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Preparation and characterization of protein templated metal nano- formulations and their wound healing applications
No full textThe skin is the largest human body organ that, by acting as a barrier, assists in preventing the entry
of harmful microbes into the body. It can self-heal to a certain extent, which is impaired in case of
extensive damage caused by chemical or physical shock. Wound healing activates multiple
physiological and simultaneous phases, such as hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and
remodeling. Different approaches have been used to treat chronic wounds, ranging from multiple
dressings, stem cell-based therapies, and the use of growth factors. But still, certain limitations
prevent their effective utilization, including delayed healing due to moisture, such as in alginatebased materials, delay due to poor aeration in hydrocolloidal dressings, poor mechanical strength in
hydrogels, expensive production in therapies involving stem cells and growth factors and poor costeffectiveness. Wound treatment gain enormous interest of investigators, but there is a lack of
efficient therapeutic intervention. The cost of healing ranges between 96.8 billion
for acute and chronic wounds, and the maximum amount is used for surgical wounds, followed by
diabetic ulcers. The alarming rise in chronic wounds, the increasing old-age population, and the
hiking number of surgeries are some factors driving the growth of the wound care market. The
number of patients affected by chronic wounds is approximately 5.7 million people in the United
States alone, and an estimated cost of USD 25 billion is spent per year.
Nanotechnology played a vital role in equipping us with promising approach for achieving target
specific and efficient delivery through innovating protein-functionalized nanoparticles using growth
factors, anti-diabetic wound healing agents (insulin), and extracellular proteins (keratin, heparin,
and silk fibroin) as they are critical in enhancing cell proliferation, migration, ECM production,
angiogenesis, and inflammation regulation. This led to the emergence of, protein-functionalized
nanoparticles as a potential agents for accelerating healing in patients with delayed or impaired
healing. Although insulin has huge potential as an anti-diabetic agent, but its role has rarely been
explored in the field of wound-healing.
This work aims to develop optimized protein-based nanoformulations for wound healing purposes
as they can have sustained drug release, reduced administration frequency, an adequate
concentration of medicine for an extended period, higher potency in wound recovery compared to
the free proteins, high protein stability, easy transport through the body and less denaturation under
environmental conditions, all work together to form advanced formulations critical for wound
healing. Further, the high surface area to volume ratio, water solubility, stability, biocompatibility,
target specificity, and biodegradability have given an upper hand to using nanoformulations over
traditional therapeutics. Thus, I have synthesized protein-templated metal nanoformulations for
their potential role as wound-healing agents under normal and diabetic conditions
Implementation of Synchronous Up/Down Counter with CMOS Technology
No full textIt is used in this study to make a synchronous up/down counter that work quickly and doesn't use much power. The goal of this thesis is to make a counter design that work with digital systems that are already in use. It should be quick and not use a lot of power. There is a clock blocking function in the suggested system that keeps the clock signal from getting to blocks that are not being used. This means you need less physical energy. This smart clock control cuts down on the number of switches that aren't needed, which saves a lot of energy when no one is using it. Another type of FF T is built into the clock. This flip-flop is better than the ones that came before it because it can switch states more quickly and takes up less space on the chip. Furthermore, the use of T FF with the help of XOR gate and Flip Flop D enables to reduce the number of transistors as compared to other FFs. The Cadence Virtuoso EDA tool is used to test the design after it was finished. The models' findings show that the counter up/down circuit work better, faster, and with less power. A lot of different input clock rates don't change how well and regularly the counter work. Because of this, there is a small gap in connection, which helps you count correctly both going up and down. Because it's strong and doesn't take up much room, this design can be used for small, battery-powered gadgets, digital signal processors, and embedded systems. A lot of different things were used to check the idea and make sure it worked. It work really well with VLSI because it is faster, needs less power, and takes up less space. Digital circuits work better when a few simple but important changes are made to how they are built, the study found. For instance, the circuits work better when a smaller flip-flop design is used and clock gating is added. Whenever speed and power are important in real life, this kind of counter should work great. Due to the clock gating the unnecessary switching activity in the circuit stops and their is also a reduction in energy consumption. Though the proposed counter up/down consume less power as compared to conventional counters
A Conservation of Resources Perspective on Stress Self-Efficacy and Life Quality in Northern India's Substance Use Disorder Patients
No full textThis research was conducted in pursuit to investigate the correlations between perceived stress,
general self-efficacy, and quality of life among individual suffering from substance use disorders
in Northern India, framed within the context of Conservation of Resources (COR) theory. Selfefficacy showed a positive correlation with quality of life (r = .467, p < .001), while perceived
stress revealed a negative correlation with quality of life (r = –.454, p < .001). Mediation analysis
revealed that self-efficacy partially explained the association of perceived stress with quality of
life. These findings highlight the substantial improvement in overall quality of life and the
preservation of stress management linked to self-efficacy.
