Institute of Psychology,Chinese Academy Of Sciences
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信息推送—劳伦斯利福摩尔国家实验室与兰德公司合作利用超算服务政策制定
No full text全球研发资助预测
劳伦斯利福摩尔国家实验室与兰德公司合作利用超算服务政策制定
11月25日，劳伦斯利福摩尔国家实验室（Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory ，LLNL）和兰德公司（RAND）宣布联手推动高性能计算（high-performance computing，HPC）技术在决策分析和政策制定中的运用。
两家机构负责人于11月21日在利福摩尔高性能计算创新中心（High Performance Computing Innovation Center，HPCIC）共同签署谅解备忘录。此次合作将为探索超级计算（Supercomputing）与政策分析方法学的融合提供机会，旨在最终实现更好地为决策，尤其是充满大量不确定关系场景下的决策服务。
RAND一直处于复杂多维决策与政策制定研究前沿，联合利福摩尔领导下的HPC，此举有望推动场景发现（Scenario discovery）中仿真模型（Simulation model）的应用，为理解和解决当前及未来最棘手的政策问题提供了可能。
为显示超算在政策分析中的潜力与优势，LLNL和RAND再次访问了早前关于科罗拉多河流域（Colorado river basin）水管理的研究。当时需要计算机全速运转数天来评估较小数据量的政策选择，而RAND-LLNL团队现在可在数小时内完成相同数量的分析同时还可进行额外的策略选择计算。
RAND-LLNL未来的计划有：在能源、环境与国家安全等广阔领域内解决政策难题；探索实验室与帕蒂兰德研究生院（Pardee RAND Graduate School，PRGS）之间的人才发展；形成联合商业发展与扩大延伸。
HPCIC负责人表示，这一合作可以在以往几乎不可能的规模上探索复杂决策选择，将融合两家优势向决策制定者提供技术以制定更为强有力的政策。
注：LLNL于2011年开放HPCIC目的是利用利福摩尔实验室重要的超级计算资源和专业力量服务于技术与商业创新，其终极目的是加强国家的全球经济竞争力。
原文标题：LLNL, RAND partner to advance policy analysis through supercomputing
原文链接：
http://www.rdmag.com/news/2014/11/llnl-rand-partner-advance-policy-analysis-through-supercomputing
检索日期：2014-12-11<br /
Contingent orienting or contingent capture: A size singleton matching the target-distractor size relation cannot capture attention
No full textIn the present study, we examined whether a peripheral size-singleton distractor that matches the target-distractor size relation can capture attention and disrupt central target identification. Three experiments consistently showed that a size singleton that matches the target-distractor size relation cannot capture attention when it appears outside of the attentional window, even though the same size singleton produces a cuing effect. In addition, a color singleton that matches the target color, instead of a size singleton that matches the target-distractor size relation, captures attention when it is outside of the attentional window. Thus, a size-relation-matched distractor is much weaker than a color-matched distractor in capturing attention and cannot capture attention when the distractor appears outside of the attentional window
Effect of calligraphy training on hyperarousal symptoms for childhood survivors of the 2008 China earthquakes
No full textBackground: This study investigated the treatment effects of calligraphy therapy on childhood survivors of the 2008 Sichuan earthquakes in the People's Republic of China
Chronic Administration of 5-HT1A Receptor Agonist Relieves Depression and Depression-Induced Hypoalgesia
No full textPrevious studies have shown that depressed patients as well as animal models of depression exhibit decreased sensitivity to evoked pain stimuli, and serotonin is indicated to be involved in depression-induced hypoalgesia. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential role of 5-HT1A receptor in the depression-induced hypoalgesia. Acute or chronic administration of 5-HT1A receptor agonist, 8-OH-DPAT, was performed in olfactory bulbectomy (OB) and sham-operated rats. The depression-like behavior and pain thresholds were measured using open-field test and radiant heat thermal pain test, respectively. We found that acute administration of 8-OH-DPAT increased locomotor activity and pain thresholds in the sham rats but had no effect on the OB rats. In contrast, chronic administration of 8-OH-DPAT reduced locomotor activity and pain thresholds and restored them to normal level. Increased pain thresholds were also observed in the sham rats after the chronic administration. These results demonstrated that chronic administration of 8-OH-DPAT reversed the depression-induced decrease in pain sensitivity in rats, suggesting that 5-HT1A receptor may play a role in the depression-associated hypoalgesia
Acquiring concepts and features of novel words by two types of learning: direct mapping and inference
No full textThis study examined the semantic representation of novel words learnt in two conditions: directly mapping a novel word to a concept (Direct mapping: DM) and inferring the concept from provided features (Inferred learning: IF). A condition where no definite concept could be inferred (No basic-level meaning: NM) served as a baseline. The semantic representation of the novel word was assessed via a semantic-relatedness judgment task. In this task, the learned novel word served as a prime, while the corresponding concept, an unlearned feature of the concept, and an unrelated word served as targets. ERP responses to the targets, primed by the novel words in the three learning conditions, were compared. For the corresponding concept, smaller N400s were elicited in the DM and IF conditions than in the NM condition, indicating that the concept could be obtained in both learning conditions. However, for the unlearned feature, the targets in the IF condition produced an N400 effect while in the DM condition elicited an LPC effect relative to the NM learning condition. No ERP difference was observed among the three learning conditions for the unrelated words. The results indicate that conditions of learning affect the semantic representation of novel word, and that the unlearned feature was only activated by the novel word in the IF learning condition. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
Developmental tuning of reflexive attentional effect to biological motion cues
