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横たわりて天を仰ぐ John Donne, Devotions upon Emergent Occasions における身体の姿勢
No full textジョン・ダン（John Donne. 1572-1631）は、セント・ポール大聖堂の司祭であった1623年の冬に、おそらく腸チフスにより重篤な容体となった。この病の体験は、回復直後の1624年初頭に出版された『危篤時の祈り』（Devotions upon Emergent Occasions）に反映されている。17 世紀の祈祷文学（devotional literature）に属すと考えられるこの著作は、各 Devotion が、“Meditation” “Expostulation” “Prayer”で構成されており、瞑想録、病床の祈祷の手引き書、霊的自伝など、様々なジャンルの要素が絡み合う作品である。 多くの批評家たちが指摘するように、ダンは『危篤時の祈り』において、17 世紀当時の病の理解に則り、発熱や発疹などの病の症状に、自らの罪と神による救いのしるしを見出そうとした。本発表は、病の症状に焦点を合わせた従来の研究と異なり、病による身体の「姿勢」の変化に着目し、『危篤時の祈り』における、姿勢の変化と信仰心の回復の関係を読み解きたい。journal articl
Urinary Biomarkers in Screening for the Usual Intake of Fruit and Vegetables, and Sodium, Potassium, and the Sodium-to-Potassium Ratio: Required Number and Accuracy of Measurements
No full textBecause of within-individual variation, surveys to estimate an individual’s usual food intake must be conducted over many days, in general. Here, using non-invasive biomarkers, we examined the number of measurements required to screen for the usual intake of fruit and vegetables, in addition to sodium, potassium, and the sodium-to-potassium (Na/K) ratio. Participants were 202 subjects aged 40–74 years from five areas of Japan who completed weighed food records (WFR) and five 24-hour urinary collections (24-h UCs) between 2012 and 2013. The number of 24-h UCs required to screen for intake that deviated from guidelines estimated by the WFR and their accuracies were assessed by the area under the curve (AUC) in a receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) analysis. The single urinary excretion of sodium, potassium, and the Na/K ratio showed moderate performance (AUC value: >0.7) in discriminating deviations from their criteria by respective intake based on the WFR. Urinary potassium excretion also showed moderate performance (AUC value: >0.7) in estimating the intake of vegetables but could not be used to estimate fruit intake even after five collections. The non-invasive measurement of biomarkers in a single 24-h UC showed moderate performance in screening the usual intake of vegetables, as measured based on the 12-day WFR, as well as of sodium, potassium, and the Na/K ratio.journal articl
Simulating Pine Wilt Disease Dispersal With an Individual-Based Model Incorporating Individual Movement Patterns of Vector Beetles
No full textIndividual movements of the insect vector pine sawyer beetles were incorporated into an individual-based model (IBM) to elucidate the dispersal of pine wilt disease (PWD) and demonstrate the effects of control practices. The model results were compared with the spatial data of infested pine trees in the Gijang-gun area of Busan, Republic of Korea. Step functions with long- and middle-distance movements of individual beetles effectively established symptomatic and asymptomatic trees for the dispersal of PWD. Pair correlations and pairwise distances were suitable for evaluating PWD dispersal between model results and field data at short and long scales, respectively. The accordance between model and field data was observed in infestation rates at 0.08 and 0.09 and asymptomatic rates at 0.16–0.17 for disease dispersal. Eradication radii longer than 20 m would effectively control PWD dispersal for symptomatic transmission and 20–40 m for asymptomatic transmission. However, the longer eradication radii were more effective at controlling PWD. Therefore, to maximize control effects, a longer radius of at least 40 m is recommended for clear-cutting eradication. The IBM of individual movement patterns provided practical information on interlinking the levels of individuals and populations and could contribute to the monitoring and management of forest pests where individual movement is important for population dispersal.journal articl
バングラデシュにおける女性労働の変化とエンパワーメント:マイクロファイナンス利用者へのインタビューから
No full texthttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_184
Regional Differences in Sympathetic Nerve Activity Are Generated by Multiple Arterial Baroreflex Loops Arranged in Parallel
No full textIn this review, by evaluating the responses during freezing, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and treadmill exercise, we discuss how multiple baroreflex loops arranged in parallel act on different organs to modulate sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) in a region-specific and coordinated manner throughout the body. During freezing behaviors, arterial pressure (AP) remains unchanged, heart rate (HR) persistently decreases, renal SNA (RSNA) increases, and lumbar SNA (LSNA) remains unchanged. The baroreflex curve for RSNA shifts upward; that for LSNA remains unchanged; and that for HR shifts to the left. These region-specific changes in baroreflex curves are responsible for the region-specific changes in RSNA, LSNA, and HR during freezing. The decreased HR could allow the heart to conserve energy, which is offset by the increased RSNA caused by decreased vascular conductance, resulting in an unchanged AP. In contrast, the unchanged LSNA leaves the muscles in readiness for fight or flight. During REM sleep, AP increases, RSNA and HR decrease, while LSNA is elevated. The baroreflex curve for RSNA during REM sleep is vertically compressed in comparison with that during non-REM sleep. Cerebral blood flow is elevated while cardiac output is decreased during REM sleep. To address this situation, the brain activates the LSNA selectively, causing muscle vasoconstriction, which overcomes vasodilation of the kidneys as a result of the decreased RSNA and cardiac output. Accordingly, AP can be maintained during REM sleep. During treadmill exercise, AP, HR, and RSNA increase simultaneously. The baroreflex curve for RSNA shifts right-upward with the increased feedback gain, allowing maintenance of a stable AP with significant fluctuations in the vascular conductance of working muscles. Thus, the central nervous system may employ behavior-specific scenarios for modulating baroreflex loops for differential control of SNA, changing the SNA in a region-specific and coordinated manner, and then optimizing circulatory regulation corresponding to different behaviors.journal articl
