantically congruent or incongruent to preceding music in three stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) conditions. The results revealed that the semantically incongruent target pictures elicited larger N400 amplitude than the congruent target pictures. Moreover, the semantic priming effect was modulated by the SOAs. The N400 effect was observed in the 200-ms and 800-ms SOA conditions, but not in the 1,200-ms SOA condition. These results suggest that extramusical meaning purely due to iconic sign quality can be activated, and that the conceptual activation in music can be rapid and automatic
Insula-amygdala functional connectivity is correlated with habituation to repeated negative images
No full textBehavioral habituation during repeated exposure to aversive stimuli is an adaptive process. However, the way in which changes in self-reported emotional experience are related to the neural mechanisms supporting habituation remains unclear. We probed these mechanisms by repeatedly presenting negative images to healthy adult participants and recording behavioral and neural responses using functional magnetic resonance imaging. We were particularly interested in investigating patterns of activity in insula, given its significant role in affective integration, and in amygdala, given its association with appraisal of aversive stimuli and its frequent coactivation with insula. We found significant habituation behaviorally along with decreases in amygdala, occipital cortex and ventral prefrontal cortex (PFC) activity with repeated presentation, whereas bilateral posterior insula, dorsolateral PFC and precuneus showed increased activation. Posterior insula activation during image presentation was correlated with greater negative affect ratings for novel presentations of negative images. Further, repeated negative image presentation was associated with increased functional connectivity between left posterior insula and amygdala, and increasing insula-amygdala functional connectivity was correlated with increasing behavioral habituation. These results suggest that habituation is subserved in part by insula-amygdala connectivity and involves a change in the activity of bottom-up affective networks
Integration of 3D Structure from Disparity into Biological Motion Perception Independent of Depth Awareness
No full textImages projected onto the retinas of our two eyes come from slightly different directions in the real world, constituting binocular disparity that serves as an important source for depth perception -the ability to see the world in three dimensions. It remains unclear whether the integration of disparity cues into visual perception depends on the conscious representation of stereoscopic depth. Here we report evidence that, even without inducing discernible perceptual representations, the disparity-defined depth information could still modulate the visual processing of 3D objects in depthirrelevant aspects. Specifically, observers who could not discriminate disparity-defined in-depth facing orientations of biological motions (i.e., approaching vs. receding) due to an excessive perceptual bias nevertheless exhibited a robust perceptual asymmetry in response to the indistinguishable facing orientations, similar to those who could consciously discriminate such 3D information. These results clearly demonstrate that the visual processing of biological motion engages the disparity cues independent of observers' depth awareness. The extraction and utilization of binocular depth signals thus can be dissociable from the conscious representation of 3D structure in high-level visual perception
Surface-Based Regional Homogeneity in First-Episode, Drug-Naive Major Depression: A Resting-State fMRI Study
No full textBackground. Previous volume-based regional homogeneity (ReHo) studies neglected the intersubject variability in cortical folding patterns. Recently, surface-based ReHo was developed to reduce the intersubject variability and to increase statistical power. The present study used this novel surface-based ReHo approach to explore the brain functional activity differences between first-episode, drug-naive MDD patients and healthy controls. Methods. Thirty-three first-episode, drug-naive MDD patients and 32 healthy controls participated in structural and resting-state fMRI scans. MDD patients were rated with a 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression prior to the scan. Results. In comparison with the healthy controls, MDD patients showed reduced surface-based ReHo in the left insula. There was no increase in surface-based ReHo in MDD patients. The surface-based ReHo value in the left insula was not significantly correlated with the clinical information or the depressive scores in the MDD group. Conclusions. The decreased surface-based ReHo in the left insula in MDD may lead to the abnormal top-down cortical-limbic regulation of emotional and cognitive information. The surface-based ReHo may be a useful index to explore the pathophysiological mechanism of MDD
Associations between TNF-alpha-308A/G Polymorphism and Susceptibility with Dermatomyositis: A Meta-Analysis
No full textBackground: Some surveys had inspected the effects of the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-308A/G polymorphism on susceptibility to dermatomyositis (DM), and showed mixed results. To briefly review these consequences, a comprehensive meta-analysis was carried out to estimate the relationship between them much more accurately
