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Exploring the workplace friendship and it’s impacts on different job aspects
No full textThe quantitative and qualitative approach which is the mixed-methods approach it helped us
investigating the role of workplace friendship and how does it influence the job-related
variables such as job insecurity, work deviance behaviour , and employee turnover. Study 1
comprised of quantitative analysis with 100 participants with age criteria of 30–45 from
different professional settings . Standardized tools were used, including the Workplace
Friendship Scale by Neilsen et al , Job Insecurity Scale by Benett & Robinson, Workplace
Deviance Scale by Ashford et al , and Job Turnover Intention Scale by Roodt & Bothma.
Data were collected via Google Forms and analysed using IBM SPSS. With the help of
correlation and regression analysis, the study revealed that workplace friendship significantly
mitigates deviant behaviour and turnover intentions in employees , while job insecurity was
positively associated with deviance but showed no significant relationship with turnover.
Study 2, a qualitative analysis based on 20 in-depth interviews, explored employees’ lived
experiences and perceptions regarding workplace friendship. Thematic analysis revealed five
core themes: defining workplace friendship, its personal and professional benefits, strategies
to balance professionalism and camaraderie, facilitating factors, and challenges in
maintaining such relationships. The findings underscore the importance of supportive
interpersonal relationships in enhancing job satisfaction, emotional well-being, and
organizational commitment. This research highlights the protective role of workplace
friendships and how it is an important component in buffering against negative organizational
outcomes and calls for organizations to foster a culture that values social support and genuine
connections among employees.
Keywords- Workplace friendship , Job turnover , Job insecurity , Work deviance behaviour ,
Social suppor
Design of Robust and Real Time Eye-Gaze Communication Technique
No full textEye tracking is a pivotal technology in gaze analysis that enhances accessibility
and communication for individuals with special needs, enabling them to interact
with computers using eye movements. The research presented in this thesis ex
plores various eye-tracking techniques, emphasizing modern methods like machine
learning, which have significantly advanced the field over the past two decades.
A key focus is on developing cost-effective, real-time eye-gaze communication sys
tems that do not require extensive hardware, leveraging techniques such as user
specific calibration algorithms, the MediaPipe framework for feature extraction,
and convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for gaze prediction. These systems
are designed to be robust and user-friendly, enhancing accessibility for disabled
individuals by allowing them to control computers through eye movements and
blinks. Additionally, the thesis addresses challenges such as handling natural head
movements and varying lighting conditions, proposing strategies to overcome these
limitations.
Onesignificant proposed framework of this thesis is introducing a cost-effective,
real-time eye-gaze communication system utilizing a standard webcam specifically
designed for disabled persons. The system employs a Video-Oculography (VOG)
approach and a user-specific calibration algorithm to enable disabled individu
als to control a computer through eye movements and blinks. Rigorous testing
with disabled and non-disabled individuals has demonstrated the system’s robust
performance and high accuracy. Further advancing the accessibility provided by
eye-tracking technology, this thesis also proposes a calibration-free, eye-controlled
system, which features a two-phase process: the first phase involves feature extrac
tion using the MediaPipe framework, and the second phase focuses on coordinate
mapping.
Furthermore, this thesis introduces an affordable and dependable video-based
gaze-tracking system utilizing machine learning techniques. One proposed frame
work employs the MediaPipe face mesh model for extracting facial features from
real-time video sequences. A user-specific calibration process and multiple regres
sion techniques are used to predict gaze points accurately. The system effectively
manages changes in body position and minor head movements through real-time
re-calibration using z-index tracking. This system has demonstrated high sen
sitivity to various environmental factors and achieved commendable visual an
gle accuracy during testing with multiple participants. An additional approach presented in this thesis is an appearance-based eye-gaze estimation system that
utilizes a convolutional neural network (CNN). The system processes low-quality
eye images captured by standard webcams, making it widely applicable without
requiring specialized hardware. The methodology includes collecting a labeled
dataset of eye images, training a CNN model, and applying calibration and trans
fer learning techniques to adapt the model for new users.
