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Impact of post monsoon crop residue burning on PM2.5 over North India: Optimizing emissions using a high-density in situ surface observation network
No full textThe impact of post monsoon crop residue burning (CRB) on surface PM2.5 concentrations over the Punjab–Haryana–Delhi (PHD) region in North India was investigated using a regional meteorology–chemistry model, NHM-Chem, and a high-density in situ surface observation network comprising Compact and Useful PM2.5 Instrument with Gas Sensors (CUPI-G) stations. We optimized CRB emissions from November 1 to 15, 2022 using NHM-Chem and surface PM2.5 observational data. The CUPI-G data from Punjab was found to be crucial for CRB emission optimization, as the CRB emissions in North India in October and November are predominantly originating from Punjab, accounting for 80%. The new emission inventory is referred to as OFEv1.0, with 12 h time resolution, in daytime (5:30–17:30 IST) and nighttime (17:30–5:30 IST). The total emissions in OFEv1.0, such as PM2.5, organic carbon, and black carbon, were consistent with previous studies, except CO, which was overestimated. OFEv1.0 substantially boosted emissions, which were underestimated in satellite data due to clouds or thick haze on November 8 and 10, 2022. Large differences in optimized daytime and nighttime emissions indicated the importance of diurnal variations. Daytime emissions were larger than nighttime emissions on some days but not on others, indicating that diurnal variation shape may have differed each day. The mean contribution of CRB to surface PM2.5 over PHD was 30%–34%, which increased to 50%–56% during plume events that transported pollutants from Punjab, to Haryana, to Delhi. Due to low performance of the meteorological simulation on November 8 and 9, 2022, emission optimization was not successful in the case of increased PM2.5 concentrations observed in Haryana on these days. The results of this study were obtained using a single transport model. Multi-model analysis is indispensable for better predictions and quantification of uncertainties in prediction results.journal articl
Measurement of branching fractions and direct C P asymmetries for B → K π and B → π π decays at Belle II
No full textWe report measurements of the branching fractions and direct asymmetries of the decays 0 →+−, + →+0, + →0+, and 0 →00, and use these for testing the standard model through an isospin-based sum rule. In addition, we measure the branching fraction and direct asymmetry of the decay + →+0 and the branching fraction of the decay 0 →+−. The data are collected with the belle II detector from +− collisions at the ϒ(4) resonance produced by the SuperKEKB asymmetric-energy collider and contain 387 ×106 bottom-antibottom meson pairs. Signal yields are determined in two-dimensional fits to background-discriminating variables, and range from 500 to 3900 decays, depending on the channel. We obtain −0.03 ±0.13 ±0.04 for the sum rule in agreement with the standard model expectation of zero and with a precision comparable to the best existing determinations.journal articl
Double diffraction imaging of x-ray induced structural dynamics in single free nanoparticles
No full textBecause of their high photon flux, x-ray free-electron lasers (FEL) allow to resolve the structure of individual nanoparticles via coherent diffractive imaging (CDI) within a single x-ray pulse. Since the inevitable rapid destruction of the sample limits the achievable resolution, a thorough understanding of the spatiotemporal evolution of matter on the nanoscale following the irradiation is crucial. We present a technique to track x-ray induced structural changes in time and space by recording two consecutive diffraction patterns of the same single, free-flying nanoparticle, acquired separately on two large-area detectors opposite to each other, thus examining both the initial and evolved particle structure. We demonstrate the method at the extreme ultraviolet (XUV) and soft x-ray Free-electron LASer in Hamburg (FLASH), investigating xenon clusters as model systems. By splitting a single XUV pulse, two diffraction patterns from the same particle can be obtained. For focus intensities of about 2×10^12 W cm^−2 we observe still largely intact clusters even at the longest delays of up to 650 picoseconds of the second pulse, indicating that in the highly absorbing systems the damage remains confined to one side of the cluster. Instead, in case of five times higher flux, the diffraction patterns show clear signatures of disintegration, namely increased diameters and density fluctuations in the fragmenting clusters. Future improvements to the accessible range of dynamics and time resolution of the approach are discussed.journal articl