No full textThe human visual system is extremely sensitive to the direction information retrieved from biological motion. In the current study, we investigate the functional impact of this sensitivity on attentional orienting in young children. We found that children as early as 4 years old, like adults, showed a robust reflexive attentional orienting effect to the walking direction of an upright point-light walker, indicating that biological motion signals can automatically direct spatial attention at an early age. More importantly, the inversion effect associated with attentional orienting emerges by 4 years old and gradually develops into a similar pattern found in adults. These results provide strong evidence that biological motion cues can guide the distribution of spatial attention in young children, and highlight a critical development from a broadly-to finely-tuned process of utilizing biological motion cues in the human social brain
Different topological organization of human brain functional networks with eyes open versus eyes closed
No full textOpening and closing the eyes are fundamental behaviors for directing attention to the external versus internal world. However, it remains unclear whether the states of eyes-open (EO) relative to eyes-closed (EC) are associated with different topological organizations of functional neural networks for exteroceptive and interoceptive processing (processing the external world and internal state, respectively). Here, we used resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging and neural network analysis to investigate the topological properties of functional networks of the human brain when the eyes were open versus closed. The brain networks exhibited higher cliquishness and local efficiency, but lower global efficiency during the EO state compared to the EC state. These properties suggest an increase in specialized information processing along with a decrease in integrated information processing in EO (vs. EC). More importantly, the "exteroceptive" network, including the attentional system (e.g., superior parietal gyrus and inferior parietal lobule), ocular motor system (e.g., precentral gyrus and superior frontal gyrus), and arousal system (e.g., insula and thalamus), showed higher regional nodal properties (nodal degree, efficiency and betweenness centrality) in EO relative to EC. In contrast, the "interoceptive" network, composed of visual system (e.g., lingual gyrus, fusiform gyrus and cuneus), auditory system (e.g., Heschl's gyurs), somatosensory system (e.g., postcentral gyrus), and part of the default mode network (e.g., angular gyrus and anterior cingulate gyrus), showed significantly higher regional properties in EC vs. EO. In addition, the connections across sensory modalities were altered by volitional eye opening. The synchronicity between the visual system and the motor, somatosensory and auditory systems, characteristic of EC, was attenuated in EO. Further, the connections between the visual system and the attention, arousal and subcortical systems were increased in EO. These results may indicate that EO leads to a suppression of sensory modalities (other than visual) to allocate resources to exteroceptive processing. Our findings suggest that the topological organization of human brain networks dynamically switches corresponding to the information processing modes as we open or close our eyes. (C) 2014 Published by Elsevier Inc
Oscillatory brain dynamics associated with the automatic processing of emotion in words
No full textThis study examines the automaticity of processing the emotional aspects of words, and characterizes the oscillatory brain dynamics that accompany this automatic processing. Participants read emotionally negative, neutral and positive nouns while performing a color detection task in which only perceptual-level analysis was required. Event-related potentials and time frequency representations were computed from the concurrently measured EEG. Negative words elicited a larger P2 and a larger late positivity than positive and neutral words, indicating deeper semantic/evaluative processing of negative words. In addition, sustained alpha power suppressions were found for the emotional compared to neutral words, in the time range from 500 to 1000 ms post-stimulus. These results suggest that sustained attention was allocated to the emotional words, whereas the attention allocated to the neutral words was released after an initial analysis. This seems to hold even when the emotional content of the words is task-irrelevant. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved
Unpacking a time interval lengthens its perceived temporal distance
No full textIn quantity estimation, people often perceive that the whole is less than the sum of its parts. The current study investigated such an unpacking effect in temporal distance judgment. Our results showed that participants in the unpacked condition judged a given time interval longer than those in the packed condition, even the time interval was kept constant between the two conditions. Furthermore, this unpacking effect persists regardless of the unpacking ways we employed. Results suggest that unpacking a time interval may be a good strategy for lengthening its perceived temporal distance
The temporal course of the influence of anxiety on fairness considerations
No full textThis study investigated the potential causes of anxious people's social avoidance. The classic ultimatum game was utilized in concert with electroencephalogram recording. Participants were divided into two groups according to levels of trait anxiety as identified by a self-report scale. The behavioral results indicate that high-anxious participants were more prone to reject human-proposed than computer-proposed unequal offers compared to their low-anxious counterparts. The event-related potential results indicate that the high-anxious group showed a larger feedback-related negativity when receiving unequal monetary offers than equal ones, and a larger P3 when receiving human-proposed offers than computer-proposed ones, but these effects were absent in the low-anxious group. We suggest anxious people's social avoidance results from hypersensitivity to unequal distributions during interpersonal interactions
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