Keywords: substance use disorder, perceived stress, self-efficacy, quality of life, conservation of
resources, Northern Indi
Investigations on Printed UWB Antennas for Indoor High Data Rate Communications
No full textWireless communication is becoming a necessary component for modern living. The
communication limitations have been completely removed with the introduction of wireless
communication. Wireless communication has provided us with a variety of time-saving
opportunities. Wired gadgets have been replaced with cordless ones. Wireless devices with
bigger antennas have been replaced with smaller antennas. Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and WPAN are
examples of wireless networking technologies that have improved connectivity for portable
devices. The need for high-speed communications continues to increase day by day as
people's requirements increases.
UWB technology is an ideal method for achieving high data rate transmission. UltraWideband (UWB) technology has emerged as a transformative wireless communication
paradigm with broad-ranging applications across industries. The ultra-wideband radio
spectrum, often known as UWB or ultra-band, is envisioned for short-range high-bandwidth
communication. Ultra-Wideband (UWB) technology has garnered significant attention due to
its ability to transmit and receive signals over an extensive range of frequencies with low
power consumption.
Since the 7.5 GHz frequency spectrum from 3.1-10.6 GHz opened for use, the field of ultra
wideband communications has expanded due to its many inherent benefits, which include
high data rates, low average power consumption, reduced susceptibility to multipath
revocation, improved range accuracy and low cost. The key difference among UWB and
traditional radio transmission is that the traditional one transmits data by altering the
frequency, phase, or power level of a sinusoidal wave, while the UWB transmits data by
creating radio pulses at specific time intervals and occupy an enormous bandwidth. Because
the system uses power deficit, short bursts of radio signals, it has much less interference than
other narrow band systems, so it can coexist with other narrow band conventional wireless
technologies that already exists, such as Bluetooth, WLAN, and Wi-Fi. However, extremely
strong interference may result from narrow band systems when located very close to a UWB
system. This imposes very strict limitations on the linearity and filters of the UWB frontend.
Thus in order to lessen the interference, a notch at the interferer frequency is necessary. All
this led to the motivation behind this thesis work.This thesis aims to accomplish four objectives: all the designs are segregated with respect to
the objectives achieved. The first and second designs are based on first two objectives, the
first objective is to analyse and design UWB antenna and the second objective is to
implement the notch characteristics in UWB antenna. The first design is an infinite length
slotted UWB antenna achieved 2.5 ~ 12 GHz bandwidth, exhibiting notch characteristics for
3.5 GHz. The design is fabricated on a cost-effective FR4 substrate. The second design is a
step feed Ultra-Wideband quarter elliptical monopole antenna exhibits band notch
characteristics at 5.8 GHz. Two inverted L-shaped slots, accompanied by a pair of circular
slots are carved on the area of the patch for band notch features.
The third objective is to design and implement a novel tapering technique for proposed
UWB/notched UWB antenna. The proposed antenna is squiggly shaped tapered feed antenna.
This antenna is two-layered, in which one layer is of dielectric material and the top layer is a
copper layer containing a circular patch, CPW-fed tapered feed. The measured impedance
bandwidth is extended to 20.3 GHz ranging from 3.3 GHz. The designed antenna is made by
a uniquely designed tapered feed circular patch antenna excited through a CPW feeding
mechanism. The proposed antenna design is a novel as no one has ever proposed a squiggly
shaped tapered feed.
The fourth objective is to design and implement a DR-based antenna. The two different DRbased antennas were designed on this objective. In the fourth design, the antenna is a QWT
based CDRA is obtained by pasting the cylindrical DR on the FR-4 substrate having QWT
feedline used for excitation and DGS at the back as ground. The antenna presented in fifth
design is a QWT based RDRA which is obtained by pasting the rectangular DR on the Arlon
AD255C rogers substrate having QWT feedline used for excitation and defected ground
structure (DGS) at the back as ground. Both the fourth and fifth designs are patch-less DRA
antennas
Design and Analysis of Mem-element Emulators and their Applications
No full textThe family of mem-elements traces its origins back to the memristor, a concept introduced by
Leon Chua in 1971 as the fourth fundamental passive circuit element. HP Labs fabricated the
first memristor in 2008 using nanoscale titanium dioxide films. The memristor exhibits a
unique memory-dependent resistance, which changes based on the applied voltage and current
history. Following this breakthrough, the concept of memory-retaining properties was extended
to other passive elements, leading to the development of memcapacitors, meminductors, and
memtranstors.
