Institute of Psychology,Chinese Academy Of Sciences
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信息推送-欧盟人脑计划遭神经科学家联合抵制
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欧盟人脑计划遭神经科学家联合抵制
欧盟于去年10月启动的耗资10亿欧元的人脑项目(Human Brain Project, HBP)近来遭到神经科学家攻击,他们称糟糕的管理已经使科学计划偏离轨道。
约有150位科学家已于7月7日向欧盟递交抗议信。信中指出欧盟委员会需要在2016年HBP开始接受第二轮资助申请时严肃认真地考虑项目设置与目标是否契合。
HBP的初衷是发展与神经科学密切相关的数字技术。项目的关键部分是研发可以帮助神经科学家模拟大脑的超级计算机。然而随着项目的发展,这一目标变得越来越松散。有关项目科学范畴的讨论已持续数月,火药味一直很浓,五月底愤怒达到了顶峰。扳机点正是HBP的三人执行委员会决定砍掉该项目第二阶段的部分子项目,包括一个认知神经科学课题。抗议信中科学家认为这是十分专制且违背科学规律的。
逐步升级的争执已经让HBP咨询委员会上下十分沮丧,他们希望通过改善不透明管理制度来度过这一困境。斯德哥尔摩卡罗林斯卡研究所(Karolinska Institute )的系统神经科学家Sten Grillner表示,该事件已大规模暴露于公众视野是十分令人失望的,希望不会造成太大的破坏。
HBP项目领导者、瑞士联邦理工学院(Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne, EPFL)的Henry Markram表示,批评只代表了HBP一小部分参与者的观点。他认为缺乏透明度的指责完全是莫须有的,事实上追求更加透明是个难题。
然而最终他同意执行上周专家委员会提出的有助于缓和紧张局面的建议。委员会建议主席应该由研究理事会,即当前的13个子项目带头人选出,同时不应是其中一位,以避免利益冲突。委员会同时建议研究理事会选出三年为一任期的执行委员会。
但是有些人认为上述措施并不够。参与组织抗议活动的里斯本Champalimaud Neuroscience Programme负责人、认知神经科学家Zachary Mainen声称,HBP应该最大限度地代表所有成员及神经科学团体的观点,而非只代表执委会。
这封由众多研究所负责人签名的抗议信中要求,HBP第二阶段的评审程序应该以一种公开透明的方式进行,评审专家身份要公开,评审小组的建议要能够得到落实。
“人脑项目”(Human Brain Project)被欧盟选定为未来新兴技术旗舰项目之一。这一项目凝聚了神经科学、医学和计算机领域近300名专家,10年将耗资10亿欧元,力图集成多方力量,为基于信息通讯技术的新型脑研究模式奠定技术基础,并极大地加速脑科学研究成果转化,进而切实提高欧洲的卫生服务,改善欧洲的公民健康状况,提升欧洲的产业竞争地位。
原文题目:Row hits flagship brain plan
原文链接:http://www.nature.com/news/row-hits-flagship-brain-plan-1.15519
检索日期:2014-7-8
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信息推送-NIH为大数据计划投资3200万美元以确保掌握其资助项目的主要数据
2014年10月9日,NIH宣布将发展新策略以应对迅速扩增的复杂生物医学数据集,即BD2K计划(Big Data to Knowledge)。BD2K在2014财年首次获资将近3200万美元,总投资计划于2020年达到6.56亿。
随着DNA测序和成像等生物医学研究技术的迅猛发展,相应数据的产生正在超越研究者的处理能力。BD2K计划旨在支持新方法、软件、工具及培训项目的发展以寻求加速数据的处理与再发掘。该计划希望在隐私得以保护的前提下,能够为挖掘巨大数据集探索新方法,最终应用于改善人类健康。如,预测乳腺癌、心脏病等疾病的高危个体,及其治疗和预防的更佳方法。
BD2K将创建12个研究中心,分别主攻某一特定科学数据问题。同时还将支持培育有关数字发现索引(data discovery index)、数据科学训练以及相关人力资源开发等项目。
从分子层面到群体层面,在生物学维度内对数据进行消化吸收将是生物医学研究的未来趋势。包括我们每一个人在内的健康信息也将是大数据问题。确保能掌握其资助项目的主要研究数据是NIH优先关注的问题。
不可小觑的是,生物信息数据利用面临诸多挑战。包括:数据定位问题;适宜的数据获取和分析软件的研发;不同类型数据缺乏统一格式,不同研究群体间数据标准难以统一;保护隐私的同时简化数据共享的政策制定。
BD2K计划的4个主要组成部分:
大数据计算卓越中心(Centers of Excellence for Big Data Computing):发展创新性方法、软件、工具和其它资源。该中心预期成果与大数据科学的各个方面广泛相关,如数据整合与利用、基因组数据分析以及电子健康记录数据管理等。
BD2K-LINCS数据协调与整合中心(BD2K-LINCS Perturbation Data Coordination and Integration Center):该中心将是基于网络的细胞标志综合数据库(Integrated Network-based Cellular Signatures,LINCS)的数据协调中心,支持其数据研发项目。
BD2K数据发现索引整合联盟(BD2K Data Discovery Index Coordination Consortium,DDICC):该中心旨在从整体角度对生物医学数据进行挖掘分析和索引归类。
培训与人力资源开发(Training and Workforce Development):用于培训大数据处理分析所需要的专业技术人员。
原文标题:NIH invests almost $32 million to increase utility of biomedical research data
原文链接:http://www.nih.gov/news/health/oct2014/od-09.htm
检索日期:2014-10-15<br /
ESI中心理学及相关领域热点论文信息推送2014年第6期(总第20期)
ESI中心理学及相关领域热点论文信息推送
——基于2014年11月更新数据
ESI(Essential Science Indicators)热点论文指近两年内发表的在近两个月内被引次数高居前千分之一的SCI/SSCI文章,即最近两个月内最受关注的文章。
本期入榜文章是2012年6月至2014年6月发表的文章中,在2014年7月和8月两个月内被引次数排名前千分之一的文章。数据更新时间为2014年11月6日。
本期ESI发布精神病学/心理学领域的热点文章67篇,其中首次入榜文章39篇。单篇最高被引118次,最低被引3次。被引118次的文章由苏格兰格拉斯哥大学神经科学与心理学研究所(Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology,University of Glasgow)的Barr DJ等人发表在Journal of Memory and Language上,标题为“Random effects structure for confirmatory hypothesis testing: keep it maximal”,关于线性混合效应模型(Linear mixed-effects models,LMEMs)与随机效应(Random effects)。首次入榜的39篇中单篇最高被引40次的文章,由加拿大多伦多大学心理学系(Department of Psychology ,University of Toronto)的Inzlicht, M等人合作发表在Perspectives on Psychological Science上,标题为“What is ego depletion? toward a mechanistic revision of the resource model of self-control”,关于自我损耗(Ego depletion)。
