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EANM recommendations for dosimetry in targeted radionuclide therapy with alpha-emitters
No full textInternational audienceDosimetry can be a useful tool for personalisation of targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT) procedures and for increasing knowledge of the therapies, enabling the continuous development of theragnostic concepts. While only one alpha-emitting radiopharmaceutical, [ 223 Ra]Ra-Cl 2 , is currently authorised for clinical use, this is expected to change in the coming years, as there is a continuous increase in research activities and clinical trials with alpha-emitting radiopharmaceuticals, covering a broad range of diseases such as prostate cancer, breast cancer and neuroendocrine tumours. This document addresses key challenges such as activity quantification at low count rates, daughter redistribution, relative biological effectiveness, small-scale dosimetry and microdosimetry, in order to provide robust recommendations for dosimetry in TRT with alpha-emitters. It includes an overview of the physical characteristics of the main alpha-emitting radionuclides used in TRT, followed by a review of the present status for activity quantification and absorbed dose calculation. Reported main dosimetry data for TRTs that include alpha emitters until the writing of the document are also summarised. Lastly, the document provides general recommendations for dosimetry of TRTs that include alpha emitters, based on literature review and expert opinion. Given the plethora of emerging treatments with various carriers, distribution patterns and radionuclides; it is emphasized that careful consideration of potential pitfalls and robust reporting are needed. Suggestions for uncertainty reporting are hence also included. The purpose of these recommendations is to encourage, both in clinical trials and clinical routine, the practice of patient-specific dosimetry in TRT with alpha emitters, which can provide valuable information for progressing the treatments
Evolution of the electrical conductivity of pound cake during baking by ohmic heating
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Hypoalbuminemia and altered thyroid parameters in dogs with chronic diarrhoea: Is protein loss driving TSH elevation?
No full textInternational audienceSystemic effects of chronic gastrointestinal disease can complicate the interpretation of endocrine tests in dogs. In this study, thyroid function was evaluated in 70 dogs with chronic diarrhoea to investigate its association with serum albumin and digestive biomarkers. Dogs were classified according to albumin concentration: ≥ 28 g/L (Group A, normal albuminaemia, N = 24), 20–27 g/L (Group B, moderate hypoalbuminaemia, N = 25), and < 20 g/L (Group C, severe hypoalbuminaemia, N = 21). Total thyroxine (TT4), free thyroxine (FT4), canine thyroid-stimulating hormone (cTSH), TT4/FT4 ratio, albumin, total proteins, cobalamin, folate, and canine trypsin-like immunoreactivity (cTLI) were measured. Thyroid hormones, cobalamin, cTLI, and total protein were significantly lower in hypoalbuminaemic dogs (Groups B and C), while cTSH was higher in Group C. Albumin correlated positively with TT4 and FT4, and negatively with cTSH. Nine dogs (12.9 %) had elevated cTSH (≥0.5 µg/L), including six in Group C (28.5 %), and showed significantly lower albumin, globulin, cobalamin, TT4, FT4, and TT4/FT4 ratio compared to dogs with cTSH< 0.5 µg/L). On multivariate analysis, a decreased TT4/FT4 ratio and lower globulin concentration were independently associated with elevated cTSH. These findings suggest that alterations in thyroid parameters are common in dogs with chronic diarrhoea and hypoalbuminaemia, particularly in severe cases. Low TT4, FT4, and TT4/FT4 ratios, together with elevated cTSH, may reflect thyroid hormone binding protein loss and altered binding dynamics rather than primary hypothyroidism; however, complementary tests, such as antithyroglobulin antibody assessment and/or TSH stimulation tests, were not performed, so subclinical primary hypothyroidism cannot be definitively ruled out. Such results highlight the risk of misdiagnosing hypothyroidism and underscore the need for cautious interpretation of thyroid tests in dogs with gastrointestinal disease
L’avenir de la ressource en eau face aux changements climatiques dans les Pays de la Loire: Rapport spécial Eau
No full textEn Pays de la Loire, les évolutions climatiques transforment profondément le cycle de l’eau. La hausse des températures, l’augmentation de l’évapotranspiration et la modification du régime des précipitations accentuent les déficits estivaux, fragilisent la recharge des nappes et renforcent les tensions sur les cours d’eau. Dans le même temps, les risques d’inondation et de submersion demeurent, tandis que la qualité de l’eau reste un défi majeur pour les milieux et l’alimentation en eau potable.Ces effets ne s’expriment pas de manière homogène sur le territoire régional. Selon les bassins versants, les caractéristiques géologiques, l’occupation des sols et l’intensité des usages, la disponibilité de la ressource et les marges d’adaptation varient fortement. Derrière une apparente abondance, des déséquilibres structurels s’installent, rendant certains territoires plus exposés aux pénuries, aux conflits d’usages et aux dégradations écologiques. Une question centrale s’impose alors : comment adapter la gestion de l’eau sans aggraver les vulnérabilités existantes ?Ce rapport du GIEC des Pays de la Loire propose une analyse scientifique de l’avenir de la ressource en eau dans la région. Il éclaire les mécanismes à l’oeuvre, documente les vulnérabilités territoriales et identifie les leviers d’action mobilisables. Il rappelle que l’adaptation ne peut se limiter à des réponses ponctuelles, mais qu’elle suppose une transformation durable des pratiques, fondée sur la sobriété, la protection des milieux et une gouvernance capable d’anticiper les évolutions à venir