Collectively, these systems distinguish themselves from existing approaches by
effectively handling natural head movements, adapting to varying distances, and
delivering robust performance without reliance on expensive hardware. These
innovations underline the technical advancements and significant real-world appli
cability of the proposed research
Encapsulation of Coenzyme Q10 for Controlled Release, High Stability, and Antioxidant Activity
No full textCoenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a vital antioxidant in cellular energy production, mitochondrial
electron transport, and protection against oxidative stress. CoQ10 deficiency is associated with
several health conditions, including neurological degeneration, aging, and cancer. Despite its
therapeutic potential, CoQ10's high molecular weight and poor water solubility result in limited
oral bioavailability. Therefore, research is focused on developing efficient encapsulation
systems to enhance their stability, solubility, and delivery. In the present study, different
biopolymers, including sodium alginate (SA), starch, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and
chitosan, have been explored for encapsulating CoQ10 for enhanced stability, bioavailability,
and controlled release. Sodium alginate forms stable gels through cross-linking with divalent
cations, while starch, CMC, and chitosan improve structural stability and controlled release of
encapsulated compounds. The encapsulation was achieved through ionotropic gelation, and
the microcapsules were characterized for size, morphology, and encapsulation efficiency,
along with in vitro release profiles and antioxidant activity.SA+Starch+Chitosan exhibited the
most sustained release, with cumulative release reaching 74.4% at 36 hours. Antioxidant assays
confirmed retained activity, with DPPH scavenging increasing over time in correlation with
release. Photostability testing showed drastic degradation of free CoQ10 (38.13% retention at
60 min), while chitosan-containing formulations retained over 92%, with SA+Starch+Chitosan
achieving the highest retention of 93.47 ± 0.189%. Similarly, thermal and storage stability tests
confirmed that encapsulation significantly delayed CoQ10 degradation under stress conditions.
These results confirm that microencapsulation using food-grade biopolymers notably improves
CoQ10's stability, antioxidant activity, and release control. The findings support the potential
of these formulations for further development in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical delivery
systems
Redefining Masculinity: Role of Positive Masculinity
Full text linkThis study explores how young men perceive and internalize masculine identity,
focusing on the shift from traditional to positive masculinity. While previous research
often highlights negative traits like aggression or emotional suppression, this study
emphasizes strengths-based approaches using the Positive Psychology/Positive
Masculinity (PPPM) model (Kiselica & Carlson, 2010). Through focus group
discussions and psychometric scale development, the research examines evolving
definitions of masculinity and their implications for male well-being. Previous
research has primarily emphasized the negative traits associated with masculinity,
such as strength, aggression, toughness, and emotional suppression. In contrast, this
study highlighted the principles of The Positive Psychology/Positive Masculinity
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(PPPM) model (Kiselica & Carlson, 2010). This model concentrates on addressing the
challenges and harmful effects of restrictive masculinity, focusing on strengths and
providing a balanced and positive perspective on masculinity. This study explored the
concept of positive masculinity by conducting Focus group discussions (FGDs) with
young males. The Thematic Analysis (Braun & Clarke, 2006) identified four themes
and respective sub-themes: The definition of masculinity, factors contributing to
positive masculinity, the bridge between traditional and positive masculinity, and the
impact of positive masculinity. Findings highlight the evolving concept of masculinity
and its positive effect on males' well-being. Study 1 aims to gather information about
the perception of male participating in the conducted focus group discussion, to see
and measure impact of positive psychology/positive masculinity model. And from the
derived factors and defined understanding from study 1, in study 2 author constructed
a psychometric scale to access the understanding of an individual towards positive
masculinity. The construction of a psychometric scale involves a systematic, multistage process to ensure reliable and valid measurement of psychological constructs.
First, the construct of interest is clearly defined, grounded in theoretical frameworks,
and relevant literature is reviewed to determine the scale's necessity and potential
domains towards accessment of positive masculinity. After establishing the construct,
a comprehensive pool of 55 items is developed, using 5 scale Likert-type response
formats. These initial items are generated based on literature, expert opinion, and
from the understanding and factors derived through focus group discussion (from
previous study)
Subsequently, the item pool undergoes expert review for content validity, where
subject-matter specialists rate each item's relevance and clarity. Poorly performing
items are either revised or discarded. After which a pilot test follows, typically on a
sample representative of the intended population, to evaluate item performance and
initial reliability statistics. Next, statistical analyses—such as exploratory and
confirmatory factor analyses—are conducted to assess the dimensionality and internal
structure of the scale. Items that do not load well on the intended factors are further
refined or removed. The resulting scale is subjected to additional psychometric
testing, evaluating internal consistency (e.g., Cronbach’s alpha), test-retest reliability,
and various forms of validity (construct, convergent, discriminant).