就研究主题而言,除精神分裂症、抑郁、双相障碍、自闭症和注意缺陷多动障碍等长期入榜之外,另有首次入榜主题和文章值得关注,如:
1-22:关于与大脑皮层和基底神经节相关的小脑网络的综述;
1-27:正念自我关怀(Mindful self-compassion, MSC)课程的效果;
1-28:童年欺凌(Bullying)或被欺凌与成年后精神障碍间的关系;
1-32:人脑网络中心节点;
1-33:神经反馈治疗ADHD;
1-35:刻意练习(Deliberate practice)是否会造就专家;
1-38:临界阳性率(Critical positivity ratio);
1-41:妄想(Delusions)相关研究的过去与未来;
1-50:在校儿童的创造力表现;
1-59:语言的发展。
该领域所有热点文章的详细信息请见附表1(按文章被引次数排列)。
本期发布神经科学与行为领域热点文章83篇,其中首次入榜文章38篇。单篇最高被引224次,最低被引3次。被引224次的文章由美国心脏协会卒中委员会(Stroke Council of the American Heart Association)等团体作者发表在Stroke上,标题为“Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American heart association/American stroke association”,关于由美国心脏病协会/美国卒中协会提出的急性缺血性脑卒中(Acute ischemic stroke)的早期干预方针,在上期也位居该领域热点论文榜首。首次入榜的38篇中单篇最高被引60次的文章是荷兰奈梅亨大学唐德斯脑、认知、行为研究所(Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour,Radboud University)的Bosman, CA等人的工作,发表在Neuron上,标题为“Attentional stimulus selection through selective synchronization between monkey visual areas”,关于猴子视觉皮层的选择性同步。
就研究主题而言,除肌萎缩性脊髓侧索硬化症和多发性硬化症等神经系统疾病、阿尔茨海默症等神经系统退行性病和神经系统发育等长期入榜的主题之外,另有首次入榜的主题和文章值得关注,如:
2-29:渐进性多发性硬化症(Progressive multiple sclerosis);
2-42:关于蓝斑(Locus coeruleus)在认知调节中作用的综述;
2-46:关于从经验中学习的ERP研究的综述;
2-48:面孔感知;
2-57:神经递质释放与动作电位;
2-58:关于血管性痴呆(Vascular dementia)病理生理学的综述;
2-60:关于后扣带回(Posterior cingulate cortex)在认知与脑疾患中作用的综述;
2-69:视神经脊髓炎谱系障碍(Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders,NMOSD);
2-82:与工具使用和模仿行为相关的脑区;
2-83:感觉运动节律神经反馈(Sensory-motor rhythm,SMR)。
该领域所有热点文章的详细信息请见附表2(按文章被引次数排列)。
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信息推送-汤森路透与中科院文献情报中心联合发布2014研究前沿(心理学与生物科学部分)
2014年汤森路透与中国科学院文献情报中心成立的“新兴技术未来分析联合研究中心”推出《2014研究前沿》分析报告。该报告仍然以共被引分析方法为基础,基于汤森路透的Essential Science Indicators (ESI) 数据库中的9700 多个研究前沿,遴选出了2014年排名最前的100个热点前沿和44个新兴前沿,涉及自然科学和社会科学的10个大学科领域。
十个大学科领域分别为:农业、植物学和动物学;生态与环境科学;地球科学;临床医学;生物科学;化学与材料科学;物理;天文学与天体物理;数学、计算机科学与工程;经济学、心理学以及其它社会科学。
本文现呈现经济学、心理学以及其它社会科学和生物科学两个大学科中的热点前沿
信息推送-挪威研究理事会就国家2016年重点布局领域提交计划
挪威研究理事会就国家2016年重点布局领域提交计划
挪威研究理事会(The Research Council of Norway,RCN)近日表示其正在建议2016财年国家预算中对科研的投入预算再增加11亿挪威克朗。该建议同时对2016年挪威重点资源配置领域进行了详尽表述。
RCN提出的八大重点布局领域如下:
有效的健康与护理服务
长寿导致老龄化相关疾病和慢性病的增加,越来越需要关于如何保证优质健康护理服务与福利的研究。国家需要在更大程度上了解主导疾病、健康与衰老的原因和机理。科学研究必须帮助卫生和福利部门构建一个强大的创新知识体系,以增强劳动人口的竞争力。
RCN建议为“active and healthy for many years”优先布局领域增加9200万挪威克朗。
建设世界一流研究团队
高质量的研究产生新的解决办法、更深刻的见解,以及与国际领军研究团体更广泛的合作。通过为顶级研究人员提供充裕的、长期的资助以及一流科学设备,挪威是能够培育更多的世界一流研究团队的。加大对优秀年轻科学家的资助将促进他们独立的职业发展,必须鼓励他们到国外从事一段时期研究。另外,提高对欧洲研究基础设施的利用和研究数据的获取也会推动达成该目标。
预算:RCN建议为“innovative research groups”优先布局领域增加1.1亿挪威克朗。
提高研究的应用率与价值转化
为了充分发挥研究的潜力,使社会分享研究带来的价值收益,必须采取措施确保公司和研究机构的成果能够获得应用并且最终进入市场。增强研发的应用对于制造新的产品、工艺和服务,以及推动建立新型知识密集型公司是十分关键的。
预算:RCN建议为“renewal across the business sector”增加1.55亿挪威克朗预算。
气候变化
预算;RCN建议给“Climate, the environment and society”优先领域增加1.25亿挪威克朗预算。
面向新型能源机构
预算:RCN建议给“Towards a new energy mix”领域增加1亿挪威克朗。
海洋研究与创新
预算:RCN建议为“Marine and maritime research and innovation”领域增加9000万挪威克朗。
服务社会与工业发展的信息与通信技术(ICT)
预算:RCN建议为“ICT-enabling technologies”增加6500万挪威布朗。
更好地利用欧盟研究基金
预算:RCN为“horizon 2020”增加1.62亿挪威克朗预算。
原文标题:Norwegian research priorities for 2016
原文链接:
http://www.forskningsradet.no/en/Newsarticle/Norwegian_research_priorities_for_2016/1254002649153
检索日期:2014-12-24<br /
Neural mechanisms of oxytocin receptor gene mediating anxiety-related temperament
