Institute of Psychology,Chinese Academy Of Sciences
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信息推送-2014年度NIH研究亮点
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2014年度NIH研究亮点
NIH致力于资助全美及全球科学家从事广泛的科研活动以提高美国国民健康素质。一些在NIH资助下的极具突破性的研究通常会帮助科学家收获顶级荣誉。2014年NIH资助了3位诺贝尔化学奖得主中的1位，资助了4位拉斯克奖（Lasker Award，该奖素有“美国的诺贝尔奖”之美誉，是美国最具声望的生物医学奖项，也是医学界仅次于诺贝尔奖的一项大奖）获得者。以下为2014年NIH资助的部分科学成果：
临床进步——人类疾病的预防、诊断与治疗
1. 埃博拉相关研究
2. 瘫痪病人通过脊髓刺激疗法重获运动控制能力
http://www.nih.gov/researchmatters/april2014/04142014spinal.htm
3. 生命早期干预计划可使贫困儿童成年后更健康
http://www.nih.gov/researchmatters/april2014/04072014childhood.htm
4. 降低护士工作负荷并加强教育可降低患者死亡率
http://www.nih.gov/researchmatters/march2014/03102014nurse.htm
5. 全基因组测序帮助诊断遗传病
http://www.nih.gov/researchmatters/november2014/11032014exome.htm
6. 基因疗法治疗血友病
http://www.nih.gov/researchmatters/december2014/12082014hemophilia.htm
7. 验血可帮助识别阿尔茨海默症或记忆衰退高危人群
http://www.nih.gov/researchmatters/march2014/03172014alzheimers.htm
8. 干细胞移植可治疗镰状细胞贫血
http://www.nih.gov/researchmatters/july2014/07142014sickle.htm
前景广阔的医学进步——具有提高人类健康潜力的发现
1. 3D人脑图谱
http://www.nih.gov/researchmatters/april2014/04072014brain.htm
2. 人类蛋白质组
http://www.nih.gov/researchmatters/june2014/06092014proteome.htm
3. 低温改变人体脂肪类型与代谢模式
http://www.nih.gov/researchmatters/july2014/07282014fat.htm
4. 分离肿瘤细胞可能是个性化癌症治疗的重要环节
http://www.nih.gov/researchmatters/july2014/07282014cancer.htm
5. 延长肝脏体外存活时间
http://www.nih.gov/researchmatters/july2014/07212014preserving.htm
6. 培育胰岛素分泌细胞以治疗糖尿病
http://www.nih.gov/researchmatters/october2014/10202014diabetes.htm
7. 抗生素治疗结核的进展
http://www.nih.gov/researchmatters/february2014/02102014tuberculosis.htm
8. 比较基因组学（Comparative Genomics）
http://www.nih.gov/researchmatters/september2014/09152014genomics.htm
http://www.nih.gov/researchmatters/december2014/12082014genomes.htm
源自实验室——基础研究的进步
1. 定位及摧毁微生物特定DNA序列的方法
http://www.nih.gov/researchmatters/september2014/09292014microbe.htm
2. 干细胞在3D技术指引下发育为成软骨细胞
http://www.nih.gov/researchmatters/march2014/03032014cartilage.htm
3. 扩充A-T和G-C两对基本遗传字母
http://www.nih.gov/researchmatters/may2014/05192014genetics.htm
4. 干细胞形成光敏3D视网膜组织
http://www.nih.gov/researchmatters/june2014/06232014retinal.htm
5. 皮肤细胞如何分辨触觉
http://www.nih.gov/researchmatters/april2014/04142014touch.htm
6. 大脑谷氨酸盐受体结构状态
http://www.nih.gov/researchmatters/august2014/08252014receptor.htm
7. 饮食通过肠道微生物影响自身免疫性疾病
http://www.nih.gov/researchmatters/october2014/10062014autoinflammatory.htm
8. 心脏常驻巨噬细胞具有修复功能
http://www.nih.gov/researchmatters/november2014/11102014heart.htm
原文标题：2014 Research Highlights
原文链接：http://www.nih.gov/researchmatters/december2014/researchmatters2014recap.htm
检索日期：2015-1-4<br /
Additive effects of stimulus quality and word frequency on eye movements during Chinese reading
No full textEye movements of Chinese readers were recorded for sentences in which high- and low-frequency target words were presented normally or with reduced stimulus quality in two experiments. We found stimulus quality and word frequency produced strong additive effects on fixation durations for target words. The results demonstrate that stimulus quality and word frequency affect different stages of processing (e.g., visual processing and lexical processing). These results are consistent with the findings of previous single-word lexical decision studies, which showed that stimulus quality manipulation primarily affects the early preattentive stage of visual processing, whereas word frequency affects lexical processes. We discuss these findings in terms of the role of stimulus quality in word recognition and in relation to the E-Z Reader model of eye movement control.Chinese Academic Sciences；Natural Science Foundation of China；Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Science
Conflict monitoring and stimulus categorization processes involved in the prosocial attitude implicit association test: Evidence from event-related potentials
No full textThe implicit association test (IAT) is a promising method used to assess individual implicit attitudes by indirectly measuring the strengths of associations between target and attribute categories. To date, the cognitive processes involved in the prosocial attitude IAT task have received little attention. The present study examined the temporal dynamics of the IAT that measures prosocial attitude using event-related potentials (ERPs). ERP results revealed enhanced N2 amplitudes for incongruent trials when compared with congruent trials and enhanced P300 amplitudes for congruent trials when compared with incongruent trials. In addition, the N2 amplitude differences were significantly correlated with individual prosocial behavior (the amount of donation). Our findings suggest that conflict monitoring and stimulus categorization processes are involved in the prosocial attitude IAT task and that the ERP indices of IATs that measure prosocial attitude may predict individual prosocial behavior.The implicit association test (IAT) is a promising method used to assess individual implicit attitudes by indirectly measuring the strengths of associations between target and attribute categories. To date, the cognitive processes involved in the prosocial attitude IAT task have received