Finally, the scale is standardized, and scoring norms are developed, ensuring its
applicability for research or clinical purposes. Throughout, the process is iterative,
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with ongoing refinement based on empirical findings and expert feedback, ensuring
that the final instrument demonstrates measurement properties and finally called a
Trends in Register Verification with a Focus on IP Employed in Networking Devices
No full textAs digital systems continue to grow in complexity, especially within networking and SoC
domains, validating hardware before fabrication has become a pressing necessity. This project
focused on verifying the register interface of a Data Aligner IP, a module frequently used in
packet-based communication systems. The IP had a set of programmable registers used for
both data path alignment and control. Since the register behavior had to remain consistent even
when traffic patterns or timing conditions changed, validating this wasn’t trivial. Early in the
project, I noticed that manual register access and checking was becoming repetitive and hard
to scale. So I put together a UVM-based testbench with SystemVerilog and integrated a RAL
model to simplify the entire process.
The Register Abstraction Layer (RAL) was integrated after experimenting with a few manual
approaches, which proved time-consuming and error-prone. By transitioning to a structured,
script-based generation flow (using spreadsheet input for spec definition), I was able to create
an accurate register model, integrate it into the environment, and perform functional coverage
analysis efficiently.
Assertions were embedded early on to catch design mismatches, and constrained-random
sequences were written to stress corner cases. We simulated the register interface, which made
debug much faster. Instead of handling register behavior manually—something that quickly
became tedious and error-prone—I used RAL to automate how access sequences were built
and how checks were run.
During development, the register specification kept changing—sometimes just small updates,
sometimes entire fields added or removed. Instead of constantly modifying sequences or
rewriting checkers every time that happened, I worked on making the testbench flexible enough
to handle these shifts. The point wasn’t to nail everything on day one—I just didn’t want to
waste time redoing the same stuff every time the spec changed. So I set things up with enough
flexibility that small changes—like renaming a field or adjusting a default—wouldn’t break
the whole environment. It wasn’t some perfect setup, but it worked, and over time it definitely
reduced the amount of rework and made life a bit easier as the project moved forward
Digital Twin-Based Predictive Maintenance of Power Converters
No full textPower Electronics are considered the most important element in most of the modern applications
which include the Renewable Energy sources like solar, wind, tidal and in Electric vehicles and
industrial automation processes. Although it has great importance in these modern applications,
the reliability of these power electronics converters is at very high risk due to the ageing and
degradation of the critical components, such as IGBT/MOSFET switches and capacitors.
Traditional Maintenance practices, which are time-based or reactive maintenance available in the
market, are not able to predict the failure in advance, which results in an increase of downtime and
poses operational risk to the operator and reliability is affected. To overcome the limitation faced
by the traditional maintenance practices, this dissertation work introduces the Digital Twin-based
predictive maintenance, specially employed for power converters to predict the health status and
remaining useful life of critical components of power converters, which cause failures in power
converters. In this research work, first, we discussed the role of power electronics converters in
modern applications and the challenges faced that affect the reliability of power converters. Then,
to overcome these challenges, how a digital twin-based predictive maintenance strategy is
employed, its concept, architecture and its applications in other areas are discussed. Afterwards,
the literature review about the applications to digital twin-based predictive maintenance of power
converters is thoroughly studied and analyzed. Further, the literature gap is identified in the
literature analyzed, which results in the identification of the problem. To bridge this literature gap,
this dissertation work is carried out to provide a feasible solution to the identified problems, which
bridges the literature gap in this maintenance strategy. The proposed methodology in this work
generates synthetic run-to-failure data of the degradation component in the power converters and
employs machine learning algorithms to identify the anomaly and predict the RUL of components.
This work documents two case studies, firstly, the ageing severity of the power converter IGBT
switch is identified with the classification models by generating synthetic data of ageing with the
help of MATLAB, and secondly, the remaining useful life of the capacitor is predicted through a
data-driven degradation model by generating degradation data in MATLAB. MATLAB
simulations are utilized to develop and validate a predictive maintenance algorithm aimed at
detecting ageing severity and estimating the remaining useful life (RUL) of a capacitor. The results
show the effectiveness of the proposed methodology to predict the health status and RUL of power
converter components and how it ensured reliability and extended the lifespan of converters.
