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Impacts sur la santé publique de la dynamique des populations de renards
No full textOpinion and report approved by the Expert Committee Socio-economic analysis in its plenary session on 11 May 2023 and the Expert Committee Animal health and welfare (CES SABA) in its plenary session on 06 June 2023. The French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety provides independent scientific opinions and reports. The original version of the ANSES opinion and report in French is available on the website of ANSES at https://www.anses.fr/fr/system/files/SABA2022SA0049Ra.pdf.Suggested citation: ANSES. (2023). Avis et rapport de l'Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail relatif à l'évaluation des impacts sur la santé publique de la dynamique des populations de renards (Saisine 2022-SA-0049). Maisons-Alfort: ANSES, 200 p.International audienceThe Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) can be hunted as a game species. It may also be listed as a “species likely to cause damage” (ESOD – the acronym in French), for public health reasons among others. Conversely, benefits linked to the presence of foxes are also put forward, such as the predation of rodents carrying zoonotic agents. In this context, ANSES was asked to: (1) list the zoonoses present in France for which foxes play an epidemiological role, (2) identify other public health impacts associated with changes in fox populations, (3) explain the relative importance of the effects of changes in fox populations for humans and/or the environment, (4) analyse the feasibility of a cost‐benefit analysis (CBA) of the prevention and impacts associated with these zoonoses. In France, the fox is a source of zoonotic pathogens, with a major role for Echinococcus multilocularis, a parasite for which the fox is the main source of environmental contamination. However, reducing fox populations does not reduce the risk of transmission of E. multilocularis to humans or domestic animals, and may even have the opposite effect to the one intended. The main levers for action are those relating to exposure to environmental contamination. The fox is part of complex trophic networks, in which its specific role in regulating prey populations is impossible to determine because (i) several predators share the same prey, with a variable role for the fox among the predators, (ii) the dynamics of prey populations is also conditioned by factors other than predation. The relationship between the abundance of rodents and the risk of disease for humans has not been demonstrated either, due to the complexity of the trophic and epidemiological networks, their highly probable variability from one ecosystem to another, and the multiplicity of hosts. As a result, the data currently available does not allow any conclusions to be drawn about the epidemiological role of the fox as a predator of rodents hosting zoonotic agents. Finally, there is no public health justification for culling foxes, particularly for ESOD classification, except in the very specific and localised context of the fight against bovine tuberculosis, for which the selective culling of foxes in and around the livestock buildings of a domestic outbreak has been proposed. In addition, the expertise concluded to the feasibility of a CBA targeted at assessing the burden of alveolar echinococcosis and measures to prevent its transmission. The feasibility study shows the partial nature of a CBA targeting zoonoses, without taking into account other roles played by the fox in the ecosystem
Synovial Biomarkers C-Reactive Protein and Calprotectin for Diagnosing Chronic Periprosthetic Joint Infection: A Prospective Multicenter Evaluation
No full textInternational audienceBackground: The diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) remains a challenge in clinical practice, and synovial fluid (SF) analysis is a valuable diagnostic tool. Recently, two synovial biomarkers (leukocyte esterase strip test and alpha-defensin [AD]) have been incorporated within the MSIS (Musculoskeletal Infection Society) algorithm for PJI diagnosis. Although AD is promising, with high sensitivity and specificity, it remains expensive. Calprotectin, another protein released upon activation of articular neutrophils, offers a low-cost alternative. Calprotectin and CRP (serum C-reactive protein) joint determination is now feasible in routine laboratory practice. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of two synovial biomarkers, calprotectin and CRP, for PJI diagnosis.Methods: From April 2022 to June 2024, all adult patients undergoing preoperative or intraoperative aspiration of hip or knee prosthetic joints were included in this prospective, multicenter, noninterventional study. Patients who had prosthetic implantation less than three months prior or those who had systemic inflammatory diseases were excluded. For each SF sample, calprotectin and CRP synovial measurements were performed. Patients were classified as infected (PJI group) or noninfected (non-PJI group) based on decisions made during multidisciplinary meetings. During the study period, 157 patients were enrolled. There were 59 patients excluded due to insufficient synovial fluid volume or failure to meet inclusion criteria. There were 52 patients classified into the PJI group and 46 into the non-PJI group.Results: The sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio and negative likelihood ratio of synovial calprotectin were 94.23%, 78.26%, 4.24, and 0.07, respectively, while those of synovial CRP were 80.77%, 86.96%, 6.19, and 0.22, respectively.Conclusions: The present study demonstrates that synovial calprotectin and synovial CRP assays have excellent accuracy for the diagnosis of PJI. These findings suggest that these two synovial biomarkers should be incorporated into a new decision-making algorithm for PJI diagnosis
