Institute of Psychology,Chinese Academy Of Sciences
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Age-dependent effect of high cholesterol diets on anxiety-like behavior in elevated plus maze test in rats
No full textBackground: Cholesterol is an essential component of brain and nerve cells and is essential for maintaining the function of the nervous system. Epidemiological studies showed that patients suffering from anxiety disorders have higher serum cholesterol levels. In this study, we investigated the influence of high cholesterol diet on anxiety-like behavior in elevated plus maze in animal model and explored the relationship between cholesterol and anxiety-like behavior from the aspect of central neurochemical changes
Development of Landmark Knowledge at Decision Points
No full textTwo experiments investigated how people develop different landmark knowledge at decision points. Participants learned a route in a virtual city once or five times. One distinctive landmark was placed at each intersection of the route. At test, participants were released at each intersection according to the learning order and were required to determine the turning direction. At each intersection, the landmark was removed (no landmark), correctly placed (one landmark), duplicated on the other side (two identical landmarks), or misplaced from another intersection (two different landmarks) to disrupt the landmark sequence. The results suggested that humans develop different landmark knowledge (landmark knowledge for guidance, landmark knowledge for place recognition and knowledge of landmark sequence) with different navigation experience
Neural Manifestations of Implicit Self-Esteem: An ERP Study
No full textBehavioral research has established that humans implicitly tend to hold a positive themselves. In this study, we employed the event-related potential (ERP) technique to explore neural manifestations of positive implicit self-esteem using the Go/Nogo association task (GNAT). Participants generated a response (Go) or withheld a response (Nogo) to self or others words and good or bad attributes. Behavioral data showed that participants responded faster to the self paired with good he self paired with bad, whereas the opposite proved true for others, reflecting the positive nature of implicit self-esteem. ERP results showed an augmented N200 over the frontal areas in Nogo responses relative to Go responses. Moreover, the positive implicit self-positivity bias delayed the onset time of the N200 wave difference between Nogo and Gotrails, suggesting that positive implicit self-esteem is manifested on neural activity about 270 ms after the presentation of self-relevant stimuli. These findings provide neural evidence for the positivity and automaticity of implicit self-esteem
Biological insights from 108 schizophrenia-associated genetic loci
No full textSchizophrenia is a highly heritable disorder. Genetic risk is conferred by a large number of alleles, including common alleles of small effect that might be detected by genome-wide association studies. Here we report a multi-stage schizophrenia genome-wide association study of up to 36,989 cases and 113,075 controls. We identify 128 independent associations spanning 108 conservatively defined loci that meet genome-wide significance, 83 of which have not been previously reported. Associations were enriched among genes expressed in brain, providing biological plausibility for the findings. Many findings have the potential to provide entirely new insights into aetiology, but associations at DRD2 and several genes involved in glutamatergic neurotransmission highlight molecules of known and potential therapeutic relevance to schizophrenia, and are consistent with leading pathophysiological hypotheses. Independent of genes expressed in brain, associations were enriched among genes expressed in tissues that have important roles in immunity, providing support for the speculated link between the immune system and schizophrenia