Future work will focus on integrating additional features like real-time data integration and many
other technologies to enhance model accuracy and practical deployment
3-BIT Flash ADC using Cadence Allegro / OrCAD 24.1
No full textWith the increasing demand for high-speed, low-power electronic devices, signal integrity (SI) has
become a crucial aspect of printed circuit board (PCB) design. Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs) play a
vital role in signal processing, system-on-chip (SoC) designs, and mixed-signal applications by converting
analog signals into digital data. This report presents the design and implementation of a 3-bit flash ADC using
Cadence Allegro/OrCAD 24.1, an industry-standard electronic design automation (EDA) tool.
The PCB design process is explored in three major steps: schematic entry, PCB layout, and SI analysis. Design
Entry CIS and Allegro AMS Simulator are used for schematic capture and circuit simulation, while Allegro
PCB Editor is utilized for layout design and routing. The 3-bit flash ADC architecture, consisting of a resistor
ladder, comparators, and an encoder, is analyzed for performance at varying input frequencies. Key metrics
such as resolution, sampling rate, and power consumption are examined to assess functionality.
The report also evaluates PCB design tools, considering essential features like multilayer design capability,
footprint creation, autorouting, and 3D visualization. While Cadence Allegro provides robust design
capabilities, challenges such as high cost, complex user interface, and intricate file management are discussed.
This report focuses on designing and implementing a 3-bit flash Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) using
Cadence Allegro 24.1. ADCs play a vital role in signal processing, system-on-chip (SoC) applications, and
mixed-signal designs, converting analog signals into digital representations for further processing. The
performance of an ADC is determined by key factors such as resolution, sampling rate, and power consumption.
Given the complexity of analog circuit design and storage, digital conversion is essential for efficient processing.
The report provides a step-by-step guide to PCB design, covering schematic entry, PCB layout, and signal
integrity analysis using Cadence tools. Design Entry CIS 24.1 is used for schematic entry and circuit simulation,
while Allegro PCB Editor facilitates layout design and trace routing. This tutorial serves as a foundational
resource for learning PCB design methodologies and EDA tool utilization, offering insights into high-speed
circuit development and analysis.
This study serves as a practical guide for engineers, researchers, and students looking to enhance their
knowledge of high-speed PCB design and ADC implementation. By leveraging modern EDA tools, optimized
circuit development methodologies can be achieved for advanced electronic applications
Potential of Using Pyrochar And Biochar In Civil Engineering Application
No full textThe growing emphasis on sustainable and low-carbon construction practices has led to increased interest in alternative materials that can enhance the performance and environmental footprint of civil engineering projects. This study explores the potential use of biochar and pyrochar, carbon-rich byproducts derived from biomass pyrolysis, in various civil engineering applications. Both materials exhibit favourable properties such as high porosity, large surface area, and chemical stability, making them suitable for incorporation into construction materials.
The research investigates the physical, chemical, and microstructural characteristics of biochar and pyrochar using techniques such as X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The effects of incorporating these materials into cementitious matrices are examined in terms of compressive strength, durability, and carbon sequestration potential.
Results indicate that controlled addition of biochar and pyrochar can improve specific properties of concrete and soil while also contributing to carbon capture and waste valorisation. The findings support the viability of using these materials as sustainable additives in civil engineering, paving the way for further research into their long-term performance and environmental benefits
A Comparative Study of Wind Effect on High Rise Building Using American and Indian Wind Standards
No full textThis M.Tech thesis presents a comprehensive comparison of wind loading codes for highrise buildings, focusing on the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) 7- 22 and the
Indian Standard (IS) 875 (2015) - Part 3. The study evaluates the response of buildings to
wind loads through dynamic analysis, considering various dynamic wind characteristics. A
set of 151.2m high-rise buildings of different shapes were subjected to analysis, alongside an
80m height building for further examination of different building geometries.
The comparative analysis primarily focuses on terrain category 3 for both codes, with a
meticulous examination of parameters such as design wind pressure at different heights,
base shear, storey drift and storey displacement. The aim of this research is to provide
insights into the variations between international wind loading standards, particularly in
comparison with the Indian wind loading standard.
Through rigorous analysis and comparison, this study sheds light on the disparities in wind
load assessments and their implications on structural design and safety. The findings
presented in this thesis contribute to enhancing understanding and improving the application
of wind loading codes in the design and construction of tall buildings, facilitating better
structural performance and resilience in diverse geographical contexts