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Field Geometry and the Spatial and Temporal Generalization of Crop Classification Algorithms - A randomized Approach to compare Pixel based and Convolution based Methods
Get PDFWith the ongoing trend towards deep learning in the remote sensing community, classical pixel based algorithms are often outperformed by convolution based image segmentation algorithms. This performance was mostly validated spatially, by splitting training and validation pixels for a given year. Though generalizing models temporally is potentially more difficult, it has been a recent trend to transfer models from one year to another, and therefore to validate temporally. The study argues that it is always important to check both, in order to generate models that are useful beyond the scope of the training data. It shows that convolutional neural networks have potential to generalize better than pixel based models, since they do not rely on phenological development alone, but can also consider object geometry and texture. The UNET classifier was able to achieve the highest F1 scores, averaging 0.61 in temporal validation samples, and 0.77 in spatial validation samples. The theoretical potential for overfitting geometry and just memorizing the shape of fields that are maize has been shown to be insignificant in practical applications. In conclusion, kernel based convolutions can offer a large contribution in making agricultural classification models more transferable, both to other regions and to other years
Façonner l’école démocratique : le développement scolaire participatif à l’occasion de la Journée de la démocratie
Get PDFUne Journée de la démocratie offre l’occasion de prendre du recul par rapport au développement de l’éducation à la démocratie en milieu scolaire, de réfléchir à l’état actuel des possibilités de participation, des groupes de travail et des comités, ainsi que de lancer conjointement de nouveaux plans et projets et de les façonner pour la communauté scolaire
Journées thématiques de la démocratie : débattre des défis sociaux et démocratiques
Get PDFLes Journées de la démocratie offrent l’opportunité de discuter des défis sociaux actuels et des bases du vivre-ensemble démocratique en dehors de la classe, tout en impliquant plusieurs disciplines et différents groupes d’apprentissage. Cela s’applique tout autant aux écoles primaires que secondaires
Evaluation of an eye tracking setup for studying visual attention in face-to-face conversations
Get PDFMany eye tracking studies use facial stimuli presented on a display to investigate attentional processing of social stimuli. To introduce a more realistic approach that allows interaction between two real people, we evaluated a new eye tracking setup in three independent studies in terms of data quality, short-term reliability and feasibility. Study 1 measured the robustness, precision and accuracy for calibration stimuli compared to a classical display-based setup. Study 2 used the identical measures with an independent study sample to compare the data quality for a photograph of a face (2D) and the face of the real person (3D). Study 3 evaluated data quality over the course of a real face-to-face conversation and examined the gaze behavior on the facial features of the conversation partner. Study 1 provides evidence that quality indices for the scene-based setup were comparable to those of a classical display-based setup. Average accuracy was better than 0.4° visual angle. Study 2 demonstrates that eye tracking quality is sufficient for 3D stimuli and robust against short interruptions without re-calibration. Study 3 confirms the long-term stability of tracking accuracy during a face-to-face interaction and demonstrates typical gaze patterns for facial features. Thus, the eye tracking setup presented here seems feasible for studying gaze behavior in dyadic face-to-face interactions. Eye tracking data obtained with this setup achieves an accuracy that is sufficient for investigating behavior such as eye contact in social interactions in a range of populations including clinical conditions, such as autism spectrum and social phobia
A Model-Based Climatology of Low-Level Jets in the Weddell Sea Region of the Antarctic
Get PDFLow-level jets (LLJs) are climatological features in polar regions. It is well known that katabatic winds over the slopes of the Antarctic ice sheet are associated with strong LLJs. Barrier winds occurring, e.g., along the Antarctic Peninsula may also show LLJ structures. A few observational studies show that LLJs occur over sea ice regions. We present a model-based climatology of the wind field, of low-level inversions and of LLJs in the Weddell Sea region of the Antarctic for the period 2002–2016. The sensitivity of the LLJ detection on the selection of the wind speed maximum is investigated. The common criterion of an anomaly of at least 2 m/s is extended to a relative criterion of wind speed decrease above and below the LLJ. The frequencies of LLJs are sensitive to the choice of the relative criterion, i.e., if the value for the relative decrease exceeds 15%. The LLJs are evaluated with respect to the frequency distributions of height, speed, directional shear and stability for different regions. LLJs are most frequent in the katabatic wind regime over the ice sheet and in barrier wind regions. During winter, katabatic LLJs occur with frequencies of more than 70% in many areas. Katabatic LLJs show a narrow range of heights (mostly below 200 m) and speeds (typically 10–20 m/s), while LLJs over the sea ice cover a broad range of speeds and heights. LLJs are associated with surface inversions or low-level lifted inversions. LLJs in the katabatic wind and barrier wind regions can last several days during winter. The duration of LLJs is sensitive to the LLJ definition criteria. We propose to use only the absolute criterion for model studies
Formation et marché du travail transfrontalier : Quelles pistes face aux déséquilibres croissants ?