Application of non-destructive DNA extraction for the molecular and morphological identification of tick species and their pathogens
No full textInternational audienceTick-borne diseases remain a major concern in both human and animal health in most biogeographical regions. Since certain tick-borne pathogens are transmitted by specific tick species, tick identification through morphological and biomolecular examination of the species is highly recommended for investigation of tick-borne diseases. In this study, we assessed a non-destructive DNA protocol for identifying tick species and screening of pathogens and evaluate the effects of this protocol on the tick body, using geometric morphometry (based on coxa 1). Overall, 80 Ixodes spp. specimens (I. ricinus, I. hexagonus, and I. acuminatus) conserved in alcohol for more than 15 years were tested here, including all stages (male, female, nymph and larva). Molecular investigation using 16S rRNA enabled 92% of ticks to be assigned to a species. The microfluidic chip demonstrates the presence of Bartonella sp. (13%), Rickettsia helvetica (63%) and Hepatozoon spp. (13%) in tested engorged females. Comparison of the coxa 1 shape before and after extraction showed no changes in morphology. We demonstrated that DNA can be extracted from old specimens of hard ticks using non-destructive methods, allowing for molecular identification of ticks and pathogens without altering their morphology. As a result, this technique makes it possible to preserve specimens from laboratory or museum collections. Additionally, non-destructive DNA extraction could be useful in medical entomology for monitoring arrivals of alien species and emergence of associated tick-borne diseases affecting humans, domestic animals, or wildlife
Annotating opportunistic camera-trap images with conditions of recording, for the disease surveillance of Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx)
No full textInternational audienceThe French population of the Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) is small and fragmented. Any emerging disease would endanger it even further, so disease surveillance is crucial. Currently, it relies on lynx carcass surveillance. In parallel, the Eurasian lynx population is being monitored since 1997 by a large network of observers in different regions and this trove of camera-trap images could allow for the opportunistic detection of clinical signs. Camera traps have been used for a very long time in ecology and, more recently, in epidemiology to study e.g. sarcoptic mange. However, depending on image quality, the level of detail visible in the animal's body varies. This work examines how the quality of the images relates to the ability to detect cutaneous changes and abnormal body conditions. Different factors affect image quality and the detection of changes. These include intrinsic camera parameters like the type and settings of the camera trap, extrinsic factors like the external lighting conditions or the position of the animal in relation to the camera. In our data set, clearly visible cutaneous changes were associated with a different set of factors than visible abnormal body conditions. The camera-trap conditionscurrently used for ecological monitoring of the lynx are very diverse and may allow for the general surveillance of abnormal health signs. However, for monitoring specific health signs, the camera settings as well as the shooting context should be optimized to ensure the best possible sensitivity and specificity of the detection
Regular outdoor access decreases stress with positive effects on the health of growing pigs raised on a conventional farm
No full textInternational audienceConventional pig production systems are characterized by fully slatted floors and space restrictions, hindering pigs from foraging and roaming. In contrast, providing pigs with outdoor access allows them to express a wide range of behaviors, but might challenge their health. In this context, we hypothesized that giving pigs regular outdoor access might lower stress exposure with positive impacts for health and welfare. A total of 145 male and 148 female pigs, housed in a conventional barn, were provided (OUT) or not (IN) with access to a grassy paddock twice a week from the age of 77 days to slaughter. The OUT pigs had lower salivary cortisol levels than the IN pigs. Regular access to a pasture also lowered the severity of body lesions. While it had no consequences on animal growth, it was associated with a reduced frequency of diarrhea in pigs. Despite lower leukocytes counts in the OUT pigs compared to the IN ones, higher proportion of the OUT pigs developed humoral response against L. intracellularis. Thus, providing regular access to a paddock for growing pigs had positive impacts on their health and welfare, with no consequence on their performance
