Institute of Psychology,Chinese Academy Of Sciences
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Molecular genetic studies of ADHD and its candidate genes: A review
No full textAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common childhood-onset psychiatric disorder with high heritability. In recent years, numerous molecular genetic studies have been published to investigate susceptibility loci for ADHD. These results brought valuable candidates for further research, but they also presented great challenge for profound understanding of genetic data and general patterns of current molecular genetic studies of ADHD since they are scattered and heterogeneous. In this review, we presented a retrospective review of more than 300 molecular genetic studies for ADHD from two aspects: (1) the main achievements of various studies were summarized, including linkage studies, candidate-gene association studies, genome-wide association studies and genome-wide copy number variation studies, with a special focus on general patterns of study design and common sample features; (2) candidate genes for ADHD have been systematically evaluated in three ways for better utilization. The thorough summary of the achievements from various studies will provide an overview of the research status of molecular genetics studies for ADHD. Meanwhile, the analysis of general patterns and sample characteristics on the basis of these studies, as well as the integrative review of candidate ADHD genes, will propose new clues and directions for future experiment design. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved
信息推送-白宫呼吁进一步推动“脑计划”
No full text国际动态
白宫呼吁进一步推动“脑计划”
2月24日，美国总统科技政策办公室副主任汤姆.科利尔（Tom Kalil）宣布白宫开始在企业、非营利性组织和研究型大学中寻找合作伙伴，有意向者可于今年5月1日前提交工作计划。
2013年4月2日，美国总统奥巴马宣布启动“脑计划”（BRAIN Initiative，全称为“推进创新神经技术脑研究计划”）。白宫宣布由国立卫生研究院、国防高级研究计划局（Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency ，DARPA）和国家科学基金会主管。
考虑到该计划极具创新性，奥巴马要求参与者目标一致全力以赴，除联邦政府外，企业、卫生系统、患者权益维护组织（Patient advocacy organization ）、慈善家、州政府、研究型大学、私人研究所及科学团体都要参与其中。在今年晚些时候，白宫会确认上述各级机构在“脑计划”中的位置与角色。
以下为有助于推动“脑计划”实施的工作目标：
• 在大学和私人研究所推动基础和转化型研究的开展以及工具设备的共享；
• 患者权益维护组织协助加速推动诊断、治疗及治愈技术的发展；
• 提升研究人员存储、共享、可视化以及分析“脑计划”产生海量数据的能力的信息技术基础架构；
• 发展产业间的竞争前合作，如最近NIH与10家主要生物制药公司和数家非盈利组织合作开展的加速药品合作伙伴计划（ Accelerating Medicines Partnership，AMP）；
• 为储备新一代科学家、工程师和企业家以及可快速传播“脑计划”研发的工具和技术而开展的教育与培训；
• 在商业化的神经技术领域，如诊断、治疗、医疗设备和神经形态计算（Neuromorphic computing）等，实现可加速经济增长、促进就业和创新的区域性“簇群”（Clusters）；
• 发展奖励机制。
整理自：
http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2014/02/24/white-house-call-action-advance-brain-initiative
原文标题：A White House Call To Action to Advance the BRAIN Initiative
检索日期：2014年2月25日<br /
人类脑计划吸纳新研究力量
No full text国际动态
人类脑计划吸纳新研究力量
2014年3月20日，人类脑计划（Human Brain Project ，HBP）作为欧盟资助力度最大的项目之一，宣布将830万欧元投给由13个国家的32家机构组成的研究团体。此番HBP项目的参与者增加了40%。
此次补充招募计划于2013年10月1日开始，11月6日结束。在公布了八大目标研究领域后，共吸引36个国家的561家机构提交了超过350份研究报告。申请者将为HBP的六大研究平台（Neuroinformatics、Brain Simulation、High Performance Computing、Medical Informatics、Neuromorphic Computing &Neurorobotics）的未来发展从事数据收集、理论深化以及核心技术研发等方面的工作。
