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Data Protection Issues for Smart Contracts
No full textInternational audienceSmart contracts offer promise for facilitating and streamlining transactions in many areas of business and government. However, they also may be subject to the provisions of relevant data protection laws, if personal data is processed. This Chapter focuses on the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), as the most significant and influential data protection legislation at this time, given in part to its omnibus nature and extraterritorial scope.By their very nature, smart contracts raise difficulties for the classification of the various actors involved, which will have an impact on their responsibilities under the law and their potential liability for violations. Our analysis focuses primarily on the role of data controller in the context of blockchain technology, used in smart contracts. In doing so, the signification of the classification is highlighted in the context of the GDPR.Furthermore, certain rights granted to data subjects under the GDPR may be difficult to provide in the context of smart contracts, such as the right to rectification and the right to erasure (‘right to be forgotten’). This Chapter addresses such issues, together with relevant advisory guidance and recommendations, such as the use of encryption in order to make data nearly inaccessible in order to approach as nearly as possible the same result as erasure, and the storage of certain data off-chain. On the way, the important distinction between anonymised data and personal data is explained, together with its practical implications.Finally, the GDPR requirements of data minimisation, of data security (‘integrity and confidentiality’), and of privacy by design and by default must be respected, if that legislation applies. This means that data protection and privacy must be considered when smart contracts are designed. The book is available at https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/smart-contracts-9781509937028/
Europe and cyberspace -- Data protection
No full textInternational audienceThe development of computer technology raised concerns for the privacy of the individuals to whom data being processed relates. Soon European nations began adopting data protection laws to protect the privacy of individuals, eventually regulating what had become known as “cyberspace.” To allow for the free flow of personal data within the European Union, while protecting the privacy of individuals, the regional block adopted EU-wide data protection legislation in 1995, which was then implemented in Member State law.The lack of harmonization of Member State implementing legislation and the development of new technologies led to the adoption of a uniform EU law in the form of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which has had international impact. The GDPR develops further individual rights and continues cross-border transfer restrictions, while including clearer extraterritorial application when the personal data of individuals in the European Union are collected, thus recognizing that cyberspace does not end at borders
“Isn't it ironic…!?!” Mobility researchers go sedentary: A group auto‐ethnography on collective coping and care in pandemic times
No full textInternational audienceWe moved places and places moved us, until force majeure detained us on the spot. Signed‐up to be hyper‐mobile Ph.D.‐candidates, we became hyper‐reflective pandemic intimates. We moved together into a space that felt safe, OUR safe space. Suspended. Did the pandemic open this door, or had this space always existed, even back in the old days? Probably the latter, although we were not sensitive enough to perceive it, too busy to push the door, too lonesome to CARE. Not attentive to its possibilities, not imaginative of its POWER, too confident to be capable of succeeding alone. Even if we might have secretly wished for this space to exist. The present piece of work, and JOY, might be described by others as a “side‐step,” a “hobby project,” a “shadow activity.” For us, it is a recollection of shocks and wonders, a sentience of precious, ephemeral instances that last. We are a group of eight early career researchers who study global mobility and labor migration from a variety of disciplinary perspectives. With prior international mobility experience, we left our previous countries of residence in 2018 to join an EU‐funded research project, whilst being located in different European cities. One could classify us, for example, as highly qualified, privileged migrants. The present paper is the outcome of a collaborative, auto‐ethnographic study, conducted in 2020, in the midst of the Covid‐19 pandemic, when we suddenly were forced not to travel anymore. We got together online every week to “refaire le monde,” and we conducted virtual, dialogical self‐interrogations and group reflections. Based on an emic approach, in line with Chang et al. (2013), we applied an iterative process of data collection and analysis. Our weekly conversations naturally emerged as a safe space for exchange and understanding, as we were facing similar situations, despite staying at different places. Suddenly, as the privilege of “always being on the move,” “always socializing and networking” disappeared due to closed borders and pandemic threats, we experienced anxieties and isolation and had to re‐evaluate our perceptions on life, work, and international mobility. The very purpose and meaning of our broader research endeavors and employment perspectives suddenly faded away. We realized more than ever before, what it means to us to be allowed to move, to travel freely across continents
High-performance connections: Digital holism and communicative capitalism at HappyAppy
No full textInternational audienceThe current study examines the ways in which new age organizations use digital culture to promote “holistic” visions of personal and social well-being. Concepts of holism are common in contemporary and new age management settings, but are largely undertheorized by organizational scholars; moreover, the relations between holism and techno-culture, increasingly recognized by digital sociologists, are largely missing from organizational scholarship. Using the lens of “communicative capitalism,” we carry out a case study of “HappyAppy,” a French techno-startup association concerned with well-being related applications, to understand how holistic ideas are deployed and shaped within this association. We find that that holism is marked, on the one hand, by “autarkic” fantasies, involving subjective integration and immersion, and on the other, by “relational” fantasies, involving interpersonal connection and participation. Moreover, each of these versions of holism is associated with distinct critical possibilities. We use these results to theorize the role of digital holism at the intersection of new age management and digital culture, outlining an agenda for future research
Introduction to the minitrack on Digital and Hyperconnected Supply Chain Systems.
No full textInternational audienc
Unpacking the privacy paradox of consumers: A psychological perspective
No full textInternational audienceThis study explicates why consumers allow the unconditional collection and processing of personal data while doubting data privacy. A process model addressing this privacy paradox is consequently designed through multidisciplinary research. Altogether, two online studies concur that certain factors may mitigate the negative effect of risk perception concerning data privacy during the personal data disclosure process. Hence, we examine the impact of the privacy paradox based on the literature on mental accounting, which describes interactions between present and future costs and benefits. In this context, consumer behavior is deciphered via analysis of four key variables, namely, the mental accounting of privacy-related risks, consumer involvement, type of perceived benefit regarding the specific purchase/transaction, and consumer familiarity
Sanctions RGPD : ne sont-elles qu'un tigre de papier ?
No full textNational audienceLe renforcement des sanctions prévues par le RGPD allia de pair avec un changement de paradigme consistant notamment à faire disparaître une bonne partie des formalités à accomplir avant de pouvoir procéder à un traitement de données et à responsabiliser les acteurs. Mais on peut se demander si la révolution annoncée - et redoutée - en matière de sanctions pour violations de la réglementation sur la protection des données personnelles a bien eu lieu
Un animal bien traité donne-t-il envie d’être mangé ? Effets d’un label bien-être animal sur le choix de plats carnés
No full textInternational audienc
Solving an integrated scheduling and routing problem with inventory, routing and penalty costs
No full textInternational audienceThis paper considers an integrated routing and scheduling problem where the routing part takes into account routing costs and tardiness penalties and the scheduling part is modelled by a permutation flow shop with inventory costs. We assume that each batch is served by a dedicated vehicle, and that the number of batches and their compositions (the number of jobs and the parameters of those jobs) are known in advance. The problem is to determine the starting times of the jobs for each machine in the flow shop, the starting times of the batches and their delivery route, such that the total cost (sum of inventory, routing and penalty costs) is minimised. A two-step approach is proposed. In a first step, the optimal delivery routes for each batch and each possible departure date are calculated. This is possible as determining the min cost route for a particular delivery batch and a particular departure date is easy. As a result, we have a delivery cost function for each batch, depending on the departure date. In a second step, we use those functions to find a schedule that minimises the total cost. Computational experiments are performed on randomly generated instances