Get PDFL’objet de ce document est d’alimenter la réflexion sur le rôle de la formation sur le marché du travail transfrontalier, en mobilisant les débats engagés à la fois dans les différents Cahiers de la Grande Région et lors d’une conférence-débat organisée en ligne le 1er décembre 2020 sur le thème « Inadéquations, Compétences, et formation : Quelles équations pour le marché du travail transfrontalier ? ». Plus précisément, cette contribution vise à répondre à la question suivante : comment la formation et ses différentes pratiques dans les domaines professionnels, mais aussi dans l’enseignement scolaire et universitaire peuvent atténuer les déséquilibres qui se font jour sur le marché du travail de la Grande Région ? Le document propose ainsi quelques pistes de réflexions pour la coopération transfrontalière en matière de formation.Mit vorliegendem Dokument sollen Überlegungen zur Rolle der Ausbildung auf dem grenzüberschreitenden
Arbeitsmarkt angestellt werden. Hierfür werden gleichzeitig die durch die verschiedenen Hefte der Großregion, als auch die bei der am 1. Dezember 2020 organisierten Online-Podiumsdiskussion zum Thema „Mismatches, Kompetenzen, Ausbildung… Welche Passverhältnisse für den grenzüberschreitenden Arbeitsmarkt?“ angeregten Diskussionen herangezogen. Konkreter ausgedrückt beabsichtigt dieser Beitrag, eine Antwort auf folgende Frage zu geben: wie können die Ausbildung und deren unterschiedliche Praxismaßnahmen in den beruflichen Bereichen, aber auch in schulischen und universitären Bereichen dazu beitragen, die Ungleichgewichte abzumildern, die auf dem Arbeitsmarkt der Großregion zu beobachten sind? Insofern liefert das Dokument einige Denkanstöße für die grenzüberschreitende Zusammenarbeit im Ausbildungsbereich.The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the reflection on the role of training in the cross-border labor market. It does so by mobilizing the debates initiated in the different Cahiers de la Grande Région and during a conference-debate organized online on December 1 2020 on the topic of "Inequities, Skills, and Training: What Equations for the Cross-Border Labor Market?” More precisely, this contribution aims at answering the following question: how can training and its different practices in the professional fields, but also in school and university education, mitigate the imbalances that are emerging on the labor market of the Greater Region? The document thus proposes a few lines of thought for cross-border cooperation in the field of training
Experimental Investigations on Teamwork, Fundraising and Privacy Concerns
Get PDFTeamwork is ubiquitous in the modern workplace. However, it is still unclear whether various behavioral economic factors de- or increase team performance. Therefore, Chapters 2 to 4 of this thesis aim to shed light on three research questions that address different determinants of team performance.
Chapter 2 investigates the idea of an honest workplace environment as a positive determinant of performance. In a work group, two out of three co-workers can obtain a bonus in a dice game. By misreporting a secret die roll, cheating without exposure is an option in the game. Contrary to claims on the importance of honesty at work, we do not observe a reduction in the third co-worker's performance, who is an uninvolved bystander when cheating takes place.
Chapter 3 analyzes the effect of team size on performance in a workplace environment in which either two or three individuals perform a real-effort task. Our main result shows that the difference in team size is not harmful to task performance on average. In our discussion of potential mechanisms, we provide evidence on ongoing peer effects. It appears that peers are able to alleviate the potential free-rider problem emerging out of working in a larger team.
In Chapter 4, the role of perceived co-worker attractiveness for performance is analyzed. The results show that task performance is lower, the higher the perceived attractiveness of co-workers, but only in opposite-sex constellations.
The following Chapter 5 analyzes the effect of offering an additional payment option in a fundraising context. Chapter 6 focuses on privacy concerns of research participants.
In Chapter 5, we conduct a field experiment in which, participants have the opportunity to donate for the continuation of an art exhibition by either cash or cash and an additional cashless payment option (CPO). The treatment manipulation is completed by framing the act of giving either as a donation or pay-what-you-want contribution. Our results show that donors shy away from using the CPO in all treatment conditions. Despite that, there is no negative effect of the CPO on the frequency of financial support and its magnitude.