little attention. The present study examined the temporal dynamics of the IAT that measures prosocial attitude using event-related potentials (ERPs). ERP results revealed enhanced N2 amplitudes for incongruent trials when compared with congruent trials and enhanced P300 amplitudes for congruent trials when compared with incongruent trials. In addition, the N2 amplitude differences were significantly correlated with individual prosocial behavior (the amount of donation). Our findings suggest that conflict monitoring and stimulus categorization processes are involved in the prosocial attitude IAT task and that the ERP indices of IATs that measure prosocial attitude may predict individual prosocial behavior.twelfth 5-year-plan project of philosophy and social scienceHumanity and Social Science Key Project Foundation, Ministry of Education, Chin
Toward a Meta-Analytic Synthesis of the Resting-State fMRI Literature for Clinical Populations
No full textFibroblast growth factor 21 protects mouse brain against D-galactose induced aging via suppression of oxidative stress response and advanced glycation end products formation
No full textFibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a hormone secreted predominantly in the liver, pancreas and adipose tissue. Recently, it has been reported that FGF21-Transgenic mice can extend their lifespan compared with wild type counterparts. Thus, we hypothesize that FGF21 may play some roles in aging of organisms. In this study h-galactose (D-gal)-induced aging mice were used to study the mechanism that FGF21 protects mice from aging. The three-month-old Kunming mice were subcutaneously injected with D-gal (180 mg.kg(-1).d(-1)) for 8 weeks and administered simultaneously with FGF21 (1, 2 or 5 mg.kg(-1).d(-1)). Our results showed that administration of FGF21 significantly improved behavioral performance of D-gal-treated mice in water maze task and step-down test, reduced brain cell damage in the hippocampus, and attenuated the D-gal-induced production of MDA, ROS and advanced glycation end products (AGEs). At the same time, FGF21 also markedly renewed the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and total anti-oxidation capability (T-AOC), and decreased the enhanced total cholinesterase (TChE) activity in the brain of D-gal-treated mice. The expression of aldose reductase (AR), sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) and member-anchored receptor for AGEs (RAGE) declined significantly after FGF21 treatment. Furthermore, FGF21 suppressed inflamm-aging by inhibiting I kappa B alpha degradation and NF-kappa B p65 nuclear translocation. The expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-alpha and IL-6, decreased significantly. In conclusion, these results suggest that FGF21 protects the aging mice brain from D-gal-induced injury by attenuating oxidative stress damage and decreasing AGE formation. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved
There is no relationship between preferred viewing location and word segmentation in Chinese reading
No full textIn Chinese, as there are no spaces between words to mark word boundaries, readers usually do not target their eyes to the centre of the word as readers of English do. Previous studies showed that the distribution of the initial landing positions on a word (the PVL curve) peaked at the beginning of a word when there was more than one fixation; but peaked at the centre of a word if there was only one fixation on the word. Based on this phenomenon, it was argued that Chinese readers move their eyes to the beginning of a word if they cannot correctly segment words in the parafovea, but move to the centre of a word if they can. In the present study, we implemented a natural sentence reading task in Experiment 1 and a shuffled-character reading task in Experiment 2 to test whether the above PVL phenomenon was in fact caused by word segmentation. In both experiments, we found that the different PVL patterns in multiple- and single-fixation cases occurred not only for a 3-character word region but also for a 3-character nonword region. These results suggest that the different PVL curves in multiple- and single-fixation cases are likely to be due to a statistical artefact instead of parafoveal word segmentation
Anticipatory processes under academic stress: An ERP study
No full textIt is well known that preparing for and taking high-stakes exams has a significant influence on the emotional and physiological wellbeing of exam-takers, but few studies have investigated the resulting cognitive changes. The current study examined the effect of examination-induced academic stress on anticipation in information processing. Anticipation was indexed using the contingent negative variation (CNV). Electroencephalograms (EEG) were collected from 42 participants using the classic S1-S2 paradigm. These participants were preparing for the Chinese National Postgraduate Entrance Exam (NPEE). EEGs were also collected from 21 age-matched, non-exam comparison participants. The levels of perceived stress and state anxiety were higher and both the initial CNV (iCNV) and the late CNV (ICNV) were more negative in the exam group than in the non-exam group. These results suggest that participants under academic stress experienced greater anticipation of upcoming events. More important, for the non-exam group, state anxiety was positively related to both the iCNV and ICNV amplitude, and this correlation existed when trait anxiety was controlled; however, there was no such relationship in the exam group. These results suggested that the cortical anticipatory activity in the high-stressed exam group reached the maximum ceiling, leaving little room for transient increases in state anxiety. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved
A Cross-Cultural Perspective on the Preference for Potential Effect: An Individual Participant Data (IPD) Meta-Analysis Approach
No full textA recent paper [Tormala ZL, Jia JS, Norton MI (2012). The preference for potential. Journal of personality and social psychology, 103:567-583] demonstrated that persons often prefer potential rather than achievement when evaluating others, because information regarding potential evokes greater interest and processing, resulting in more favorable evaluations. This research aimed to expand on this finding by asking two questions: (a) Is the preference for potential effect replicable in other cultures? (b) Is there any other mechanism that accounts for this preference for potential? To answer these two questions, we replicated Tormala et al.'s study in multiple cities (17 studies with 1,128 participants) in China using an individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis approach to test our hypothesis. Our results showed that the preference for potential effect found in the US is also robust in China. Moreover, we also found a pro-youth bias behind the preference for potential effect. To be specific, persons prefer a potential-oriented applicant rather than an achievement-oriented applicant, partially because they believe that the former is younger than the latter
Assessing the underlying dimensionality of DSM-5 PTSD symptoms in Chinese adolescents surviving the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake
No full textBy analyzing data yielded from a sample of Chinese adolescents surviving a high-intensity earthquake, this study investigated the underlying dimensionality of DSM-5 PTSD symptoms. The sample included 743 traumatized middle school students (396 females and 332 males) aged 11-17 years (mean = 13.6, SD = 1.0). Results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that an intercorrelated seven-factor model comprised of intrusion, avoidance, negative affect, anhedonia, externalizing behaviors, anxious arousal, and dysphoric arousal factors provided a significant better representation of DSM-5 PTSD symptoms than other alternative models. Further analyses indicated that external measures of major depression disorder and panic disorder symptoms displayed unique associations with four PTSD factors. The findings provide further support for the newly proposed seven-factor model of DSM-5 PTSD symptoms, add to very limited empirical knowledge on the latent structure of DSM-5 PTSD symptoms among adolescents, and carry implications for further refinement of the current classifications of PTSD symptoms and further clinical practice and research on posttraumatic stress symptomatology. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
The estimation of vehicle speed and stopping distance by pedestrians crossing streets in a naturalistic traffic environment
No full textThe ability to estimate vehicle speed and stopping distance accurately is important for pedestrians to make safe road crossing decisions. In this study, a field experiment in a naturalistic traffic environment was conducted to measure pedestrians' estimation of vehicle speed and stopping distance when they are crossing streets. Forty-four participants (18-45 years old) reported their estimation on 1043 vehicles, and the corresponding actual vehicle speed and stopping distance were recorded. In the speed estimation task, pedestrians' performances change in different actual speed levels and different weather conditions. In sunny conditions, pedestrians tended to underestimate actual vehicle speeds that were higher than 40 km/h but were able to accurately estimate speeds that were lower than 40 km/h. In rainy conditions, pedestrians tended to underestimate actual vehicle speeds that were higher than 45 km/h but were able to accurately estimate speeds ranging from 35 km/h to 45 km/h. In stopping distance estimation task, the accurate estimation interval ranged from 60 km/h to 65 km/h, and pedestrians generally underestimated the stopping distance when vehicles were travelling over 65 km/h. The results show that pedestrians have accurate estimation intervals that vary by weather conditions. When the speed of the oncoming vehicle exceeded the upper bound of the accurate interval, pedestrians were more likely to underestimate the vehicle speed, increasing their risk of incorrectly deciding to cross when it is not safe to do so. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
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