The Roles of Different Sources of Social Support on Emotional Well-Being among Chinese Elderly
No full textBackground: Social support has been widely known as a protective factor for the emotional well-being (EWB) of older adults, but less studies have investigated the roles of different sources of social support (i.e., family and friend support) on different facets of EWB (i.e., positive affect and negative affect) simultaneously
Oxytocin is associated with PTSD's anxious arousal symptoms in Chinese male earthquake survivors
No full textA Behavioral Genetic Study of Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Dimensions of Narcissism
No full textNarcissism, characterized by grandiose self-image and entitled feelings to others, has been increasingly prevalent in the past decades. This study examined genetic and environmental bases of two dimensions of narcissism: intrapersonal grandiosity and interpersonal entitlement. A total of 304 pairs of twins from Beijing, China completed the Narcissistic Grandiosity Scale and the Psychological Entitlement Scale. Both grandiosity (23%) and entitlement (35%) were found to be moderately heritable, while simultaneously showing considerable non-shared environmental influences. Moreover, the genetic and environmental influences on the two dimensions were mostly unique (92-93%), with few genetic and environmental effects in common (7-8%). The two dimensions of narcissism, intrapersonal grandiosity and interpersonal entitlement, are heritable and largely independent of each other in terms of their genetic and environmental sources. These findings extend our understanding of the heritability of narcissism on the one hand. On the other hand, the study demonstrates the rationale for distinguishing between intrapersonal and interpersonal dimensions of narcissism, and possibly personality in general as well
In the jungle of time: the concept of identity as a way out
No full textWhat could be a unifying principle for the manifold of temporal experiences: the simultaneity or temporal order of events, the subjective present, the duration of experiences, or the impression of a continuity of time? Furthermore, we time travel to the past visiting in imagination previous experiences in episodic memory, and we also time travel to the future anticipating actions or plans. For such time traveling we divide time into three domains: past, present, and future. What could be an escape out of this "jungle of time" characterized by many different perceptual and conceptual phenomena? The key concept we want to propose is "identity" which is derived from homeostasis as a fundamental biological principle. Within this conceptual frame two modes of identity are distinguished: individual or self-identity required because of homeostatic demands, and object-related identity necessary for the reliability and efficiency of neuro-cognitive processing. With this concept of self- and object-identity, the different temporal experiences can be conceptualized within a common frame. Thus, we propose a fundamental biological principle to conceptually unify temporal phenomena on the psychological level