Associations between blood levels of persistent organic pollutants and oxidative stress biomarkers among women in France in the 90's
No full textInternational audiencePersistent organic pollutants (POPs) are a group of organic chemicals potentially toxic to human health. Induction of oxidative stress is one of the suspected mechanisms of action. The aims of this study were to model exposure-response functions between blood levels of a mixture of POPs and biomarkers of oxidative stress, to identify potential interactions between POPs, and to estimate the overall effect of the mixture.Levels of POPs and oxidative stress biomarkers were measured in the blood of 467 women from the French E3N cohort study, aged 45 to 73 years, collected between 1994-1999. In total, 41 POPs quantified in at least 75% of samples, and 3 antioxidant enzymes (Superoxide Dismutase 1 (SOD1), Superoxide Dismutase 2 (SOD2), and alpha-Glutathione S-Transferase (GSTα)) were included. A Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR) model was fitted for each oxidative stress biomarker, including the 41 POPs as exposure variables and adjusting for potential confounders identified using a directed acyclic graph. Additionally, linear regression models including each POP biomarker separately adjusted for potential confounders were run.With the BKMR models, only two POPs biomarkers were found associated to SOD1 (PFPeS) and SOD2 (PCB-156). A greater number of POPs appeared associated to GSTα (oxychlordane, dieldrin, PFUnDA, PFHpA, PCB-28, PCB-153, PCB-180, PBDE-47, PBDE-100, and PBDE-153). Singlepollutant linear models also highlighted statistically significant associations in the same direction as the BKMR model. The BKMR models also highlighted non-linear cumulative effects, with overall negative trends for SOD1 and SOD2 and a positive trend for GSTα.These findings support that oxidative stress may be involved in the mechanisms linking the exposure of mixtures of POPs and related health effects. Further epidemiological studies on larger populations, as well as toxicological studies, are necessary to confirm these results.</p
Exploration de l’effet de la croissance de génisses dans le jeune âge sur leur carrière productive dans un troupeau Prim’holstein
No full textDans les troupeaux laitiers, l’élevage de la génisse représente une phase improductive majeure avec des enjeux économiques et environnementaux importants. La réduire par le biais d’une meilleure croissance est une voie à privilégier, mais il faut s’assurer que cela ne pénalise pas la carrière ultérieure des animaux. Comme les études françaises sur cette thématique en conditions réelles d’élevage sont rares, notre étude analyse l’impact des performances de croissance de 0 à 6 mois des génisses sur leur carrière productive dans un élevage laitier de l’ST de la France. Les performances de croissance (poids à âge type, GMQ), de reproduction (âge au premier vêlage), de production laitière (en première lactation et totale) et de longévité (nombre de lactations, durée de vie, jours en lait cumulés) ont été récupérées pour 237 génisses sur une période de 10 ans. Des modèles de régression linéaires mixtes ont permis d’analyser ces relations en contrôlant les effets de confusion temporels et génétiques. Les résultats dévoilent d’excellentes performances de croissance des génisses dans cet élevage et confirment leur lien direct avec l’âge au premier vêlage. En effet, une augmentation du GMQ entre 0 et 6 mois détermine la précocité sexuelle et permet à l’éleveur de mettre ses génisses à la reproduction à un âge plus bas. En revanche, aucun effet significatif de la croissance n’a été observé sur la production laitière et la longévité des animaux. Ces résultats s’expliquent surtout par un taux de renouvellement élevé limitant l’expression de la longévité naturelle et un défaut de puissance statistique. Une étude multi-élevages avec un recul temporel accru et un protocole de pesée standardisé serait nécessaire pour confirmer ces observations
État des lieux de l'utilisation des antiviraux en médecine vétérinaire des petits animaux de compagnie : enquête auprès de 538 vétérinaires en France métropolitaine