Recognition of the game situation in baseball
No full textThis study examines baseball players’ recognition framework of out, ball, and strike counts in baseball games and clarifies the differences in psychological perspectives between batters and pitchers. The participants were 396 players (294 batters and 102 pitchers) belonging to baseball clubs at eight universities. Participants answered 288 questions for all game situations by combining out, ball, and strike counts and runner position. The advantages for batters or pitchers were evaluated using a 7-point Likert scale (from very advantageous for batters to very advantageous for pitchers). Factor analysis indicated four significant factors (36 items): “Batter’s advantage count,” “Pitcher’s advantage count,” “2 out young count,” and “0 out young count.” In a direct comparison of these factors between batters and pitchers, batters were more aware of their advantage over pitchers in the factors “Batter’s advantage count” and “0 out young count” and disadvantage in the “Pitcher’s advantage count.” Significant differences in recognition of these factors were observed between batters and pitchers. Batters were more susceptible to game situations than were pitchers. Our findings suggest that baseball players recognize several types of game situations, although not an infinite number.This study was supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, KAKENHI Grant-in-Aid for Early-Career Scientists (19K24298, 20K19500, and 24K20555) awarded to Y.H. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.journal articl
精神健康とコーピングにおける暗黙理論の働き―知能，感情，不安，性格の増大理論に着目して―
No full textPrevious studies on implicit theories have suggested that holding incremental beliefs about the growth potential of a trait can improve mental health, particularly for beliefs about anxiety and emotion.However, these studies did not control for the effects of stressors, which are major antecedents of mental health. They also did not sufficiently examine the relationship between implicit theories and copingstrategies. Furthermore, most participants in previous studies were Western and university students.
This study examined the effects of implicit theories on mental health and coping strategies in Japan, controlling for amount of stressors. In survey 1 (218 university students) and survey 2 (319 employees),we measured the four types of implicit theories, amount of stressor, trait anxiety, stress response, and coping strategies. We found that 1) the implicit theories of anxiety and emotion were the main predictors of mental health, and 2) the relationship between implicit theories and coping strategies was weak.Finally, the discussion considers the theoretical and practical implications of these findings.Finally, the discussion considers the theoretical and practical implications of these findings.journal articl
新型コロナウイルス感染症流行第一波から第二波期の遠隔心理支援実施が心理職の心理的ストレスおよび精神的健康に及ぼした影響 : 日本国内における検討
No full text本研究の目的は，国内におけるCOVID-19流行初期段階である第一波から第二波にかけて遠隔心理支援を実施していた心理職の心理的ストレスおよび精神的健康の実態を明らかにし，これに対する性別や遠隔心理支援の実施の有無による影響について検討することであった。心理職242名を対象としたオンライン調査を行ったところ，100名が第一波から第二波までのいずれかのタイミングで遠隔心理支援の実施を経験していたことが明らかになった。また，心理職の心理的ストレスは，一般人口と照らし合わせて，特段高いわけではなかった。遠隔心理支援の実施者と非実施者の心理的ストレスと精神的健康度を比較したところ，有意な差はみられなかった。このことから，遠隔心理支援は心理職にとって大きな負担とはなっていない可能性が示唆された。journal articl
Examination of Cross‐National and Gender Differences in Rumination and Its Association with Depression: A Cross‐Sectional Comparison Between Residents of the United Kingdom and Japan
No full textRumination often leads to maladaptive consequences. Some studies reportcross-national disparities regarding the extent to which people ruminate, as well as itsconsequences. This study aimed to quantify the disparities in rumination betweenEuropean (United Kingdom [UK]) and East Asian (Japan) countries, as well as compareits relation with depression. Gender differences were also examined. An online ques-tionnaire survey targeting residents aged between 20 and 69 years was conducted inJuly 2022. Data from 3,551 participants (UK: N = 1,891, Japan: N = 1,660) were ana-lyzed statistically using 2 2 multivariate analysis of variance and moderation analyses.Results showed a greater inclination towards rumination among UK residents, in com-parison to those residing in Japan. The magnitude of rumination–-depression associa-tion differed by country, with the association being more pronounced in theUK. Females displayed a higher inclination towards rumination in both the UK andJapan. In both countries, a robust association exists between rumination and concur-rent depression. Implications of the findings and future directions are discussed.journal articl
