Institute of Psychology,Chinese Academy Of Sciences
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Visual Feature Processing in the Early Visual Cortex Affects Duration Perception
No full textEvent timing engages a distributed neural network including cortical and subcortical structures. However, it remains unclear whether the early visual cortex contributes to event timing. Here we showed that the processes of nontemporal visual features such as orientation and spatial location, which are coded by the early visual cortex, contribute to the temporal representation of a visual stimulus. Participants were presented with 2 successive Gabor patches (a prime and a target) with different orientations or spatial locations. The subjective duration of the target was significantly reduced when it was preceded by the prime compared with when presented alone. More important, this duration-compression effect varied systematically as a function of orientation similarity or spatial proximity between the prime and the target and was influenced by how the prime and the target were perceptually grouped. Our results suggest that repetition suppression of neural activity in response to orientation may contribute to the observed duration distortion and that neurons in the early visual cortex with small receptive fields and orientation selectivity may be involved in visual temporal perception. Our findings help to understand the functional role of early visual cortex in event timing in humans
An analysis of flight Quick Access Recorder (QAR) data and its applications in preventing landing incidents
No full textA long landing is one type of flight incident that will multiply the risk of a runway excursion. It occurs frequently but receives little attention in research due to difficulty in obtaining the real flight data. The aim of this paper is to discover key flight parameter features of long landing incidents by analyzing Quick Access Recorder (QAR) data and put forward prevention measures from the perspective of pilot operation at the same time. First, 73 flight performance parameter variables and 4 operation parameter variables were defined, covering major landing stages from 1500 ft to touchdown. Then 128 cases of selected QAR data were divided into two groups according to the threshold of identifying normal and long landing. Second, each flight parameter variable of these 128 flights was compared between groups and then the logistic and linear regression models were developed respectively to further examine the links between touchdown distance and these flight parameter variables. Third, potential flight operation causing performance difference of long landing incidents was also analyzed. Finally results indicate that the period of 200 ft to touchdown is the key stage of landing and flare is the most critical operation affecting touchdown distance. It is suggested that the pilot should inspect the ratio of descent rate and groundspeed carefully at the height of 50 ft and pilot's faster and steady pulling up columns is probably helpful for an excellent flare and landing. The findings are expected to be applied into flight operation practice for further preventing long landing incidents and even the runway excursion accidents. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
Chronotype and time-of-day correlates of mind wandering and related phenomena
No full textThis study investigated the associations between morningness/eveningness and the frequency of mind wandering (MW), daydreaming, mindfulness and attention-related cognitive errors. Self-reported time-of-day for the peak occurrence of these phenomena was also studied. A total of 1852 Chinese, aged 18-82, each completed one of several surveys comprised of various combinations of scales. Morningness was negatively correlated with MW, daydreaming and attention-related cognitive errors, and positively correlated with mindfulness. Additionally, more MW, daydreaming and attention-related cognitive errors, and less mindfulness, were generally reported at the non-preferred time-of-day (evening for morning-types, morning for evening-types), although this interaction was especially strong in morning-types. The implications of these findings for theories of MW are discussed
SHORT-TERM EFFECTS OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC TREATMENT ON PREFRONTAL HEMODYNAMIC RESPONSES IN FIRST-EPISODE SCHIZOPHRENIA DURING TOWER OF LONDON: A MULTI-CHANNEL NIRS STUDY
No full textMMN responses during implicit processing of changes in emotional prosody: an ERP study using Chinese pseudo-syllables
No full textIn this study, we tested the underlying mechanisms of early emotional prosody perception, especially examined whether change detection in oddball paradigm was caused by emotional category and physical properties. Using implicit oddball paradigms, the current study manipulated the cues for detecting deviant stimuli from standards in three conditions: the simultaneous changes in emotional category and physical properties (EP condition), change in emotional category alone (E condition), and change in physical properties alone (P condition). ERP results revealed that physical property change increased brain responses to deviant stimuli in the EP than in the E condition at early stage 90-160 ms, suggesting that physical property change of emotional sounds can also be detected at the early stage. At the later stage 160-260 ms, the simultaneous and respective changes in emotional category and physical properties were reliably detected, and the sum of the brain responses to the corresponding changes in E and P conditions was equal to the brain responses to the simultaneous changes in EP condition. Source analysis further revealed that stimuli-driven regions (inferior parietal lobule), temporal and frontal cortices were activated at early stage, while only frontal cortices for higher cognitive processing were activated at later stage. These findings suggest that emotional prosody changes in physical properties and emotion category are perceived as domain-general change information in emotional prosody perception
Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms of Chinese Rural Children and Adolescents Surviving the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake Assessed Using CRIES
No full textPosttraumatic stress symptoms in Chinese rural children and adolescents were examined after the May 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. Analysis showed that three factors were identified, namely, avoidance, intrusion, and arousal, resembling those in the studies with Western samples. Gender differences in posttraumatic stress symptoms were not significant. Moderate negative correlation coefficients between posttraumatic stress symptom scores and mental health scores were found, indicating that the more severe the posttraumatic stress symptoms, the worse the person's mental health
A unique visual rhythm does not pop out
No full textWe investigated attentional demands in visual rhythm perception of periodically moving stimuli using a visual search paradigm. A dynamic search display consisted of vertically "bouncing dots'' with regular rhythms. The search target was defined by a unique visual rhythm (i.e., a shorter or longer period) among rhythmic distractors with identical periods. We found that search efficiency for a faster or a slower periodically moving target decreased as the number of distractors increased, although searching for a faster target was about one second faster than searching for a slower target. We conclude that perception of a visual rhythm defined by a unique period is not a "pop-out'' process, but a serial one that demands considerable attention
Anti-inflammatory Cytokines and Depression
No full textIn recent years, the cytokine hypothesis of depression has received considerable research attention, providing insights on the mechanism study and the therapeutic treatment of depressive disorders. Two classes of cytokines, pro-inflammatory cytokines and anti-inflammatory cytokines, are proven to be associated with depression. In this review, the focus is on the research of anti-inflammatory cytokines, which are believed to have a key role in alleviating depression-related symptoms. Anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-10, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, interleukin-4, interleukin-13, transforming growth factor-beta, and adiponectin, show decreased concentrations during depressive episodes. Anti-inflammatory cytokines participate in the regulation mechanism of depression through antagonizing pro-inflammatory cytokines and interacting with MAPK signaling, neurotransmitters, and glucocorticoids. Various kinds of antidepressants can lead to an increased secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines, which might be the action mechanism of antidepressants. Overall, accumulating evidences from the literature demonstrate positive prospects of using anti-inflammatory cytokines as a therapeutic alternative to treat depression
Domain-Specific Genetic Influence on Visual-Ambiguity Resolution
No full textThe visual world is flooded with ambiguity. Generally, people can resolve the ambiguity almost instantaneously, as when they distinguish at a glance whether a maiden in a portrait by Picasso is in profile or facing front. However, perception of the same reality, though relatively stable at the individual level, can vary dramatically from person to person, manifesting idiosyncratic perceptual biases. What drives the heterogeneity of human vision as reflected in the resolution of visual ambiguity? Using the twin method, we demonstrated a significant genetic contribution to individual differences in the visual disambiguation of bistable biological-motion stimuli but not inanimate motion stimuli. These findings challenge the prevailing view that the way the human brain makes sense of visual input is largely shaped by a person's perceptual history. Rather, the visual perception of biologically salient information can be guided by adaptive mental "priors" that are genetically transmitted
Bayesian network analysis revealed the connectivity difference of the default mode network from the resting-state to task-state
No full textFunctional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have converged to reveal the default mode network (DMN), a constellation of regions that display co-activation during resting-state but co-deactivation during attention-demanding tasks in the brain. Here, we employed a Bayesian network (BN) analysis method to construct a directed effective connectivity model of the DMN and compared the organizational architecture and interregional directed connections under both resting-state and task-state. The analysis results indicated that the DMN was consistently organized into two closely interacting subsystems in both resting-state and task-state. The directed connections between DMN regions, however, changed significantly from the resting-state to task-state condition. The results suggest that the DMN intrinsically maintains a relatively stable structure whether at rest or performing tasks but has different information processing mechanisms under varied states
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