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Convergent evolution towards the joint-stock company
No full textNational audienceThe origin of the modern joint-stock company is typically traced to the concomitant appearance of large-scale maritime trading companies in England and the Netherlands in the early seventeenth century. Highlighting medieval cases in southern Europe, we claim that the joint-stock company emerged earlier in history. These prior appearances support the theory of convergent evolution towards the joint-stock company. We document alternative and largely independent developmental paths that suggest the joint-stock company can emerge in a variety of legal, political and socioeconomic contexts. This evidence has implications for identifying the necessary background underlying the emergence of the joint-stock company, and for the debate regarding the link between business institutions and economic growth
Questioning human resource management system in project-based organizations: A systematic review and research agenda
No full textInternational audienceConsidering the proposition for an “epistemological revision of HRM” under the prevalence of temporariness of organizing in contemporary businesses (Burke & Morley, 2023, p. 32), we contribute to advance the field by harvesting how the temporariness of project-based organization of work was addressed by the HR function of these organizations, as reported in the recent academic literature. We review the current state of knowledge about how organizations build HRM systems in project-based organizations (PBOs) and draw up an inventory of the current challenges posed by project management to HRM and how these challenges were identified and addressed. The literature dealing with HRM in PBOs is structured around two major components. A first component of the literature addresses the wide variety of HRM practices which are now used in PBOs, i.e., “how to manage” HR involved in projects, which we synthetize in six key processes. The second component is the research dealing with the plurality of stakeholders in charge of HRM in PBOs, i.e., “who manages”. Following this analytical presentation, we discuss a third component: how the HRM system is organized, how it is shaped and maintained, highlighting the modes of collaboration that enable HR systems to evolve and align. Those concerns are unveiled at the crossroad of the PBO and HRM literatures with the aim of drawing propositions for the future of the management of workers, in times of changes in the employment relationship, work content and work meaning
Allocation and validation of the second revision of the International Staging System in the ICARIA-MM and IKEMA studies
No full textInternational audienceThe International Staging System for multiple myeloma recently underwent a second revision (R2-ISS) to include gain/amplification of 1q21 and account for the additive prognostic significance of multiple high-risk features. The phase 3 ICARIA-MM (isatuximab-pomalidomide-dexamethasone vs. pomalidomide-dexamethasone) and IKEMA (isatuximab-carfilzomib-dexamethasone vs. carfilzomib-dexamethasone) studies provide large datasets for retrospectively validating the prognostic value of the R2-ISS in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. Of 609 pooled patients, 68 (11.2%) were reclassified as R2-ISS stage I, 136 (22.3%) as R2-ISS stage II, 204 (33.5%) as R2-ISS stage III, 55 (9.0%) as stage IV, and 146 (24.0%) "Not classified". Median progression-free survival was shorter among those reclassified as R2-ISS stage II (HR 1.52, 95% CI 0.979-2.358), stage III (HR 2.59, 95% CI 1.709-3.923), and stage IV (HR 3.51, 95% CI 2.124-5.784) versus stage I. Adding isatuximab led to longer progression-free survival versus doublet therapy (adjusted HR 0.544 [95% CI 0.436-0.680]), with a consistent treatment effect observed across all R2-ISS stages. This is the first study to validate the R2-ISS with novel agents, including anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies, and to show that R2-ISS, as a prognostic scoring system, can be applied to patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma.</div
DOES TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP PROMOTE EMPLOYEE VOICE? TESTING THE MEDIATING EFFECT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL EMPOWERMENT AND MODERATING EFFECT OF LEADER-LEADER EXCHANGE
No full textInternational audienceIn the current paper we have studied the impact of transformational leaders' empowering behaviours on their followers' willingness to express their opinions and ideas. Specifically, we hypothesized that the relationship between transformational leadership and employee voice is mediated by psychological empowerment and moderated by leader-leader exchange. In order to test this moderated-mediation model, we collected data from 253 respondents working in public and private sector organizations in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. We analysed our study data through SEM and PROCESS. Our study results confirmed that leader-leader exchange moderated the positive relationship between transformational leadership and psychological empowerment. Moreover, we found that the relationship between transformational leadership was fully mediated by psychological empowerment. Our paper underlines the importance of transformational leader’s upward relationship with their superiors on their subordinate’s psychological empowerment and subsequent voice behavior. Finally, theoretical and managerial implication are discussed
“We don’t want to be accused of being feminists” : A gender equality measure for leadership positions and the perpetuation of patriarchal arrangements
No full textInternational audienceThis article seeks to understand the effects produced by a gender equality measure founded on a career-advancement approach to equality, by scrutinising a managerial control process introduced by the women’s network of a large SBF120 firm to promote women’s representation in leadership positions. Through a qualitative study, and drawing on the work of Acker, we uncover the mechanisms through which action designed to bring more women into leadership positions sustains, and masks, the perpetuation of the surrounding inegalitarian structure. We show that the assumptions underlying such processes – approaching equality through the ideas of career advancement and a better work/life balance for women, and as good for financial performance – reflect patriarchal arrangements – the male worker pursuing self-maximisation, women as complementary to men, women as the principal subjects of reproductive work. Those patriarchal arrangements are then perpetuated through the effects of the related managerial control process. We highlight how it is difficult for the women heading this process to escape the career-advancement view of equality, because it is entrenched in organisational and societal structures that place constraints on the design of the control system. We thus contribute to the accounting literature on gender equality measures 1/ by underlining that the measure studied cannot challenge the status quo because it is constructed by, and locked into, a patriarchal, elitist arrangement; 2/ by arguing that a managerial control process intended to advance women’s representation in leadership positions creates a “blind spot” in the gender equality measure; 3/ by uncovering the “destructive power” of a managerial control process, which lies in its tendency to sap any possibility of understanding the problem structurally, but also in its propensity to wipe out the ability to imagine alternative ways of living and working that differ from the patriarchal arrangements on which our social order is founded.<br /
Economie circulaire forte : comment passer à l’échelle ?