Évaluation de l’impact de la thérapie manuelle dans la prise en charge des lombalgies non spécifiques : revue de la portée des critères utilisés dans les essais cliniques
No full textInternational audienceBackground: Low Back Pain (LBP) is the leading cause of disability worldwide, 90% of which is nonspecific. Manual therapy is one of the recommended treatment modalities. However, reported outcomes may be variable. This review aims to identify their scope in the context of the development of a Core Outcome Set (COS), which is defined as « an agreed standardised set of outcomes that should be measured and reported, as a minimum, in all clinical trials in specific areas of health or health care ».Methods: A scoping review with risk of bias assessment of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of manual therapy for nonspecific LBP was conducted using MEDLINE, CENTRAL, PEDro, WebOfScience and ClinicalTrials.gov, from 2010 up to August 2024. Manual therapy was considered the use, alone or in combination, of manipulations (high velocity, low amplitude), mobilisations (low-grade velocity, small-to-large amplitude) or soft tissue relaxation (especially massage, trigger points, muscle contractions).Results: Out of 3929 articles, 147 RCTs and 74 protocols were included. Two main outcomes emerged: pain intensity (assessed by numerical rating scale or visual analogue scale) and disability (mostly assessed by Rolland-Morris Disability Questionnaire or Oswestry Disability Index). Range of motion is the most frequent clinical outcome assessed. Psychological factors such as fear-avoidance beliefs, kinesiophobia and catastrophising, and healthcare consumption, particularly medication, are also frequent. Most of the outcomes were patient-reported outcomes.Conclusion: Consistent with a previous COS on nonspecific low back pain, manual therapy appears to address the same outcomes. Clinical trials in manual therapy should focus on using the existing COS by measuring pain intensity using a numerical rating scale, disability using the ODI 2.1a or the 24-item RMDQ, health-related quality of life using the SF-12 or the 10-item PROMIS. Additionally, due to the gap between clinical research and pain experience, trials should consider conducting subgroup analyses to identify effects on outcomes related to gender or age, paying particular attention to health inequalities by carrying out analyses based on socioeconomic status, as these factors are well known to significantly impact pain experience and access to care.Review protocol: PROSPERO registration CRD42024576475, COMET Database registration 3229.Introduction : La lombalgie est la principale cause d’incapacité dans le monde, jusqu’à 95% étant non spécifiques. La thérapie manuelle est l’une des modalités de traitement recommandées. Cependant, les critères de jugement utilisés peuvent être variables. Cette revue vise à développer un Core Outcome Set (COS), défini comme “un ensemble standardisé de critères devant être mesurés et rapportés, au minimum, dans tous les essais cliniques dans des domaines spécifiques de la santé ou des soins de santé”, pour la prise en charge des lombalgies non spécifiques en thérapie manuelle.Méthodes : Une revue de la portée avec analyse du risque de biais d’essais contrôlés randomisés (ECR) sur la prise en charge en thérapie manuelle des lombalgies non spécifiques a été menée sur MEDLINE, CENTRAL, PEDro, WebOfScience et ClinicalTrials.gov, de 2010 à août 2024. La thérapie manuelle incluait manipulations (haute vélocité, faible amplitude), mobilisations (faible vélocité, faible à grande amplitude) et relaxation des tissus mous (massages, points gâchettes, contractions musculaires).Résultats : Sur 3 929 articles, 147 ECR et 74 protocoles ont été inclus. Deux critères principaux ont émergé : l’intensité de la douleur (échelle numérique ou visuelle analogique) et l’incapacité (Rolland Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ) ou Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). L’amplitude des mouvements était le résultat clinique le plus fréquent. Les facteurs psychologiques (croyances de peur-évitement, kinésiophobie, catastrophisme) et la consommation de soins de santé (médicaments) étaient aussi régulièrement rapportés. La plupart des résultats étaient des résultats rapportés par les patients.Conclusion : Les critères identifiés concordent avec le COS préexistant pour les lombalgies non spécifiques. Les essais cliniques doivent mesurer la douleur via une échelle numérique, l’incapacité par l’ODI 2.1a ou le RMDQ-24, et la qualité de vie par le SF-12 ou le PROMIS-10. La réalisation d’analyses de sous-groupes basées sur le genre, l’âge et le statut socio-économique est préconisée pour intégrer les inégalités de santé et la variabilité de l’expérience de la douleur.Enregistrement du protocole : PROSPERO CRD42024576475, Base de données COMET 3229
Towards approaches that respect human health and ecosystems in agricultural practices