No full textL’usage des antiviraux chez les petits animaux de compagnie concerne principalement les infections du chat. La plupart des vétérinaires interrogé(e)s sont capables de citer des antiviraux de certaines infections virales étudiées, toutefois leur usage reste limité, et concerne presque exclusivement la PIF et la rhinotrachéite virale féline. Le GS-441524, traitement de première intention de la PIF, est l’antiviral connu et utilisé par le plus de vétérinaires interrogé(e)s. La rhinotrachéite virale féline est l’infection pour laquelle les vétérinaires déclarent le plus souvent avoir eu recours à des antiviraux, principalement le famciclovir et le ganciclovir. Les principales limites évoquées sont le coût élevé, puis, dans une moindre mesure, l’absence d’AMM vétérinaire, et l’insuffisance de stocks ou la disponibilité limitée. Par ailleurs, plusieurs vétérinaires expriment un manque de connaissances, le plus souvent attribué à une formation insuffisante, un manque de données scientifiques disponibles ou un manque de connaissances personnelles. Les participant(e)s manifestent un intérêt pour de potentiels traitements antiviraux de l’ensemble des infections virales félines étudiées, de la parvovirose canine, et, dans une moindre mesure, de la myxomatose et de l’infection par le RHDV chez le lapin. Leur avis est plutôt optimiste quant à la place des antiviraux en médecine vétérinaire à l’avenir, estimant que les avancées dans la recherche sont prometteuses, et qu’ils sont de plus en plus utilisés. Cependant, ce développement reste grandement dépendant des progrès réalisés en médecine humaine, et soulève des préoccupations quant au risque d’émergence de résistances
Étude de l’association entre les anomalies échographiques rénales et les données hémato-biologiques chez des chats présentant une atteinte rénale aiguë ou chronique
No full textThis retrospective study aims to assess the association between renal abnormalities detected on ultrasonography and the clinico-anamnestic and biological data available for cats with diagnosed renal dysfunction, whether its evolution is acute or chronic. The results indicate that cats with renal insufficiency have more rounded kidneys than those in the control group composed of presumed healthy cats. A decrease in renal size and in the length-to-width ratio is more frequently associated with chronic forms, whereas an increase in renal width and the presence of cortical heterogeneity are more suggestive of acute involvement. Irregular renal borders are significantly associated with a chronic process, without significant differences between the IRIS stages. Cortical hyperechogenicity, correlated with creatinine levels and independent of age or body condition, appears to reflect a pathological alteration of the cortical parenchyma rather than a simple variation related to lipid vacuoles. These findings highlight that renal ultrasonography alone does not allow reliable classification of the renal disease. However, when interpreted alongside the hemato-biochemical results, it provides essential structural information. Altogether, the observations underscore the importance of a multimodal diagnostic approach to optimize the evaluation and management of renal disorders in feline medicine.Cette étude rétrospective a pour but d’évaluer l’association entre les anomalies et les données clinico-anamnestiques et biologiques disponibles chez des chats dont l’altération de la fonction rénale est connue, qu’elle soit d’évolution chronique ou aiguë. Les résultats montrent que les chats atteints d’insuffisance rénale ont tendance à présenter des reins plus arrondis que ceux du groupe contrôle. Une diminution de la taille du rein et du ratio longueur/largeur est davantage associée aux formes chroniques, tandis qu’une augmentation de la largeur rénale et la présence d’une hétérogénéité corticale sont plutôt associées à une atteinte aiguë. Les contours rénaux irréguliers sont significativement liés aux processus chroniques, sans différence significative mise en évidence entre les stades IRIS. L’hyperéchogénicité corticale, corrélée à la créatininémie et indépendamment de l’âge ou de l’état corporel, apparaît comme un indicateur potentiel d’une atteinte pathologique du parenchyme plutôt que d’une simple variation liée à la présence de vacuoles lipidiques. Ces données soulignent que l’échographie rénale ne permet pas, à elle seule, de classifier précisément la maladie chronique. Toutefois, associée aux résultats hémato-biologiques, elle constitue un apport structurel essentiel. L’ensemble des observations confirme la nécessité d’une approche diagnostique multimodale pour optimiser l’évaluation et la prise en charge des affections rénales en médecine féline
Le colostrum et le lait de transition des petits ruminants : dosage des IgG chez des ovins et des caprins par immunodiffusion radiale dans un élevage des Pyrénées-Atlantiques
No full textLe colostrum constitue la première source d’immunité passive et de nutriments pour les nouveau-nés, conditionnant leur santé et leurs performances ultérieures. Si son rôle a été largement étudié chez les bovins, les données concernant les petits ruminants, et plus particulièrement le lait de transition, restent limitées. Cette thèse a d’abord établi une synthèse bibliographique sur la composition, les rôles et les méthodes d’évaluation de la qualité colostrale, puis a exploré expérimentalement la dynamique des immunoglobulines G (IgG) dans le colostrum et le lait de transition de brebis et de chèvres. Les résultats mettent en évidence une chute rapide des concentrations en IgG dans les 36 à 48 heures suivant la mise bas, similaire à la cinétique décrite chez les bovins. Une forte variabilité individuelle de la persistance des IgG a toutefois été