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機械翻訳を活用した翻訳タスクにおける学習者の気づきと熟達度の関係
Get PDFtext本研究では、翻訳タスクを通じて、英語熟達度の異なる大学生がどのような問題に直面し、どのような気づきや学びを得たかを明らかにする。翻訳活動は、単なる言語変換ではなく、学習者が意味を構築しながら訳文を生成する認知的な言語活動として捉えられており（Cook, 2010）、言語の構造や意味に対する省察を促すことで、メタ認知の発達に寄与する可能性があるとする先行研究も存在する（Malakoff & Hakuta, 1991; Jessner, 2008）。本研究では、文字のない絵本を教材として用い、参加者は日本語で物語を作成した後、自らの物語を英語に翻訳した。翻訳後には、機械翻訳（MT）や辞書の使用状況、翻訳時の困難、不自然な訳文、修正の過程、そして気づきや学びについて記述させた。TOEIC スコアに基づいて参加者を上位群・中位群・下位群の 3 群に分類し、これらの記述を量的・質的の両面から分析を行った。量的分析の結果、英語熟達度が高い学生ほど、より多様な種類の問題点を認識し、文法・語彙・表現の各側面にわたって広く注意を払っていることが明らかとなった。質的分析では、上位群において MT の限界に対する批判的思考や語彙・表現の精緻な理解が見られた一方、下位群では直訳による誤訳や表面的な気づきにとどまる傾向が確認された。特に上位群では、MT の出力に対する批判的な視点や語彙のニュアンス、文脈に応じた表現の選択など、メタ言語的な認知力の深まりが示された。これらの結果から、英語熟達度とメタ認知の深さには一定の関係があることが示唆される。本研究は、翻訳タスクが英語力の向上に直接的に寄与するかを検証するものではないが、翻訳タスクが自らの言語使用を振り返り、MT の出力を検証・修正する過程を通じて、言語構造や意味の違いに対する認識を促す可能性を示している。よって、翻訳活動が英語教育において果たし得る役割を再考する上で、基礎的な知見を提供するものである。なお、本研究は一つの教材と限られた参加者を対象としたものであり、翻訳活動の効果を一般化するにはさらなる検討が必要である。今後は、異なる教材や学習環境における翻訳タスクの効果を比較することで、より実践的な教育的応用の可能性を探ることが課題となる。This study investigates how university students with varying levels of English proficiency engage with a translation task and what kinds of linguistic difficulties, insights, and learning outcomes emerge from the process. Participants were asked to create a narrative in Japanese based on the wordless picture book Frog, Where Are You? (Mayer, 1969), and then translate their own story into English. After completing the task, students submitted written reflections describing their use of machine translation (MT) and dictionaries, the challenges they encountered, examples of unnatural English output, and how they addressed and learned from these issues. To examine the relationship between English proficiency and metacognition, participants were divided into three groups (high, intermediate, and low) based on their TOEIC Listening & Reading scores. The analysis combined quantitative and qualitative approaches. Quantitatively, the number and types of reported issues (grammar, vocabulary, and expression) were compared across groups. The results showed that students with higher proficiency identified a broader range of issues and demonstrated greater attention to multiple linguistic aspects. Qualitatively, students’ reflections were analyzed to assess the depth of their awareness and responses. High-proficiency students exhibited critical thinking toward MT output, nuanced understanding of vocabulary and expression, and active revision strategies. In contrast, low-proficiency students tended to rely on direct translation and showed limited linguistic analysis, often focusing on surface-level mismatches. The theoretical background for this study draws on prior research suggesting that translation activities may foster metacognitive development by encouraging learners to reflect on language structure and meaning (Malakoff & Hakuta, 1991; Jessner, 2008). While this study does not directly test those frameworks, it builds on their insights by examining learner-generated translations and the cognitive processes involved in revising and evaluating MT output. These findings suggest a positive relationship between English proficiency and metacognitive engagement. Translation tasks, particularly those involving self-generated content and MT support, appear to encourage learners to reflect on their language use and recognize structural and semantic differences between languages. While this study does not claim that translation tasks directly improve proficiency, it highlights their potential to foster metacognitive growth. By integrating both quantitative and qualitative analyses, this study provides foundational insights into how translation activities can be used to support language learning. The results underscore the importance of designing translation tasks that promote learner autonomy, critical evaluation, and reflective thinking. Further research is needed to examine longitudinal effects, individual differences in MT usage, and the pedagogical implications of translation-based instruction in diverse learning contexts.departmental bulletin pape
中学校音楽系部活動の地域移行に伴う「休日の地域クラブ活動化」に関する調査報告―補助金を活用して行われている事例の分析―
Get PDFtext令和6年度 全日本音楽教育研究会大学部会 （2024年9月28日開催）conference pape
チオレチナコ、オゾン、酸素を含む酸化的リン酸化の活性中心モデル
Get PDFtextAccording to the studies of homocystinuria caused by different genetic defects, McCully concluded that homocysteine damages the artery by a direct effect on the arterial cells and tissues of children of homocystinuria. During the study using the cystathionine- β- synthetase deficient cells cultured from patients of homocystinuria, he found that sulfur atom of homocysteine thiolactone（HcyT）was converted to sulfate of proteoglycans. Since this mutant cell defects the pathway, HcyT→cystathionine→cysteine→sulfate, HcyT should be oxidized to sulfate through a different pathway. The growth of cells cultured from patients with homocystinuria showed abnormal contact inhibition, which is similar to that of cultured malignant cells. Because the growth pattern of cultured malignant cells is similar to the cultured cells from patients of homocystinuria, the metabolism of HcyT was studied in malignant cells. Normal cultured cells readily converted the sulfur atom of HcyT to sulfate esters of proteoglycans, but cultured malignant cells could not perform this oxidation process, but accumulate homocysteine thiolactone, which thiolates the free amino groups of cellular constituents. Aerobic glycolysis, the production of lactate from glucose in the presence of oxygen, has been known to be a characteristic pattern of oxidative metabolism in malignant cells. To explain the abnormality of HcyT metabolism and oxidative metabolism, a derivative of HcyT was supposed to present in normal cells but not in malignant cells. The chemical nature of this hypothetical substance was investigated by organic synthesis of a series of novel derivatives of HcyT and assay of these derivatives for anticarcinogenic activity. Thioretimamide （TR）, an amide of HcyT and retinoic acid, and thioretinaco（TR2Co）, a complex of TR and cobalamin, were found to have strong anticarcinogenic activity. From these results, McCully considered that deplete of TR2Co or its derivatives caused defect in oxidative phosphorylation in malignant cells. From the stereochemistry, McCully proposed that an active site of oxidative phosphorylation, which is composed of disulfonium complex between ozone, oxygen, TR2Co and ATP, is present in mitochondria, and that loss of this active site complex from mitochondria results in cancer and degenerative diseases associated with aging.departmental bulletin pape
探究力の育成をめざした組織体制の構築②
Get PDFtext昨年11月に本校で開催された第42回高校教育シンポジウムの第3部会で、「探究力の育成をめざした組織体制の構築」という題目で報告を行った。この報告の前半は教頭（黒岡）が、生徒の探究力を育成するために本校が組織体制を幣備してきた過程について、後半では筆者（小田原）が、各学年の取り組みについて説明した。本稿は、シンポジウム第3部会の後半部分をまとめたものである。departmental bulletin pape