No full textInternational audienceCette session thématique vise à explorer le rôle que des modèles dits de circularité forte (Aggeri et al., 2023), c’est-à-dire, basés sur un principe de sobriété, visant à intensifier l’usage des produits/infrastructures, à allonger leur durée de vie et à ralentir les flux de matériaux dans l’économie, pourraient jouer dans une telle transition (voir aussi Alberich et al., 2023 ; Beulque et al., 2023 ; Niessen et Bocken, 2021 ; Niessen et Bocken, 2021). De telles stratégies sont expérimentées ici ou là, mais le plus souvent à petite échelle. La question des conditions d’un passage à l’échelle est, dès lors, cruciale pour accomplir une transition vers un modèle de durabilité forte
ORGANISER LE TRAVAIL SANS MANAGER : ÉTUDE DES PROCESSUS DE RÉGULATION AU SEIN D'UNE ORGANISATION AUTOGÉRÉE
No full textInternational audienceCet article montre les processus de régulation au sein d'une organisation autogérée. La particularité de l'organisation autogérée est d'être sans manager. Le pouvoir et le travail y sont répartis parmi les membres. Ceci en fait un cas intéressant pour étudier les processus de création de règles. En mobilisant la théorie de la régulation sociale et en nous appuyant sur des observations et la conduite d'entretiens semidirectifs, nous mettons au jour les processus de régulation à l'oeuvre. Nos résultats soulignent la présence de processus de régulation dans une organisation autogérée. L'émergence de la régulation autonome n'est pas, dans ce type d'organisation, qu'une réaction à la régulation de contrôle. Nos résultats mettent en valeur également que la présence de métarègles de contrôle contient une légitimité symbolique qui cadre les processus de régulation et fonde les règles de contrôle
Compilation and Applications of an Open-Source Dataset on Global Air Traffic Flows and Carbon Emissions
No full textInternational audienceThe study of the environmental transition of the aviation sector calls for prospective traffic scenarios. Detailed traffic and emissions inventories are often needed to refine the available analyses and to enable the simulation of regionalised scenarios. In the past studies, these are generally based on commercial, proprietary traffic data, making their dissemination problematic and reducing the reproducibility of the science produced. Open-source alternatives do exist but with limited geographical coverage. This study bridges this gap by presenting an innovative open-source dataset detailing 2019's global air traffic flows and associated CO2 emissions. A comprehensive approach that compiles diverse flight data sources is presented. The remaining data gaps are addressed by constructing a route network through systematic Wikipedia parsing and by estimating the related traffic using socio-economic data. Then, an aircraft performance model to estimate CO2 emissions is implemented. This methodology promises reinforced reproducibility and broader data accessibility in aviation environmental research. Several reference datasets are used to evaluate the accuracy of the open-source dataset. Despite various levels of accuracy for individual routes, major traffic flows are well estimated at the country and continental levels, albeit with room for refinement to ensure consistent data reliability. To facilitate the exploration of the dataset, the AeroSCOPE tool has been developed. To initiate research prospects, use cases of this dataset are proposed, concerning the network potential of electric and hydrogen-powered aircraft and inequalities in air transport.<br /
Simultaneous Discovery–Invention in Corporate R&D: Lessons from the CRISPR Case
No full textInternational audienceAbstract Some companies invest in fundamental research, but many struggle when developing novel in‐house scientific knowledge and integrating it into their new inventions. While the literature advocates revised approaches to better understand this phenomenon, we investigate the processes that lead to Simultaneous Discovery–Invention (SDI). By adopting an abductive process, we propose a model that highlights the mechanisms of SDI. Notably, we reveal that teams must preserve independence in creative exploration during scientific knowledge creation and invention generation while maintaining intensive original knowledge exchange among them. We also demonstrate that anomaly detection and peer validation mechanisms are mandatory for SDI. We evaluate our model with a case study in the food industry: the discovery that CRISPR–Cas9 is an adaptative defense immune system of bacteria and the associated innovations in this industry. Finally, we discuss the insights provided by our model and the implications of our case study
Encourager la réflexivité pour favoriser la sobriété : le rôle des modèles de tarification
No full textInternational audienceThe imperative for sufficient consumption relies on the development of consumer reflexivity, defined in this article as a conscious self-examination in the context of consumption. This research investigates the impact of pricing plans on the activation or inhibition of reflexivity. Through two studies related to mobile telephony, the article shows that price-per-use pricing fosters reflexivity and moderation in consumption, while flat-rate pricing inhibits them. However, the first study also confirms that consumers do not prefer price-per-use. The second study tests alternative pricing settings that are likely to activate reflexivity while having a higher probability of adoption.L’impératif d’une consommation plus sobre repose sur le développement de la réflexivité des consommateurs, définie dans cet article comme un examen conscient de soi face à la consommation. Cette recherche étudie l’effet des modèles de tarification sur l’activation ou l’inhibition de la réflexivité. A travers deux études dans le domaine de la téléphonie mobile, l’article montre que la tarification à l’unité favorise la réflexivité et la modération dans la consommation alors que la tarification au forfait l’inhibe. La première étude confirme en revanche que la tarification à l’unité n’est pas désirée par lesconsommateurs. La seconde étude teste des modèles alternatifs de tarification susceptibles d’activer la réflexivité tout en ayant une probabilité plus forte d’adoption