No full textPlant protection products used in agriculture contain molecules specifically designed to be toxic to target organisms. However, their use can also have unintended effects, posing potential risks to ecosystems and non-target organisms, including humans. Research has deepened our understanding of the links between exposure to these substances and the effects observed in the environment. In particular, studies have highlighted how even low levels of exposure can cause chronic effects on non-target organisms and disrupt ecosystems. These findings underscore the importance of quantifying and characterising these exposures in order to better assess their potential impacts on human health and the environment.International audienceThe roundtable discussion held on 6 February 2025 at ONIRIS in Nantes, co-organised by “Carrefours de l’Innovation INRAE” and “ECOPHYTO recherche & innovation”, revisited and expanded upon the presentation of the effects of plant protection products (PPPs) on human health and ecosystems. PPPs, designed to target pests and diseases, also affect non-target organisms, leading to human illnesses (cancers, neurological and respiratory diseases) and ecological imbalances. Robust research, including an INSERM report, has established the strength of the links between exposure to PPPs and various pathologies, particularly among agricultural workers, but also among children exposed in utero. On the environmental front, an INRAE-Ifremer study highlights widespread contamination, with serious impacts on biodiversity (bees, birds, invertebrates) and even the marine environment. The concept of “symbiotoxicity” underscores the disruption of organisms’ microbiomes, exacerbating their vulnerability. Research still lacks data on PPP degradation products and their combined effects (“cocktail effects”). Training programmes such as the One Health Master’s degree aim to prepare professionals capable of addressing these challenges in a systemic way. Since 2020, a compensation fund has been supporting PPP victims, including children exposed before birth. Specialised paediatric consultations are emerging to provide better support for families. Taken together, this body of work clearly calls for a rapid and widespread agroecological transition, implying far-reaching changes in farming practices. However, current policy orientations appear to favour a gradual approach, based on pragmatic actions that can be implemented without disrupting the foundations of the existing agricultural model
Assessing the reliability of camera-based identification, activity monitoring, and location in housing systems on dairy farms
No full textInternational audienceVideo-based livestock monitoring offers a noninvasive, cost-effective, and scalable alternative to direct human monitoring, but also to commonly used collar or ear tag devices on farms. It enables simultaneous real-time observation of multiple animals while avoiding stress and injuries from physical devices. However, single-camera systems face challenges such as blind spots and limited individual tracking, especially in barns lacking corridor layouts. These limitations can be overcome using multi-camera, multi-cow tracking (MCMCT) systems that integrate deep learning and statistical techniques to enable continuous detection, identification, activity classification, and zone location of animals in the barn, under commercial conditions. This environment is characterized by high stocking density (in m 2 per cow), occlusions, and variable lighting. In this study, a commercial MCMCT system was tested over 31 d (May 2025) on 3 Holstein dairy farms in western France. Herd size ranged from 70 to 250 lactating cows and used automatic milking systems (AMS), which allowed identification of all animals when milked. Individual detection performance of this MCMCT system was then validated compared with official AMS records. A dedicated hybrid confusion matrix framework was developed to jointly assess detection and identification errors in the sequential process, allowing precise calculation of recall, precision, and F1-scores at both stages. Overall, this MCMCT system achieved over 90% detection recall and 87% to 93% precision, successfully detecting continuously more than 9 out of 10 cows daily. Identification was more challenging, with recall varying from 69% to 78% and precision above 83%, resulting in F1-scores of 79% to 82%. The performance of detection varied significantly between day and night in 2 out of 3 farms (H1 and H2), with recall rates dropping to 76% at night and exceeding 94% during peak daylight, underscoring the impact of lighting and activity patterns. Activity classification and zone location were robust, with F1-scores exceeding 87%, demonstrating the system's capacity to provide practical insights for herd management such as monitoring individual behaviors, identifying high-density zones around resources, and supporting daily management decisions. This work confirms the system's practical viability as a scalable, noninvasive monitoring solution effective under commercial farm complexities such as crowding, occlusion, and lighting variability. The integration of day-night performance analysis and the hybrid confusion matrix provide a rigorous and transparent framework for assessing system reliability, critical for deploying precision livestock farming technologies. Identification performance decreased under overcrowded conditions. Overcrowding is defined here as a surface area of less than 9 m 2 per cow or less than than one cubicle per cow, as recommended by the EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Animal Welfare in 2023. The system demonstrates significant potential to support and enhance herd management, early disease detection, and animal welfare monitorin