以下为招募启事中的8个研究方向：
1. Human and mouse neural channelomics and receptomics;
2. Genotype to phenotype mapping of the mouse brain;
3. Identifying, gathering and organizing multimodal human and nonhuman neuroscience data;
4. Cognitive architectures;
5. Novel methods for rule-based clustering of medical data;
6. Neural configurations for neuromorphic computing systems;
7. Virtual robotic environments, agents, sensory & motor systems;
8. Theory of multiscale circuits.
在符合上述要求的研究申请中，有来自32家机构的22份计划最终脱颖而出获得830万欧元资助。以下为入选的32家机构及其所属国家：
Austria: Institute of Science and Technology Austria
Belgium: Katholieke Universiteit Leuven
Cyprus: Edex-Educational Excellence Corporation Ltd
Finland: Helsingin yliopisto; TTY-SAATIO
France: Université d’Aix Marseille; Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble 1; Université Lyon 1 Claude Bernard; Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6
Germany: Stiftung FZI Forschungszentrum Informatik am Karlsruher Institut fur Technologie; Universitaet Bielefeld; Universitätsklinik um Hamburg- Eppendorf
Israel: The Foundation for Medical Research Infrastructural Development and Health Services next to the Medical Center Tel Aviv
Italy: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; European Brain Research Institute Rita Levi - Montalcini Fondazione; Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa; Scuola Superiore di Studi Universitari e di Perfezionamento Sant’Anna
Netherlands: Academisch Ziekenhuis Leiden – Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum; Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen – Knaw; Synaptologics BV; Universiteit Maastricht; Universiteit van Amsterdam
Slovenia: Institut Jozef Stefan
Spain: Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas; Universidad de Castilla – La Mancha
Switzerland: Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics; Universitaet Basel
United Kingdom : Middlesex University Higher Education Corporation; Synome Ltd; University of Leeds; University of Surrey; University of Sussex
原文题目：The Human Brain Project just got bigger
原文链接：http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-14-201_en.htm?locale=en
检索日期：2014.3.21<br /
信息推送-美国国防高等研究项目局组建生物技术办公室
No full text国际动态
美国国防高等研究项目局组建生物技术办公室
“新的技术办公室将融合生物学、工程学和计算机科学，利用自然系统之力防御国家安全。”
2014年4月1 日，美国国防高等研究项目局（Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency，DARPA）宣布已经组建一个新的部门—生物技术办公室（Biological Technologies Office，BTO）。
生物学总是在不断进步。DARPA局长Arati Prabhakar 博士曾经在3月26日的美众议会上表示“生物学是自然界的终极创新者”。而DARPA的任务就是通过及早开展对关键性领域的投资来保证时刻立足于技术前沿，最终确保美国国家安全。现在DARPA对生物学领域正给予前所未有的重视，使其从此不再游离于技术发展边缘。即日起，生物学将成为代表美国国防技术的核心科学之一。
组建BTO的目的是探索生物学与物理科学（Physical science）之间日益紧密的交互作用，通过工程及其相关学科工具的应用，将源自生命科学的灵感注入新一代技术。BTO的工作将横跨非常广阔的时间和空间维度，致力于探索极其错综复杂并且高度适应的自然机制，最终将研究结论应用至国家安全中。BTO将补充DARPA的国防科学办公室（Defence science office，DSO）和微系统技术办公室（Microsystems Technology office，MTO）的工作。
BTO首任主任Geoff Ling表示，BTO将推动和扩展DARPA对生物技术前沿的进军，他表示现在已经是时候向大众宣布：我们已经准备好将结论性知识转化为实际工具和运用能力。神经科学、传感器设计、计算机科学等长期受DARPA资助的领域已经开始聚焦其最新工作进展，新的应用潜力将会实现。
BTO最初的项目来自于DSO 和 MTO，同时还包括一些新的机会，如最近宣布的手本体感受与触摸界面（Hand Proprioception & Touch Interfaces）项目，该项目源自DARPA的革命性修复技术（Revolutionizing Prosthetics）和可靠神经交互技术（Reliable Neural-Interface Technology）两个项目。
Ling表示，在BTO组建之前，DARPA旗下为数不多的几个生物学家、神经科学家和工程师虽有兴趣合作却分布在不同的办公室，现在所有人都处在一个屋檐下，并且期待吸收一些新的研究人员可以为团队带来许多新的想法。
以下为BTO的3个主要研究领域：
1. 恢复及保持战争强者的能力（Restore and Maintain Warfighter Abilities）：通过发展神经修复和神经交互技术，BTO将寻求发展新的治疗策略以应对当前和即将出现的威胁，将涉足生物学与物理学交叉等医学以外的领域。