The memcapacitor is an extension of the memristor concept, representing a capacitor with
memory-dependent capacitance. Unlike conventional capacitors, a memcapacitor exhibits
history-dependent charge-voltage characteristics, meaning its capacitance varies based on past
input signals. Their ability to retain and dynamically adjust capacitance opens new possibilities
for programmable analog circuits and chaotic oscillators. The memcapacitor emulator circuit
is realized using an operational transconductance amplifier (OTA), a current differencing
buffered amplifier (CDBA), and a grounded capacitor, ensuring an efficient and compact
design. Simulations have been performed to validate its functionality, including transient
response analysis and non-volatility testing under parametric variations.
In addition, the memtranstor emulator is proposed using a current conveyor (CCII) and a
voltage differencing current conveyor (VDCC). This design emulates the memtranstor’s unique
flux-charge relationship and magnetoelectric-like behavior, supporting its potential use in
memory-driven analog computation. The lack of commercially available mem-elements in IC
form has created a need for emulator circuits replicating their characteristics. These memelements are utilized in various applications, including non-volatile memory, reconfigurable
analog signal processing (such as filters and chaotic oscillators), and neuromorphic computing.
Both emulator circuits were simulated using LTspice, and then implemented using 180nm
CMOS technology. Transient and frequency-domain analyses confirm that the circuits
effectively mimic the dynamic behavior of their theoretical counterparts
Effects of Polyamines on Growth and Morphological Characteristics of the Microtubers in Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)
No full textPotato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is the most widely produced tuberous crop all over the world
because of its high nutritional values. Tissue culture practices are commonly used to produce trueto-type and virus-free planting materials of potato as compared to traditional means. Various plant
growth regulators (PGRs) and polyamines (PAs) are known to influence the initiation and growth
of microtuber. The aim of the study was to see the effects of different concentrations of
6-benzylaminopurine (6-BAP), Putrescine (PUT), Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) either singly or in
combination on microtuberization of some Indian potato cultivars namely Kufri Pukhraj (KPu),
Kufri Jyoti (KJy), Kufri Chipsona-2 (KC-2); the exotic cv. Desiree (DE) was used as a reference.
In the first set of experiments, Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 80 g/L sucrose was
supplemented with 500mg/L Cholorocholine chloride (CCC) with different concentrations of BAP
(0-100 µM). TB3 medium (50 µM BAP) was found to be most suitable for microtuberization in
terms of number, fresh weight and yield of microtubers. This medium was found to be most
effective for DE with regard to shoot survival (84 ± 3.16%), number of microtubers per bottle
(56.0 ± 1.26), tuber weight (4554.3 ± 54.8 mg), and diameter (0.58 ± 0.01 cm). For the second set
of experiments, MS media with 80 g/L sucrose, 10 mg/L BAP and 500 mg/L s(CCC) with different
concentrations of Putrescine (0 µM-1000µM) were used. In this case, microtuber production was
significantly improved in TP4 medium (600 µM PUT) for the cultivars KPu and KJy; whereas
TP5 medium (800 µM PUT) remained most effective for the cv. DE as evident from maximum
tuber number (55.4 ± 0.94 per bottle), tuber weight (6391.9 ± 100.88 mg) and diameter
(0.65 ± 0.05 cm). In the third sets of experiments, the media formulations were MS medium
supplemented with 80 g/L sucrose, 2.5 mg/L BAP with different conc. of IBA (0 ̶50 µM). TI3
medium (10 µM), was found to be most effective in microtuberization for the cultivars, KC-2, KJy
and DE. KC-2 showed best results in terms of microtuber weight (2357.2 ± 61.35 mg) and diameter
(0.71 ± 0.02 cm) in TI3 medium in comparison to KJy and DE. Effects of 6-BAP, PUT and IBA
appeared to be distinct in the process of microtuberization. All these data would be helpful to
understand the process of microtuberization in potato.
Keywords: Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars, 6-benzylaminopurine, Putrescine, Indole-3-
butyric Acid, Microtuberization, Morphological parameters and yield of microtuber
Intergenerational Appeal In Nostalgic Market: Bridging The Generational Gap
No full textThe growing market sector, which is very much inclined towards the emotions- driven
marketing strategies, has brought much focus on nostalgia as an instrument used to influence
consumers through advertising. . Understanding meaning of nostalgia in an individual’s help
us to predict consumer behaviour and their purchase intention in industries like food,
entertainment, technology, fashion, and many more. However using nostalgia in the market
sector can also be result in great market engagement and also help in bridging the
generational gaps appealing to both old consumers who experience certain eras first hand and
young consumers who are eager and curious and ideal about those times.