For micro-expression recognition: Database and suggestions
No full textMicro-expression is gaining more attention in both the scientific field and the mass media. It represents genuine emotions that people try to conceal, thus making it a promising cue for lie detection. Since micro-expressions are considered almost imperceptible to naked eyes, researchers have sought to automatically detect and recognize these fleeting facial expressions to help people make use of such deception cues. However, the lack of well-established micro-expression databases might be the biggest obstacle. Although several databases have been developed, there may exist some problems either in the approach of eliciting micro-expression or the labeling. We built a spontaneous micro-expression database with rigorous frame spotting, AU coding and micro-expression labeling. This paper introduces how the micro-expressions were elicited in a laboratory situation and how the database was built with the guide of psychology. In addition, this paper proposes issues that may help researchers effectively use micro-expression databases and improve micro-expression recognition. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
中美神经科学等基础研究将获得优先资助
No full text政策导向
中美神经科学等基础研究将获得优先资助
——对基础研究的投入事关一个国家的创新
3月10日，NSF执行主任Cora Marrett博士向NSF委员会介绍奥巴马政府2015财年预算申请。
NSF 2015财年计划为多个方向基础研究、工程和教育等领域提供总计73 亿美元资助。另外，在奥巴马预算中提到的一个名为“机会、增长和安全倡议”（Opportunity, Growth, and Security Initiative，提出要增加教育、制造业和职业培训计划方面的开支，这笔开支将通过堵塞某些税收漏洞以及从国防和非国防开支中削减560亿美元来负担）的新提案将支持NSF优先发展气候变化、能源、先进制造业、神经科学及人力资本发展（human capital development）。
与发达国家相比，中国在基础研究方面的支出一直很低，在2012和2013年只有4.8%，发达国家为10-25%（见下图）。今年的全国人民代表大会上，李克强总理重申科学创新对经济增长的重要性。中央计划今年为科技领域投入436亿美元 ，较去年增加8.9%（略低于整体预算增幅9.3%）。包括转基因生物新品种培育、重大新药创制以及载人航天与探月工程等16个重大专项获得的资助力度最大（总计81亿美元） 。基础研究支出将增加12.5%，达到6.6 亿美元。
国家自然科学基金委将获资 31 亿美元。基金委主任杨卫表示，生物多样性、空气污染、超级计算机、神经退行性疾病和科学装备等领域将受到重点支持。重大新药创制、艾滋病和病毒性肝炎等重大传染病防治等2个重大专项将获得4.88亿美元资助 。
科技部计划将全部预算81亿美元中的8%用于基础研究，其中 2.11 亿美元用于6个重大科学项目如纳米技术、量子物理、干细胞与蛋白质科学，另外11 亿美元 用于发展关键技术。
中科院20 个战略先导科技专项将获得4.23 亿美元资助，领域覆盖从神经科学到青藏高原相关研究。
（Nature 507,148–149(13 March 2014)doi:10.1038/507148a）
原文链接：
http://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=130730&WT.mc_id=USNSF_51&WT.mc_ev=click
原文标题：UPDATE: National Science Foundation Presents FY 2015 Budget Request
原文链接：
http://www.nature.com/news/china-goes-back-to-basics-on-research-funding-1.14853
原文标题：China goes back to basics on research funding
检索日期：2014年3月14日<br /
A computational cognition model of perception, memory, and judgment
No full textThe mechanism of human cognition and its computability provide an important theoretical foundation to intelligent computation of visual media. This paper focuses on the intelligent processing of massive data of visual media and its corresponding processes of perception, memory, and judgment in cognition. In particular, both the human cognitive mechanism and cognitive computability of visual media are investigated in this paper at the following three levels: neurophysiology, cognitive psychology, and computational modeling. A computational cognition model of Perception, Memory, and Judgment (PMJ model for short) is proposed, which consists of three stages and three pathways by integrating the cognitive mechanism and computability aspects in a unified framework. Finally, this paper illustrates the applications of the proposed PMJ model in five visual media research areas. As demonstrated by these applications, the PMJ model sheds some light on the intelligent processing of visual media, and it would be innovative for researchers to apply human cognitive mechanism to computer science
Money talks: neural substrate of modulation of fairness by monetary incentives
No full textA unique feature of the human species is compliance with social norms, e. g., fairness, even though this normative decision means curbing self-interest. However, sometimes people prefer to pursue wealth at the expense of moral goodness. Specifically, deviations from a fairness-related normative choice have been observed in the presence of a high monetary incentive. The neural mechanism underlying this deviation from the fairness-related normative choice has yet to be determined. In order to address this issue, using functional magnetic resonance imaging we employed an ultimatum game (UG) paradigm in which fairness and a proposed monetary amount were orthogonally varied. We found evidence for a significant modulation by the proposed amount on fairness in the right lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the bilateral insular cortices. Additionally, the insular subregions showed dissociable modulation patterns. Inter-individual differences in the modulation effects in the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) accounted for inter-individual differences in the behavioral modulation effect as measured by the rejection rate, supporting the concept that the PFC plays a critical role in making fairness-related normative decisions in a social interaction condition. Our findings provide neural evidence for the modulation of fairness by monetary incentives as well as accounting for inter-individual differences
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