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Privacy, E-Commerce, and Data Security
No full textInternational audienceThis article reviews important legal developments during 2013 in the fields of privacy, e-commerce, and data security. In light of changes around a new proposed privacy framework, a special focus has been made on European developments. A new section on developments in Cape Verde has been added
Privacy law implications of the use of drones for security and justice purposes
No full textInternational audienceWith the advent of new technologies, new means of surveillance and data collection have appeared on the radar. Drones are among the latest to be considered for domestic security purposes, both in the EU and the USA. After surveying some examples of the non-warfare use of drone for security and criminal justice purposes, this article analyses applicable privacy and data protection legislation and constitutional guarantees, on both sides of the Atlantic. This study extends to the application to drone-generated data of, inter alia, the Fourth Amendment to the US Constitution, Council of Europe instruments, and the EU Data Protection Framework, highlighting challenges to civil liberties and tensions between these and national security and justice concerns. Finally, this article looks briefly at proposals for legislative reform regarding drones at the US State and Federal levels and prospects for future legislation
Quel apport de la théorie de l'acteur-réseau pour appréhender la dynamique de construction du réseau entrepreneurial ?
No full textInternational audienceDespite the fact that a number of researchers have sought to explore the role of social networks during the entrepreneurial process, only a handful of them actually focused on the development of social networks over time. In this study, we propose to use the Actor Network-Theory, that we believe will lead to fill this gap. By following the trajectory of an innovative entrepreneurial project over a period of two years, we observed the evolution of the entrepreneurial network configurations. The study provides new insights into the dynamic process of network formation, in the specific context of the innovative new venture launch.Les travaux de recherche sur le réseau entrepreneurial ne cessent de croitre. Cependant les connaissances produites sur les dynamiques de construction de ce réseau en fonction du temps restent limitées. Ce constat est encore plus marqué pour tous ceux qui s’intéressent à l’étude de la phase ante création du processus entrepreneurial. En prenant comme fondement théorique de l’entrepreneuriat la conception de Bruyat (1993), les auteurs ont suivi pendant deux ans la formation progressive du réseau entrepreneurial. Ils ont mobilisé la théorie de l’acteur-réseau pour étudier cette dynamique dans une situation de création d’entreprise innovante.<br /
Compétences sociales et réseau entrepreneurial : le cas des créations d'entreprises technologiques
No full textInternational audienceLe succès d’un projet entrepreneurial innovant dépend de la capacité de son porteur à pouvoir s’entourer d’acteurs détenteurs de ressources clés. Étudier les dynamiques de formation du réseau social du créateur d’entreprise doit pouvoir contribuer à une meilleure compréhension du processus entrepreneurial. Une étude longitudinale menée en France sur six projets de création d’entreprise technologique révèle que le réseau entrepreneurial émerge sur un fond de problèmes et d’obstacles. Dans ce contexte, les compétences sociales de l’entrepreneur et les objets matériels qu’il mobilise jouent un rôle important et complémentaire dans la dynamique de construction des liens sociaux.<br /
Factors That Determine or Influence Managerial Innovation in Public Contexts: The Case of Local Performance Management
No full textx-hal_journal_id=18387International audienc
Looking at European Union Data Protection Law Reform through a Different Prism: The Proposed EU General Data Protection Regulation Two Years Later
No full textInternational audienceThis article provides an overall review of the proposed European Union General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), two years after its initial proposal by the European Commission. It places the GDPR in the context of the current Data Protection Directive that it will replace once adopted, and details provisions of the GDPR, including those that were amended by the LIBE Committee (just prior to the vote of changes in the European Parliament sitting in plenary): extraterritorial effect of the GDPR, conditions placed on consent to processing, right to be forgotten and right to erasure, level of administrative sanctions, sensitive data, cross-border data transfers, and requirements for privacy impact assessments and data protection officers. The heavy lobbying on this EU legislation is discussed, and the impact of the NSA PRISM revelations on the legislative process are analyzed
Evolutions de la loi sur la protection des données de l’Union européenne
No full textInternational audienceThis article explores recent developments in European Union data privacy and data protection law, through an analysis of European Union advisory guidance, independent administrative agency enforcement action, case law, and legislative reform in the areas of digital technologies, the internet, telecommunications and personal data. In the first case, Article 29 Working Party guidance on anonymization techniques – so important in the field of big data – is discussed and distinguished from pseudonymization. Next, Google privacy policy enforcement action by various EU Member State data protection agencies (inter alia, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Spain) is chronicled, with lessons being drawn for businesses regarding privacy policies and data protection compliance generally. Thirdly, European Union Court of Justice joined cases Digital Rights Ir. Ltd. V. Minister for Comm. Marine & Natural Res., invalidating the EU Data Retention Directive, which was applicable to providers of publicly available electronic communications services and public communications networks, such as ISPs and telecom operators, is analyzed and the WP29 reaction to the decision is discussed. The Data Retention Directive decision and recent legislative action on the proposed EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) highlight the importance in Europe of the protection of individuals’ fundamental rights to privacy and freedom of expression in the internet and telecommunications context. Finally, this article discusses recent developments regarding the GDPR, while the revelations of U.S. NSA mass surveillance programs continued to preoccupy European lawmakers