This research study examines the subjective experiences of nostalgic feelings and how likely
they are with the revival of these nostalgic in the market and its impact across two different
generations. Furthermore, the study focuses on the impact of nostalgic and non-nostalgic
commercials across two generations of consumers, and how it impacts their emotions and
purchase intention. Therefore, the study also aims to examine the influence of age on both
nostalgic and non-nostalgic products in the market sector. However, this study also helps us
to understand how various advertising can impact our emotion both positively and negatively,
and it also shapes our behavioural response, i.e purchase intention. The present study
provides both theoretical and practical implications. Theoretically, nostalgia enhances the
market effectiveness, but if we look at its practical implications, it gives insight that the
marketers should not complete rely on nostalgia, there are also many others which triggers
nostalgia for instance, particular age group, sustainability of the product, sentimental values
attach towards it, authenticity and traditionalness of the product. All these factors collectively
contribute towards the usefulness of the nostalgic feeling and the behavioural responses on
the consumers across the generation. Therefore, interplay of all these factors play a major in
the market engangement and brand loyalty
Molecular Cloning and Overexpression of Arabidopsis thaliana 14-3-3 Protein in Escherichia coli
No full textThe 14-3-3 protein family plays a crucial role in regulating multiple physiological pathways in
plants, particularly those involved in responses to both biotic and abiotic stresses. In
Arabidopsis, 14-3-3 proteins interact with key partners to modulate signalling pathways,
particularly those involved in stress tolerance. Besides, Ca²⁺ signalling in plants regulates plant
transporters' activities in stress tolerance. However, Ca²⁺ influence on 14-3-3 function, stability,
and binding affinity remains unclear. To explore this, we performed bioinformatic analyses of
one of the Arabidopsis thaliana 14-3-3 variants, 14-3-3, which is known to bind plant plasma
membrane SOS1 C-terminal residues. Since SOS1 is also indirectly regulated by cytosolic
Ca²⁺, we aimed to investigate whether Ca²⁺ influences the structure, function, or binding affinity
of 14-3-3. Arabidopsis thaliana 14-3-3 sequences and structures are studied and compared
with the known peptide-bound 14-3-3 structures to explore this. The cloning was accompanied
by the overexpression of 14-3-3 in E. coli following affinity purification. Future biochemical
characterisation will focus on understanding the interaction between calcium and 14-3-3. This
study may provide insights into the broader role of 14-3-3 and its interaction with Ca²⁺, which
can be used in developing stress-resilient crops
Analysing the Relationship of Fiscal Indicators and Economic Growth: A Study of Brics Economies with Special Reference to India
No full textInitially, the current study investigated the empirical relationship between public
revenue, government spending, and economic growth in BRICS countries. This study
evaluates the BRICS economies' economic growth from 2000-01 to 2020-21. The study
sought to identify the most successful drivers of economic growth in BRICS countries,
as well as existing fiscal metrics such as health and education expenditure. The findings
suggest that increased government health spending will result in higher real GDP. The
BRICS countries' education spending has to be addressed. PDA results reveals that the
fixed effect model is more appropriate for BRICS than the cross-section random effect
model, using GDP growth rate and GDP-PPP as endogenous variables. In other words,
for BRICS, the time-variant effect is negligible, while intercountry variance in variables
is significant. The findings also indicate a greater reliance on current health and
education. It is time for BRICS to focus on these in order to boost economic growth.
The key policy implication is that there is no better way to defend the BRICS countries'
fiscal systems than to invest in their healthcare and education systems. The findings
show that BRICS countries will function better if more resources are transferred from
government revenue collection and allocated to public sector investment.
The current study examines the relationship between economic growth, government
spending, and public revenue in seventeen Indian states from 1990-91 to 2020-21. The
link between important fiscal policy variables and economic growth was examined
using a panel data technique, the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM), and fully
modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS & DOLS) estimates. In this study, the
effects of non-tax revenue, development plan spending, tax revenue, and development
non-plan expenditure were evaluated on (i) the net state domestic product (NSDP) and
(ii) the NSDP per capita. The results show that the selected fiscal factors are
significantly connected. The results imply that rapid expansion of the fiscal sector is
necessary to drive economic growth in India and advance the actual development of the
economies of these states.
The current study also looked into the empirical relationship between public revenue,
government spending, and economic growth in India. The findings indicate a need to
concentrate on tax collections. The government should increase capital project
development expenditures since doing so will accelerate net state domestic product
growth and the econom