A common variant (rs53576) of the OXTR gene has been implicated in a number of socio-emotional phenotypes, such as anxiety-related behavior. Previous studies have demonstrated that A-allele carriers have higher levels of physiological and dispositional stress reactivity and depressive symptomatology compared to those with the GG genotype, but the mediating neural mechanisms remain poorly understood. We combined voxel-based morphometry and resting-state functional connectivity analyses in a large cohort of healthy young Chinese Han individuals to test the hypothesis that the OXTR gene polymorphism influences an anxiety-related temperamental trait, as assessed by the harm avoidance subscale from the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire via modulating the gray matter volume and resting-state functional connectivity of the brain, especially the limbic system. We revealed that female subjects with the AA genotype showed increased harm avoidance scores relative to G-carrier females. We also found that, compared to female individuals with the GG/GA genotype, female individuals with the AA genotype exhibited significantly smaller amygdala volumes bilaterally (especially the centromedial subregion), with a trend of allele-load-dependence. Compared to female individuals with the GG/GA genotype, female subjects with the AA genotype demonstrated reduced resting-state functional coupling between the prefrontal cortex and amygdala bilaterally, also with an allele-load-dependent trend. Furthermore, the magnitude of prefrontal-amygdala coupling in the left hemisphere was positively correlated with harm avoidance scores in female subjects. Our findings highlight a possible neural pathway by which a naturally occurring variation of the OXTR gene may affect an anxiety-related temperamental trait in female subjects by modulating prefrontal-amygdala functional connectivity
Picture Norms for Chinese Preschool Children: Name Agreement, Familiarity, and Visual Complexity
Pictorial stimuli standardized for Chinese children are still absent although it is needed in order to test the development of children's cognitive functions. This study presents normative measures for Snodgrass and Vanderwart pictures, viewed by 4- and 6-year old Chinese children. Name agreement, familiarity, and visual complexity were obtained for each age group. The data indicate substantial differences between young and older children in name agreement based on expected name, familiarity and visual complexity. The correlation pattern of the variables collected in the present study were consistent with children's norms in other languages and norms of Chinese adults, while there are cross-age and cross-culture differences in specific variables. The obtained measures represent a useful tool for further research on Chinese children's pictorial processing and constitute the first picture normative study for children in this language
Inserting spaces before and after words affects word processing differently in Chinese: Evidence from eye movements
Unlike in English, there are no spaces between printed words in Chinese. In this study, we explored how inserting a space before or after a word affects the processing of that word in Chinese reading. Native Chinese readers' eye movements were monitored as they read sentences with different presentation conditions. The results show that inserting a space after a word facilitates its processing, but inserting a space before a word does not show this effect and inhibits the processing of that word in some cases. Our results are consistent with the prediction of a word segmentation and recognition model in Chinese Li etal., 2009, Cognit. Psychol., 58, 525. Additionally, we found that a space guides the initial landing position on the word: the initial landing position was further away from the space that inserted into the text, whether it was before or after a word