基于系统的面向新兴治疗的神经技术（Systems-Based Neurotechnology for Emerging Therapies ，SUBNETS）：以减轻士兵神经心理疾病的负担和疾病的严重性；
可用于预防和治疗的自主诊断技术（Autonomous Diagnostics to Enable Prevention and Therapeutics ，ADEPT）：致力于为感染性疾病的识别与治疗提供新方法。
2. 借力生物系统（Harness Biological Systems）：生物系统是高度进化的，可以利用它们发展新的国防产品，其优势远超过最先进的化学与制造技术。该项目主要涉及仿生材料工程。
3. 大规模应用生物复杂性（Apply Biological Complexity at Scale）：生物系统在一个相当大的空间、物理和时间维度上运行。有机体的生存发展离不开与其它种群的交互作用。以人类为例，任何外来细胞群落都会对其代谢、心理状态、运行能力及健康有潜在的巨大影响。对哺乳和非哺乳动物种群之间、微生物和大生物种群之间相互作用更加透彻的理解有助于促进常规和危险情形下个体与群体的心理和生理健康。与此类似的是，有时疾病携带者在全球范围内以缓慢且不为人注意的方式运动，有时他们却以惊人的速度以摧枯拉朽之势入侵，这反映出我们对其破坏国家安全的机制缺乏理解。BTO将寻求从生物复杂性和生命系统（Living-system）中汲取新的观念，最终实现将其应用于提高全球范围内的稳定与人类福祉。生物长期性（Biochronicity）项目作为该领域目前唯一运行的工作将考察时间在生物功能中的角色，最终掌控时间影响人类生理的机制。
此外，由于BTO的项目极具创新性，有时难免会遇到由新兴生物技术所带来的道德、法律或社会方面的两难困境。因此DARPA将定期邀请相关领域专家一同讨论相关道德、法律和社会问题。
原文标题：DARPA Launches Biological Technologies Office
原文链接：http://www.darpa.mil/NewsEvents/Releases/2014/04/01.aspx
检索日期：2014.4.2
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信息推送-2014年度科维理奖颁给记忆与认知领域的三位神经科学家
No full textNATURE NEWS BLOG
2014年度科维理奖颁给记忆与认知领域的三位神经科学家
2014年5月29日，美国科维理基金（The Kavli Foundation）宣布2014年度科维理奖获得者。
科维理奖（The Kavli Prize）由美国科维理基金会、挪威科学与文学院和挪威国家教育与研究部共同设立，以表彰全球在天体物理学、纳米科学和神经系统科学领域做出突出贡献的科学家，促进公众对科学家及其工作的了解并鼓励国际科研合作。该奖自2008年设立后每两年颁发一次，现金奖励1百万美元同时授予一枚金牌。
今年科维理奖对神经科学领域的嘉奖由麦吉尔大学（McGill University）的Brenda Milner、伦敦大学学院（University College London）的John O’Keefe和华盛顿大学医学院（Washington University School of Medicine）的Marcus Raichle三人分享。获奖理由为：他们通过一系列研究手段阐明特定神经细胞如何执行不同的功能，揭示出参与加工记忆的脑区的细节，从而发现记忆加工和认知的特定脑网络。
其中，Milner对包括著名的H.M. （Henry Molaison，为治疗脑外伤导致的癫痫而接受双侧内侧颞叶切除各约8厘米脑组织，术后出现严重失忆）在内的脑损伤患者进行研究，发现内侧颞叶对于情景记忆（episodic memory）的形成至关重要。值得再次一提的是，Milner作为英国皇家科学院、美国科学院、加拿大科学院三院院士，身负多项荣誉，曾被诺贝尔奖获得者Eric Kandel誉为沟通神经学与心理学、开创认知神经科学的关键人物。
O’Keefe获奖是因其发现海马包含可对动物特定位置（specific location）进行编码的神经元。Raichle则是因其设计出可将大脑活动视觉化的方法。
原文标题：Kavli Prizes reward cosmic inflation, memory research and imaging
原文链接：
http://blogs.nature.com/news/2014/05/kavli-prizes-reward-cosmic-inflation-memory-research-and-imaging.html?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+news%2Frss%2Fnewsblog+%28News+Blog+-+Blog+Posts%29
检索日期：2014年6月4日<br /
Identification of neurons responsible for feeding behavior in the Drosophila brain
No full textDrosophila melanogaster feeds mainly on rotten fruits, which contain many kinds of sugar. Thus, the sense of sweet taste has evolved to serve as a dominant regulator and driver of feeding behavior. Although several sugar receptors have been described, it remains poorly understood how the sensory input is transformed into an appetitive behavior. Here, we used a neural silencing approach to screen brain circuits, and identified neurons labeled by three Ga14 lines that modulate Drosophila feeding behavior. These three Ga14 lines labeled neurons mainly in the suboesophageal ganglia (SOG), which is considered to be the fly's primary taste center. When we blocked the activity of these neurons, flies decreased their sugar consumption significantly. In contrast, activation of these neurons resulted in enhanced feeding behavior and increased food consumption not only towards sugar, but to an array of food sources. Moreover, upon neuronal activation, the flies demonstrated feeding behavior even in the absence of food, which suggests that neuronal activation can replace food as a stimulus for feeding behavior. These findings indicate that these Ga14-labeled neurons, which function downstream of sensory neurons and regulate feeding behavior towards different food sources is necessary in Drosophila feeding control