observée, indépendamment de la qualité colostrale initiale. Le faible effectif inclus n’a pas permis de conclure de manière robuste sur les liens entre qualité immunologique et santé néonatale (croissance, troubles digestifs). Néanmoins, le lait de transition apparaît comme une étape intermédiaire essentielle entre le colostrum très concentré et le lait, jouant un rôle non seulement immunitaire mais aussi digestif, en facilitant l’adaptation progressive du nouveau-né et en limitant les troubles d’origine alimentaire. En conclusion, les cinétiques observées chez les ovins et caprins se rapprochent de celles décrites chez les bovins, ce qui encourage à poursuivre les recherches, notamment sur l’exploitation du lait de transition comme vecteur potentiel d’immunité passive et support d’innovations vaccinales
External quality assurance schemes (EQUASs) and interlaboratory comparison investigations (ICIs) for the human biomonitoring of aromatic amines in urine as part of the quality assurance programme under HBM4EU
No full textInternational audienceAromatic amines were among the selected chemicals in the HBM4EU project. This paper presents the results of the QA/QC programme (with ICI and EQUAS) to ensure analytical comparability and accuracy of the participating laboratories
Towards stratification in osteoarthritis: a review of the scientific terminology used in published basic research
No full textInternational audienceRecent attempts to understand the pathophysiology and characteristics of osteoarthritis (OA) have led to the stratification of samples and data. An important part of this process is the use of specific terminology, although the lack of clear definitions for these terms can lead to misinterpretation across different disciplines. In this study, we aimed to assess the frequency of use and chronological appearance of key scientific terminology of four prevalent terms in the field of OA research: PHENOTYPE, SUBTYPE, SUBGROUP and ENDOTYPE. These terms were analysed in conjunction with tissues and fluids associated with OA research, specifically plasma/serum, synovial fluid, synovial membrane, cartilage, meniscus and bone. The method for screening the published literature focused on publications from January 2010 to September 2024, with priority given to studies that reported results from unmanipulated human tissues and applying unbiased analytical methods. Excluded from the analysis were reviews, clinical trials, animal studies, in vitro data, and analyses of pre-existing datasets. The data revealed that the most frequently used term was PHENOTYPE, followed by SUBGROUP and SUBTYPE, with ENDOTYPE being the most recently introduced term in 2019. These terms were rarely defined and often used interchangeably within a single paper, particularly in studies involving cartilage and serum. Notably, the use of these terms has tripled in total over the last 14 years, with an increase in the past decade, reflecting a growing interest in OA stratification, as well as the utility of advanced unbiased analytical methods including microarray and RNA sequencing. The term PHENOTYPE was broadly used and often when describing clinical features, whilst the term ENDOTYPE is used when describing molecular mechanisms related to OA pathogenesis. To improve communication of findings associated with OA stratification, we propose a harmonised application in the use of these stratification terms to prevent misinterpretation and support better communication of OA-related research findings. Building on published terminology, PHENOTYPE could be used to describe clinical features, while ENDOTYPE could be used to describe molecular mechanisms
Prediction of moisture diffusion kinetics during cyclic hygrothermal aging of epoxy resin by an improved finite element modeling approach
No full textInternational audienceEpoxy resins, frequently employed in composite structures in industries like water transport systems, are known for their superior mechanical properties and resistance to chemical degradation. However, their long-term durability and performance are considerably affected by their ability to absorb water under cyclic hygrothermal conditions, resulting in the severe material degradation. Herein, this work aims to elucidate the moisture diffusion mechanisms within an epoxy resin subjected to extreme environmental conditions by incorporating both experimental investigations and Finite Element Modeling (FEM). Experimentally, epoxy resin samples were subjected to two complete cycles of moisture absorption and desorption in a controlled Temperature Humidity Test Chamber. Continuous gravimetric measurements were recorded every 24 h, revealing a transition from complex Dual-Fickian behavior in the initial absorption cycle to typical Fickian behavior in subsequent resorption cycles. To validate these findings, numerical simulations using FEM Analysis were conducted. The results demonstrated the importance of finer meshes, particularly in the initial Dual-Fickian absorption stage, to significantly improve the fidelity of the model to experimental data. Eventually, this study highlights the need for advanced modeling approach to effectively predict moisture diffusion kinetics in epoxy resins, thereby ensuring their long-term durability in industrial applications