In Chapter 6, I conduct an experiment to test whether increased transparency of data processing affects data disclosure and whether the results change if it is indicated that the implementation of the GDPR happened involuntarily. I find that increased transparency raises the number of participants who do not disclose personal data by 21 percent. However, this is not the case in the involuntary-signal treatment, where the share of non-disclosures is relatively high in both conditions.Teamarbeit ist in der modernen Arbeitswelt nicht mehr wegzudenken. Für verschiedene verhaltensökonomische Faktoren ist jedoch unklar, ob diese die Teamleistung an sich positiv oder negativ beeinflussen. Daher widmen sich die Kapitel 2 bis 4 dieser Dissertation drei Forschungsfragen, die sich mit unterschiedlichen Determinanten der Teamleistung befassen.
Kapitel 2 greift in einer Untersuchung die Frage auf, inwiefern ein ehrliches Arbeitsumfeld relevant für die Arbeitsleistung ist. In einer Arbeitsgruppe können zwei von drei Mitarbeitenden einen Bonus in einem Würfelspiel erspielen und während diesem durch eine Falschangabe unentdeckt betrügen. Entgegen der Annahme, dass Ehrlichkeit für die Arbeitsleistung ein wichtiger Faktor ist, stellen wir keine Leistungsminderung des dritten unbeteiligten Mitarbeitenden fest, wenn ein Betrugsverhalten stattfindet.
In Kapitel 3 wird der Effekt der Teamgröße auf die Arbeitsleistung untersucht. In einem Arbeitsplatzsetting bearbeiten dazu entweder zwei oder drei Personen eine realitätsnahe Arbeitsaufgabe. Unsere Hauptergebnisse zeigen, dass der Unterschied in der Teamgröße nicht die durchschnittliche Arbeitsleistung beeinträchtigt. In unserer anschließenden Diskussion über mögliche Mechanismen liefern wir Belege für fortwährende Peer-Effekte. Es zeigt sich, dass Peers, also Mitarbeitende, in der Lage sind, das potenzielle Trittbrettfahrerproblem abzuschwächen, das bei der Arbeit in einem größeren Team besteht.
In Kapitel 4 wird die Rolle der wahrgenommenen Attraktivität von Mitarbeiter/innen auf die Arbeitsleistung analysiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Arbeitsleistung umso geringer ist, je höher die wahrgenommene Attraktivität der anderen Mitarbeitenden ist, jedoch nur in Konstellationen unterschiedlichen Geschlechts.
Im folgenden Kapitel 5 dieser Arbeit wird die Auswirkung des Angebots einer zusätzlichen Zahlungsoption in einem Spenden-Kontext untersucht. Das anschließenden Kapitel 6 befasst sich mit Datenschutzbedenken von Probanden.
Im durchgeführten Feldexperiment in Kapitel 5 haben die Teilnehmenden die Möglichkeit, für die Fortsetzung einer Kunstausstellung entweder in bar oder in bar und mit einer zusätzlichen bargeldlosen Zahlungsoption zu spenden. Die experimentelle Manipulation wird dadurch vervollständigt, dass der Akt des Gebens entweder als Spende oder als „Zahle, so viel Du willst“ dargestellt wird. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Spendende die Verwendung der bargeldlosen Zahlungsoption in allen Konditionen vermeiden. Dennoch gibt es keine negativen Auswirkungen der bargeldlosen Zahlungsoption auf die Häufigkeit der finanziellen Unterstützung und deren Höhe.