Guest-Responsive Near-Infrared-Luminescent Metal–Organic Cage Organized by Porphyrin Dyes and Yb(III) Complexes
Get PDFMetal–organic cages (MOCs) with luminophores have significant advantages for the facile detection of specific molecules based on turn-on or turn-off luminescence changes induced by host–guest complexation. One important challenge is the development of turn-on-type near-infrared (NIR)-luminescent MOCs. In this study, we synthesized a novel MOC consisting of two porphyrin dyes linked by four Yb(III) complexes, which exhibit bimodal red and NIR fluorescence signals upon photoexcitation of the porphyrin π system. Single-crystal X-ray structural analysis and computational molecular modeling revealed that planar aromatic perfluorocarbons were intercalated into the MOC. The tight packing between the MOC and guests enhanced the NIR fluorescence of Yb(III) by suppressing energy transfer from the photoexcited porphyrin to oxygen molecules. Guest-responsive turn-on NIR fluorescence changes in an MOC were successfully demonstrated.This document is the Accepted Manuscript version of a Published Work that appeared in final form in Inorganic chemistry, copyright © American Chemical Society after peer review and technical editing by the publisher. To access the final edited and published work see https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01348.journal articl
Structure-changeable luminescent Eu(III) complex as a human cancer grade probing system for brain tumor diagnosis
No full textAccurate determination of human tumor malignancy is important for choosing efficient and safe therapies. Bioimaging technologies based on luminescent molecules are widely used to localize and distinguish active tumor cells. Here, we report a human cancer grade probing system (GPS) using a water-soluble and structure-changeable Eu(III) complex for the continuous detection of early human brain tumors of different malignancy grades. Time-dependent emission spectra of the Eu(III) complexes in various types of tumor cells were recorded. The radiative rate constants (kr), which depend on the geometry of the Eu(III) complex, were calculated from the emission spectra. The tendency of the kr values to vary depended on the tumor cells at different malignancy grades. Between T = 0 and T = 3 h of invasion, the kr values exhibited an increase of 4% in NHA/TS (benign grade II gliomas), 7% in NHA/TSR (malignant grade III gliomas), and 27% in NHA/TSRA (malignant grade IV gliomas). Tumor cells with high-grade malignancy exhibited a rapid upward trend in kr values. The cancer GPS employs Eu(III) emissions to provide a new diagnostic method for determining human brain tumor malignancy.journal articl
How Do Women “Shine?” Exploring Professional Women’s Perceptions of “Women’s Advancement” in Japan
No full textThe Abe administration has introduced policies and legislation to increase women’s participation in the workforce, known as Abenomics, under the slogan “ society where all women shine.” The study investigates the perceptions of professional women in Japan regarding the “women’s advancement” policy and the prevailing gender dynamics in a society known for its severe gender inequality. To accomplish this, semi-structured interviews with 30 professional Japanese women were conducted. The findings show that women perceive many barriers to “shining.” For example, the law promoting women’s participation and advancement in the workplace only applies to some women working in large companies. The number of women liable to benefit is small, so the initiative may have the unintended consequence of fueling divisions among women, highlighting the challenge of promoting women’s activity horizontally and vertically. As Japan’s economy has been stagnant for the past 30 years, it is perhaps natural that the government would implement policies to increase and exploit women’s labor. However, women are likely to be overburdened and stressed unless men’s participation in the home is substantially increased at the same time. Women face the challenges of working regular hours, giving birth, raising children, doing housework, and caring for family members. For this reason, the government and companies need to implement more family-friendly policies, such as improving social welfare policies, expanding public daycare centers, and setting up in-house daycare centers. Only when these issues are resolved will women be able to “shine.”journal articl