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THE CONCEPT OF ACCOUNTABILITY IN THE CONTEXT OF THE EVOLVING ROLE OF ENISA IN DATA PROTECTION, EPRIVACY, AND CYBERSECURITY
No full textThe European Union Agency for Network and Information Security (ENISA), is one of the “third generation” of EU agencies, active in the area of cybersecurity. Over a period of years this expert agency’s fundamental regulation has been amended and replaced, and its governing bodies modified. However, a sea change occurred when ENISA received significant additional responsibilities and resources as a result of the EU Cybersecurity Act. In such context, the Chapter’s essential focus is on whether or not accountability is a concern for ENISA today, given its development.In the light of this evolution both in terms of ENISA’s fundamental regulation and its role, this chapter first provides an overview of theoretical perspectives regarding the accountability of EU agencies, as they are relevant to assess ENISA’s accountability, and describes ENISA as an expert body. Next, ENISA’s role in connection with certain aspects of EU legislation in data protection, ePrivacy, and cybersecurity is detailed, and most notably its creation of ‘soft law’ in these domains. An early challenge to ENISA’s legal basis is also discussed. The evolution of ENISA’s mandate, evidencing its growing importance, is detailed, and changes to its governance structures, as one solution to accountability challenges, are studied. Finally, additional discussion of accountability of ENISA in connection with its increased law ensues, with particular attention paid to its ‘soft law’ role, and potential need for a higher level of ex ante control in the form of greater ‘proceduralisation’ of law-making, prior to a making a forward-looking conclusion
Creating a Typology of International Alliances with City-level Distance Measures
No full textInternational audienc
L’influence de la variété et des usages des dispositifs de contrôle dans le pilotage de la performance globale : le cas d’un incubateur de startups
No full textInternational audienc
Telerehabilitation assessment domains and process in chronic diseases: a scoping meta-review
No full textBackground Telerehabilitation (TR) interventions are receiving increasing attention. They have been evaluated in various scientific areas through systematic reviews. However, there is a lack of data on how to standardize assessment and report on their domains to guide researchers across studies and bring together the best evidence to assess TR for chronic diseases.Aims and Objectives The aim of this study is to identify domains of assessment in TR and to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze how they are examined to gain an overview of assessment in chronic disease and understand the complexity of TR interventions.Methods A scoping meta-review was carried out on 9 databases and gray literature from 2009 to 2019. The keyword search strategy was based on "telerehabilitation ", “evaluation" , “chronic disease" and their synonyms. All articles were subjected to qualitative analysis using the Health Technology Assessment (HTA) Core Model prior to further analysis and narrative synthesis.Results Among the 7412 identified articles, 80 studies met the inclusion criteria. Regarding the domains of assessment, the most frequently occurring were “ social aspect” ( n = 63, 79%) (e.g., effects on behavioral changes) and “ clinical efficacy” ( n = 53, 66%), and the least frequently occurring was “safety aspects” ( n = 2, 3%). We also identified the phases of TR in which the assessment was conducted and found that it most commonly occurred in the pilot study and randomized trial phases and least commonly occurred in the design , pretest , and postintervention phases.Conclusions Through the HTA model, this scoping meta-review highlighted the multidisciplinarity and comprehensiveness of TR assessment in the recent literature. Future studies will benefit from approaches that leverage the best evidence regarding the assessment of TR interventions, and it will be interesting to extend this assessment framework to other chronic diseases
EU General Data Protection Regulation Sanctions in Theory and in Practice
No full textInternational audiencePrior to the application of the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), one result of the low maximum corporate fines for violations under the preceding data protection legislation was, arguably, a lack of compliance by U.S. Tech Giants and other companies. At least on paper, this changed under the GDPR. This study approaches the issue of GDPR sanctions, not through the lens of a catastrophe waiting to happen, but instead though a development first of the theoretical grounds for sanctions, prior to a view of the practical side of them. In doing so, it is somewhat unique and adds to the GDPR literature. Furthermore, it engages the legal strategy and compliance literature to bring its results home to inform companies as to the risks involved and to provide strategic recommendations both for companies and for regulators.Among the several sub-goals of sanctions, this study determines that the most relevant for an analysis of GDPR sanctions—which are administrative, regulatory and financial sanctions, in large part—is the deterrence function, beyond the symbolic functions. This demands effective and substantial administrative fines. While these are not the only sanctions available under the GDPR—this study also sets out a range of possible sanctions, such as judicial compensation and orders to halt data processing—they are perhaps the most characteristic of data protection enforcement. However, through what is referred to as the one-stop-shop mechanism, the Irish DPA is the lead authority for most of the U.S. Tech Giants, and it has failed to act against them up to now, resulting in a potential lack of deterrence. This study argues that, on the one hand, companies should embrace compliance, and on the other hand, truly dissuasive administrative fines must be issued by supervisory authorities when they are justified, in order for the sanctions to have their necessary deterrence effect
Achieving Interorganizational Ambidexterity Through a Nested Entrepreneurial Ecosystem
No full textInternational audienc
Three decades of research on loyalty programs: A literature review and future research agenda
No full textNational audienceLoyalty programs (LPs) are an important marketing instrument used to promote repeat purchases and customer relationships. Although numerous studies have shed light on the adoption, design, and outcomes of LPs, research that reviews the accumulated knowledge in a holistic manner is sparse. Against this background, this study reviews 131 LP-related articles following the Theory-Context-Characteristics-Methodology (TCCM) review protocol. By considering the theories, contexts, characteristics, and methodologies used in LP research, this study (1) paints the most comprehensive picture of the field to date and (2) develops a future research agenda to help advance the field further. Our review reveals that existing studies mostly rely on status-based, inertia-based, or relationship-based mechanisms to theoretically explain LP-related effects, while multi-theoretical perspectives are rare. LP research focuses strongly on a few key industries, such as retail, airlines, and hotels, but lacks insights into the design and outcomes of LPs in online and B2B contexts. Furthermore, we diagnose a need for more research on the role of competition among LPs and the impact of recent technological advances on LP management
The most human bot: Female gendering increases humanness perceptions of bots and acceptance of AI
No full textNational audienceCompanies have repeatedly launched Artificial Intelligence (AI) products such as intelligent chatbots and robots with female names, voices, and bodies. Previous research posits that people intuitively favor female over male bots, mainly because female bots are judged as warmer and more likely to experience emotions. We present five online studies, including four preregistered, with a total sample of over 3,000 participants that go beyond this longstanding perception of femininity. Because warmth and experience (but not competence) are seen as fundamental qualities to be a full human but are lacking in machines, we argue that people prefer female bots because they are perceived as more human than male bots. Using implicit, subtle, and blatant scales of humanness, our results consistently show that women (Studies 1A and 1B), female bots (Studies 2 and 3), and female chatbots (Study 4) are perceived as more human than their male counterparts when compared with non-human entities (animals and machines). Study 4 investigates explicitly the acceptance of gendered algorithms operated by AI chatbots in a health context. We found that the female chatbot is preferred over the male chatbot because it is perceived as more human and more likely to consider our unique needs. These results highlight the ethical quandary faced by AI designers and policymakers: Women are said to be transformed into objects in AI, but injecting women's humanity into AI objects makes these objects seem more human and acceptable