Specificity May Count: Not Every Aspect of Coping Self-Efficacy is Beneficial to Quality of Life Among Chinese Cancer Survivors in China
No full textGeneral self-efficacy has been shown to be a protective factor of cancer survivors' quality of life (QoL). Coping self-efficacy includes multiple aspects, such as maintaining positive attitudes, regulating emotion, seeking social support, and seeking medical information. How these various aspects are related to multiple domains of QoL is unclear
Experience Reverses the Red Effect among Chinese Stockbrokers
No full textRecent research has shown that the color red influences psychological functioning. Red is hypothesized to be linked to aggression and danger in evolution, and these links are enhanced by culture-specific uses of red. Thus, color meanings are thought to be grounded in biologically based proclivities and learned associations. However, to date, there has been no direct evidence for the influence of experience on the red effect. This study focused on whether experience could change the psychological effects of the color red. In the context of the Chinese stock market, contrary to the meaning generally associated with red as negative and green as positive, red represents a rise in stock price and green stands for a decrease. An experiment using a 262 between subjects factorial design demonstrated that red (compared with green) impaired Chinese college students' performance on an IQ test (in accordance with the red effect), but the opposite effect was found among stockbrokers. These results provide direct evidence of learned color meanings, in support of the general model of color effect
Is excess mortality higher in depressed men than in depressed women? A meta-analytic comparison
No full textBackground: It is not well established whether excess mortality associated with depression is higher in men than in women
Genetic and Environmental Influences on Depressive Symptoms in Chinese Adolescents
No full textAdolescent depression is common and has become a major public health concern in China, yet little research has examined the etiology of depression in Chinese adolescents. In the present study, genetic and environmental influences on Chinese adolescent depressive symptoms were investigated in 1,181 twin pairs residing in Beijing, China (ages 11-19 years). Child- and parent-versions of the children's depression inventory were used to measure adolescents' depressive symptoms. For self-reports, genetic factors, shared environmental factors, and non-shared environmental factors accounted for 50, 5, and 45 % of the variation in depressive symptoms, respectively; for parent-reports, genetic factors, shared environmental factors, and non-shared environmental factors accounted for 51, 18, and 31 % of the variation, respectively. These estimates are generally consistent with previous findings in Western adolescents, supporting the cross-cultural generalizability of etiological model of adolescent depression. Neither qualitative nor quantitative sex differences were found in the etiological model. Future studies are needed to investigate how genes and environments work together (gene-environment interaction, gene-environment correlation) to influence depression in Chinese adolescents
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