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発話に基づくアイロニー分析の限界
Get PDFThis paper reports some of the results of a series of cognitive pragmatic studies aimed at elucidating the essence of irony. There are three streams of linguistic research aiming at explaining the essential nature of irony. Each representative research includes (1) the classical defi nition (OED), (2) Echoic Account by Sperber and Wilson (1981, 1992, etc.), and (3) Implicit Display Theory by Utsumi (2000). This paper applied them to the Japanese version of irony, "Hiniku utterances", to test their validity. The results revealed that i) there are indeed types of Hiniku utterances that each analysis can properly explain, while ii) no one view can explain all types of Hiniku utterances, and iii) in particular, there are difficulties in defining a victim of irony. Although it has rarely been discussed in a unifi ed manner, from a cognitive processing perspective there are at least two types of irony: Story Irony (Perceptual Irony) and Ironical Utterances (Communicative Irony). This paper reveals the limitations of the unified stipulations based on the analyses of communicative irony (ironical utterances) and suggests a new direction for its cognitive pragmatic analysis.本研究はJSPS科研費18K00650の助成を受けて行った研究の一部である。departmental bulletin pape
Recent Progress of Chitosan Nanoparticles for the Development of Superior Delivery of Vaccines
No full textChitosan seems to be an innovative biological material potentially utilized as a nanoparticle carrier for drug delivery, which could be low toxic, biocompatible, and easy to prepare. Chitosan nanoparticles have been employed in gene delivery. As a type of multifunctional adjuvant, chitosan nanoparticles could activate the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling pathway to induce cell protection and/or proliferation via the modulation of autophagy within dendritic cells. In general, adjuvants may improve the innate and/or adaptive immune responses to a vaccine antigen by facilitating the antigen presentation of antigen presenting cells such as dendritic cells. The choice of a suitable adjuvant has become vital for improved safety and/or expanded application of vaccines. Fortunately, chitosan nanoparticles could be designed to target the dendritic cells to be enhanced by its adjuvant effect and for stimulating robust immune responses. Therefore, chitosan nanoparticles may be a good immune stimulant with encouraging properties for the development of superior vaccine delivery. Indeed, vaccines could play a key role in human health. In this review, we summarize the concept and/or recent progress in the field of chitosan nanoparticles, providing a valuable resource for investigating the molecular mechanisms of chitosan for the development of a greater vaccine.journal articl
Scale-free bursting activity in shrinkage induced cracking
No full textBased on computer simulations of a realistic discrete element model we demonstrate that shrinkage induced cracking of thin layers of heterogeneous materials, generating spectacular crack patterns, proceeds in bursts. These crackling pulses are characterized by scale free distributions of size and duration, however, with non-universal exponents depending on the system size and shrinking rate. On the contrary, local avalanches composed of micro-cracking events with temporal and spatial correlation are found to obey a universal power law statistics. Most notably, we demonstrate that the observed non-universality of the integrated signal is the consequence of the temporal superposition of the underlying local avalanches, which pop up in an uncorrelated way in homogeneous systems. Our results provide an explanation of recent acoustic emission measurements on drying induced shrinkage cracking and may have relevance for the acoustic monitoring of the electro-mechanical degradation of battery electrodes.journal articl
Tackling Air Pollution from Agricultural Residue Burning: The Aakash Project: Challenge for Reduction of Rice-Stubble Burning in the Indian Punjab Region
No full textThe Delhi metropolitan area experiences severe air pollution every year in late October or early November. Corresponding to this period, post-harvest rice stubble burning is widely practiced in the surrounding states of Punjab (India) and Haryana, and in some parts of Uttar Pradesh and Himachal Pradesh. The Research Institute for Humanity and Nature’s (RIHN’s) Aakash Project, a cooperative project between Japan and India, has been tackling the issue of air pollution from large-scale rice stubble burning in the Indian Punjab region. The project was launched as an RIHN full research project in April 2020 and will continue until March 2025. This project scientifically examines the connection between stubble burning in the Punjab and severe air pollution in Delhi. Based on this scientific understanding, we will pursue a pathway of social transformation toward clean air, public health and sustainable agriculture. We are approaching stakeholders/involved parties to raise awareness regarding farmer/community behavior that is relevant to stubble burning and air pollution. So far, under the project, we have successfully conducted campaign-based measurements using about 30 small air-pollution measurement devices in the field in 2022 and clarified the linkage between stubble burning in the Punjab and severe air pollution in Delhi. To clarify the goals of our activities, this paper focuses on the underlying issues at stake, describes the current research and findings, and discusses possible mitigation measures. At the end of the project, we aim to make recommendations for creating a sustainable agricultural system that reduces rice-stubble burning.journal articl
New host crab Macrophthalmus (Macrophthalmus) convexus Stimpson, 1858 of the endangered pedunculate barnacle Octolasmis unguisiformis Kobayashi & Kato, 2003 (Lepadomorpha: Poecilasmatidae) in Amami Oshima Island, Japan
No full textThe pedunculate barnacle Octolasmis unguisiformis is a rare epibiotic barnacle attached to a macrophthalmid crab, Macrophthalmus (Macrophthalmus) milloti Crosnier, 1965, on tidal flats in the Ryukyu Archipelago. It has a rare sexual system called androdioecy, a coexistence of hermaphrodites and males in the population. In June 2020, we found two hermaphrodites and one dwarf male of O. unguisiformis attached to a female M. (M.) convexus at Kise Bay, Amami Oshima Island. Here we describe the symbiotic conditions between the pedunculate barnacle and the new host crab species.journal articl
戦後日本における産業協力と国際産業政策の変遷： 国会会議録テキストによる分析
No full text産業協力は、通商産業省（現経済産業省）を中心に長きにわたって通商戦略のツールとして位置付けられてきた政策用語である。一国の国際産業政策の文脈では、産業協力は「国家間でお互いの産業が協力する」ことへのコミットだと解される。本論文では、戦後の国会会議録から産業協力という単語が出現する一連の関係する質疑を取り出し、それをテキストアナリティクスの手法で定量的に評価することで、戦後日本における産業協力まわりの国際産業政策の持つ意味合いを分析した。我々の分析によれば、産業協力という政策用語は1960年代から国会論戦で使用されているが、それが本格的に出現するのは日本の産業競争力が際立った1980年代からである。テキストを詳細に分析することで、当初の日米・日欧貿易摩擦への対応から、国際資源確保の問題、アセアン経済の伸長とその経済的取り込みというように、産業協力が政策ツールとして供される国際産業政策上の問題が変遷してきたことがわかった。本論文における産業協力の分析から示唆されるように、同じ国際産業政策のツールであっても、時代背景や文脈を意識してそれを理解することが重要である。journal articl