Differential effect of beta-adrenergic receptor antagonism in basolateral amygdala on reconsolidation of aversive and appetitive memories associated with morphine in rats
Positive and negative emotional experiences induced by addictive drugs play an important role in the development of dysfunctional drug-related memory, which becomes resistant to extinction and contributes to high rate of relapse. Those memories may undergo a process called reconsolidation that in some cases can be disrupted by pharmacological treatment. The basolateral amygdala (BLA) has been shown to mediate the reconsolidation of drug-related appetitive memory, but its role in withdrawal-related aversive memory remains elusive. The present study used conditioned place preference (CPP) and conditioned place aversion (CPA) paradigms to investigate the role of BLA and its noradrenergic receptors in reconsolidation of morphine-associated emotional memory in rats. We found that inhibition of protein synthesis in BLA disrupted the reconsolidation of morphine CPP (m-CPP) and CPA related to morphine withdrawal (m-CPA). A high dose of the -noradrenergic receptor antagonist propranolol (3 mu g) in BLA-impaired reconsolidation of m-CPA but not m-CPP, whereas a low dose (0.3 mu g) was ineffective. In contrast, neither low nor high doses of the -noradrenergic receptor antagonist phentolamine (1 or 10 mu g) blocked the reconsolidation of m-CPP and m-CPA. In addition, infusion of propranolol (3 mu g) into nucleus accumbens after retrieval of either m-CPP or m-CPA did not affect its reconsolidation. The findings indicate that appetitive and aversive addictive memories share common neural substrates in BLA, but the specific neurotransmitter mechanism on reconsolidation of morphine-associated negative and positive memories can be dissociable
Improvement of white matter and functional connectivity abnormalities by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in crossed aphasia in dextral
As a special aphasia, the occurrence of crossed aphasia in dextral (CAD) is unusual. This study aims to improve the language ability by applying 1 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). We studied multiple modality imaging of structural connectivity (diffusion tensor imaging), functional connectivity (resting fMRI), PET, and neurolinguistic analysis on a patient with CAD. Furthermore, we applied rTMS of 1 Hz for 40 times and observed the language function improvement. The results indicated that a significantly reduced structural and function connectivity was found in DTI and fMRI data compared with the control. The PET imaging showed hypo-metabolism in right hemisphere and left cerebellum. In conclusion, one of the mechanisms of CAD is that right hemisphere is the language dominance. Stimulating left Wernicke area could improve auditory comprehension, stimulating left Broca's area could enhance expression, and the results outlasted 6 months by 1 Hz rTMS balancing the excitability inter-hemisphere in CAD