信息推送-美国防高等研究项目局实施ElectRx项目以支持BRAIN计划
No full text R&D NEWS
美国防高等研究项目局实施ElectRx项目以支持BRAIN计划
2014年8月28日，美国国防高等研究项目局(DAPRA)发布消息称将实施Electrical Prescriptions (ElectRx)计划。该计划也出现在奥巴马提到的“白宫本周亮点”中。
人体外周神经系统持续监督机体脏器状态，调控感染、损伤以及其它状态下的生物反应。当由于损伤或者疾病导致该调节过程出现问题时，外周神经系统反而会加剧这一不利局面，进一步导致疼痛、感染或者免疫功能障碍。与传统医学处置相比，借助精准调节外周神经系统功能可能会更为有效地治疗当前面临的多种难治性疾病。DAPRA倡导的新项目——ElectRx正是迎合了这一需要。
DAPRA希望通过ElectRx项目的实施从根本上改变医生诊断、监测以及治疗的既有模式。该局项目管理人员Doug Weber表示，与其只是单纯地依赖医学手段，我们期待创造一种类似微小智能起搏器一样的闭合环路（closed-loop）系统，它可以不间断地对人体状况进行评估同时为维持健康器官功能提供个性化的刺激模式，帮助机体利用患者自身的系统获得健康并且保持健康。
作为DARPA支持奥巴马BRAIN计划的系列项目组成部分之一，ElectRx旨在发展一项全新的、高精度的、最小侵入性的治疗技术，通过调节神经环路来重塑和保持人类健康。ElectRx也被寄希望于可以加速推动对特定神经环路及其在健康和疾病中所起的作用获得全面认识。ElectRx目标之一包括刚刚获得确认的参与调解免疫系统功能的神经环路，该环路可为治疗包括风湿性关节炎、全身炎症反应综合征（systemic inflammatory response syndrome）和炎症性肠病（inflammatory bowel disease）在内的一系列感染性疾病提供新的治愈可能。ElectRx同样被期待能够改善针对癫痫、创伤性脑损伤和PTSD在内的脑疾病和心理健康问题的外周神经刺激治疗模式。
要想达到ElectRx设定的目标，vivosensing和神经刺激技术方面亟需获得全新发展，如可以控制相关器官功能的精确定位于单个或者一小束神经纤维的高级生物感应器和光学、声学及电磁装置。
用于管理慢性感染性疾病的简单可植入装置已经在临床获得应用，同时神经调节装置的市场也在快速增长。然而当前的装置体积相对较大，需要通过侵入性外科手术植入，并且由于精度不佳经常产生副作用。ElectRx尝试制造一种单根神经纤维尺寸的超小型装置，可以通过非常小的侵入性植入程序（如针头注射）植入。
DARPA提出的辅助BRAIN的其余项目有：革命性理解脑机制以推动应用发展（Revolutionizing Prosthetics, Restorative Encoding Memory Integration Neural Device, Reorganization and Plasticity to Accelerate Injury Recovery, Enabling Stress Resistance）、为神经技术的应用制造强有力的传感系统（Reliable Neutral Interface Technology）、以及海量数据集分析（Detection and Computational Analysis of Psychological Signals）。上述各项目链接在正文下方列出以供阅览。
DARPA将很快发布关于ElectRx的各项公告。
Revolutionizing Prosthetics（革命性修复技术）：
http://www.darpa.mil/Our_Work/BTO/Programs/Revolutionizing_Prosthetics.aspx
Restorative Encoding Memory Integration Neural Device（修复性记忆编码整合神经装置，REMIND）：
http://www.darpa.mil/Our_Work/BTO/Programs/Restorative_Encoding_Memory_Integration_Neural_Device_REMIND6.aspx
Reorganization and Plasticity to Accelerate Injury Recovery（加速损伤修复的重组与可塑性）：
http://www.darpa.mil/Our_Work/BTO/Programs/Reorganization_and_Plasticity_to_Accelerate_Injury_Recovery_REPAIR.aspx
Enabling Stress Resistance（赋能应激抵抗）：
http://www.darpa.mil/Our_Work/BTO/Programs/Enabling_Stress_Resistance.aspx
Reliable Neutral Interface Technology（可靠的神经接口技术）：
http://www.darpa.mil/Our_Work/BTO/Programs/Reliable_Neural-Interface_Technology_RE_NET.aspx
Detection and Computational Analysis of Psychological Signals（心理信号的监测与计算分析）：
http://www.darpa.mil/Our_Work/I2O/Programs/Detection_and_Computational_Analysis_of_Psychological_Signals_%28DCAPS%29.aspx
原文标题：New DARPA program aimed at developing customized therapies
原文链接：
http://www.rdmag.com/news/2014/08/new-darpa-program-aimed-developing-customized-therapies
检索日期：2014-8-31<br /
信息推送-澳大利亚集结国内最出色科学家寻求在痴呆症研究领域获得重大突破
No full text澳大利亚卫生部
澳大利亚集结国内最出色科学家寻求在痴呆症研究领域获得重大突破
2014年8月8日，澳大利亚卫生部部长Peter Dutton宣布启动新一轮痴呆研究资助，同时邀请跨学科研究团队申请澳大利亚国家健康与医学研究理事会（National Health and Medical Research Council，NHMRC）资助的痴呆症研究团队奖（Dementia Research Team Grants），每个团队5年内获得650万澳元资助。
澳大利亚现有超过30万人患有痴呆，预计到2050年这一数字会增长到1百万左右。痴呆已经排到澳大利亚致死原因第三位。
此次资助将主要投放到大规模研究主题：痴呆的发病原因、改进的预防及早期诊断方法、新的治疗选择以及改善患者及其照料者生活质量的方法。
Peter Dutton表示，澳大利亚拥有该领域最出色的科学家，政府将支持他们开展世界一流的、以患者为中心的研究。
痴呆研究团队的资助总额将达到3250万澳元，并且这只是澳大利亚政府用于资助痴呆相关研究共计2亿预算的第一部分。
NHMRC将负责管理澳政府这一计划，2亿澳元分配计划如下：
资助大规模研究计划（其中3250万用于5个痴呆研究团队奖）9500万澳元；
资助Clem Jones Centre老龄化与痴呆研究900万；
设立能力建设奖（capacity building grants，CBG）4600万以吸引其它领域的研究人员进入痴呆研究领域（其中澳大利亚研究协会将提供2600万）；
5000万用于NHMRC国立痴呆研究所对相关研究进行管理、协调与转化。
原文标题：Funding to Find Dementia Breakthrough
原文链接：
http://www.health.gov.au/internet/ministers/publishing.nsf/Content/health-mediarel-yr2014-dutton060.htm
检索日期：2014-9-1<br /
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