How do social skills enable nascent entrepreneurs to enact perseverance strategies in the face of challenges? A comparative case study of success and failure
No full textInternational audiencePurpose - This paper seeks to advance ongoing research in entrepreneurial perseverance. While the concept of perseverance is not new (Clark, 1935), few researchers paid attention to behavioural persistence in the entrepreneurial context. Our objective is to explore the emergence of New Technology Based Firms (NTBF) by focusing on the role of nascent entrepreneurs’ social skills in the meeting the changes of entrepreneurial perseverance. Design/methodology/approach - In this paper we study the start-up phase of entrepreneurial process. We opted for a longitudinal case study approach in order to enhance our knowledge on entrepreneurs’ social skills and perseverance. For triangulation purpose the data were gathered using four different information sources. The use of Nvivo8 as the data analysis tool helped to impose a discipline and structure which facilitated the extraction of core insights. Findings - This article contributes to our understanding of the entrepreneurial perseverance in the context of new venture creation. Particularly, reading the entrepreneurial process through the lens of the perseverance strategies model (Van Gelderen, 2012) provided a way to identify and then to assess the impact of the social skills on the overall entrepreneurial perseverance and their combined impact on the performance of NTBF creation process. In doing so, we identify the impact of entrepreneurs’ social skills to deal with a series of entrepreneurial problems such as scarcity of resources, uncertainty and ambiguity and consequently their impact on the likelihood of survival for new ventures. The issues that arose mostly reflected the inherent complexity of technology transfer processes, the university and entrepreneurs’ diverging cultures, and the very characteristics of the start-up phase of NTBFs. Our findings reveal how social skills impact the entrepreneurial paths and probable outcomes. Research limitations/implications - This article contributes to our understanding of the entrepreneurial perseverance in the context of new technology based firm creation. Our findings reveal how social skills and perseverance impact the entrepreneurial paths and probable outcomes. Practical implications - Our article has implications for entrepreneurial support mechanisms such as technology business incubators in helping them to improve the efficacy and efficiency of their assistance to entrepreneurs through the development of their skill-sets and perseverance and providing enabling networking. In addition, our research has implications for entrepreneurship education and training. Indeed, there is an urgent need to design and implement courses and programs aiming at developing soft-skills in entrepreneurship. Originality/value - In exploring networking and issues of perseverance for nascent entrepreneurs operating in new technology-based sectors, which we consider as an under searched area in entrepreneurial literature.<br /
: Creating synergies in the value chain
No full textBtoC brands have already reached a maturity stage while BtoB brands remain in a fast-growing stage, both in terms of marketing & brand manager positions and in terms of allocated budgets for brand promotion. Consequently, one of the main goals of this book is to provide companies, schools and universities support to better promote their brands. Without a brand strategy, companies stay invisible in the value chain: no name, no gain! From then on, they have to create value through a fitted professional branding policy. There are two ways to create value: the first one comes directly from the selling of products/services made under the brand promoted; the second one comes from the new value of brand funds. By integrating the latest practices and research results, this academic-rooted book meant for functional purposes defines new strategic paths aiming at managing the BtoB brand policy depending on the final target. For the first time, a synthetic and clearly BtoB oriented approach offers useful and practical perspectives meant for brand management: * BtoB: the target is the client organization and it is impossible to precisely identify the individual beneficiaries * BtoBtoC: the brand addresses the end-consumers of the final products (manufactured by the client organization). This approach is characterized by the strong prescription role of the client company's marketing department and can lead to a vertical co-branding (or in-branding). * BtoBtoE: the final customers of the brand are the employees of the public or private client organization. The goods and services are sold to the latter but are meant for the company's employees use. In this approach the Human Resources department can have a prescription role. * BtoAtoU: The brand does not target a consumer but a user (sometimes called road-user in public transportations). Lobbying techniques are particularly effective in this case. Aside from functional recommendations, this book contains many examples illustrating these diverse BtoB approaches. It provides useful practical tools to teachers and university/business and management school/engineering school students who wish to master brand policy in the BtoB context
Perception et réduction du risque lors de l’achat de viande bovine : une étude exploratoire
No full textInternational audienceDans le prolongement des travaux qui se sont intéressés à la perception des risques liés à l'achat de produits alimentaires, ce travail de recherche propose de mettre en lumière les différentes questions qui relèvent de la perception même des risques par les consommateurs ainsi que d'identifier les réducteurs de risque que ceux-ci mobilisent. L'étude qualitative de grande envergure menée pour répondre à ces questions de recherche montre notamment que le risque est présent mais diffus. En outre, les consommateurs ont tendance à procéder à un « bricolage » de réducteurs de risque qui leur sont propres. Même si des contributions managériales peuvent être dégagées, ce travail ouvre sur la nécessité de poursuivre l'examen des risques perçus par les consommateurs dans le cadre de l'alimentation