In Kapitel 6 wird mithilfe eines Onlineexperiments getestet, ob eine erhöhte Transparenz des Datenverarbeitungsprozesses das Teilen von Daten mit dem Forschenden beeinflusst, sowie, ob sich die Ergebnisse ändern, wenn eine unfreiwillige Implementierung der DSGVO signalisiert wird. Als Ergebnis kann festgehalten werden, dass eine erhöhte Transparenz des Datenverarbeitungsprozesses die Anzahl der Teilnehmenden, die keine personenbezogenen Daten teilen, um 21 Prozent erhöht. Dies ist jedoch nicht der Fall, wenn die unfreiwillige Implementierung der DSGVO signalisiert wird. Hier ist der Anteil der Teilnehmenden, die nicht Daten teilen, in beiden Konditionen relativ hoch
Three-dimensional slope stability model of the Turaida castle mound
Get PDFThe state-of-the-art finite element software Plaxis 3D was applied in a real-world study site of the Turaida castle mound to investigate the slope stability of the mound and understand the mechanisms triggering landslides there. During the simulation, the stability of the castle mound was analysed and the most landslide-susceptible zones of hillslopes were determined. The 3D finite-element stability analysis has significant advantages over conventional 2D limit-equilibrium methods where locations of 2D stability sections are arbitrarily selected. Two modelling scenarios of the slope stability were elaborated considering deep-seated slides in bedrock and shallow landslides in the colluvial material of slopes. The model shows that shallow slides in colluvium are more probable. In the finite-element model, slope failure occurs along the weakest zone in colluvium, similarly to the situation observed in previous landslides in the study site. The physical basis of the model allows results to be obtained very close to natural conditions and delivers valuable insight in triggering mechanisms of landslides
Spatial distribution of argan tree influence on soil properties in southern Morocco
Get PDFThe endemic argan tree (Argania spinosa) populations in southern Morocco are highly degraded due to overbrowsing, illegal firewood extraction and the expansion of intensive agriculture. Bare areas between the isolated trees increase due to limited regrowth; however, it is unknown if the trees influence the soil of the intertree areas. Hypothetically, spatial differences in soil parameters of the intertree area should result from the translocation of litter or soil particles (by runoff and erosion or wind drift) from canopy-covered areas to the intertree areas. In total, 385 soil samples were taken around the tree from the trunk along the tree drip line (within and outside the tree area) and the intertree area between two trees in four directions (upslope, downslope and in both directions parallel to the slope) up to 50 m distance from the tree. They were analysed for gravimetric soil water content, pH, electrical conductivity, percolation stability, total nitrogen content (TN), content of soil organic carbon (SOC) and C/N ratio. A total of 74 tension disc infiltrometer experiments were performed near the tree drip line, within and outside the tree area, to measure the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity. We found that the tree influence on its surrounding intertree area is limited, with, e.g., SOC and TN content decreasing significantly from tree trunk (4.4 % SOC and 0.3 % TN) to tree drip line (2.0 % SOC and 0.2 % TN). However, intertree areas near the tree drip line (1.3 % SOC and 0.2 % TN) differed significantly from intertree areas between two trees (1.0 % SOC and 0.1 % TN) yet only with a small effect. Trends for spatial patterns could be found in eastern and downslope directions due to wind drift and slope wash. Soil water content was highest in the north due to shade from the midday sun; the influence extended to the intertree areas. The unsaturated hydraulic conductivity also showed significant differences between areas within and outside the tree area near the tree drip line. This was the case on sites under different land usages (silvopastoral and agricultural), slope gradients or tree densities. Although only limited influence of the tree on its intertree area was found, the spatial pattern around the tree suggests that reforestation measures should be aimed around tree shelters in northern or eastern directions with higher soil water content or TN or SOC content to ensure seedling survival, along with measures to prevent overgrazing
The Islamic State’s Rebel Governance: A Combined Approach of Conceptual Classification and Qualitative Analysis of Administrative Documents
Get PDFThe Islamic State is arguably the most prominent Islamist insurgent group to have attracted increased international attention in recent years, although it first emerged in the late 20th century, and this is largely a result of its significant territorial conquests in Iraq and Syria and the proclamation of its own global caliphate in June 2014 (Tønnessen 2018: 60). While research on the Islamic State's ideology, propaganda, financing, military strategy, recruitment of foreign fighters, and use of the Internet and social media has been conducted extensively in a variety of disciplines, including political science, sociology, media science, criminology, Islamic studies, history, and many others, systematic and in-depth analysis of the Islamic State's rebel governance, though not entirely unexplored, has remained comparatively under-researched.
This thesis builds on the above-mentioned issues and employs existing insights and concepts from Rebel Governance to systematically examine the transformation of the Islamic State’s territorial control into functional governance. In addition, through a comprehensive analysis of Islamic State administrative documents, which are continuously contextualized using secondary literature, this thesis develops a comprehensive portrait of the Islamic State's rebel governance. The following research questions are consequently derived from this approach: in what ways did the Islamic State engage in rebel governance during the height of its territorial control in Iraq and Syria between 2014 and 2017, and how can the utilization of concepts and insights from Rebel Governance, and the qualitative analysis of Islamic State administrative documents, improve our knowledge of the Islamic State's rebel governance and help to generate new insights into it