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A comparison between microwave and conventional baking; impact on bread structure, bread quality and water mobility
No full textInternational audienceThis study examines the effects of baking conditions, specifically microwave and conventional methods at varying heating rates, on bread crumb microstructure, starch behaviour, texture, water mobility, and staling kinetics. Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) revealed significant structural differences between microwave- and conventionally baked bread. Microwave baking caused incomplete starch disintegration and heterogeneous structures, with higher heating rates resulting in severe granule disruption.Starch retrogradation and amylose recrystallization during storage were accelerated in microwave-baked crumbs, particularly at higher heating rates, leading to increased firmness over time. These changes were linked to water migration and the formation of crystalline starch structures. Texture analysis showed that microwave baking increased crumb firmness more rapidly compared to conventional methods, attributed to greater water loss and stronger starch-protein interactions.Molecular water mobility, measured using T2 relaxation times, demonstrated significant dehydration of gluten and water migration from gluten to starch during microwave baking. Higher heating rates reduced water mobility, forming rigid starch networks that trapped bound water. Desorption isotherms highlighted differences in water retention and molecular structure, with microwave-baked crumbs exhibiting more porous matrices and less bound water compared to conventionally baked crumbs.The findings underscore the impact of microwave heating rates on bread quality, with implications for optimizing baking conditions. Microwave baking accelerates starch gelatinization, amylose crystallization, and staling but alters water distribution, texture, and microstructure differently than conventional baking. These insights are essential for achieving desired bread quality while balancing texture, structure, and moisture retention
Cutaneous and subcutaneous nodular scedosporiosis in a cat
No full textInternational audienceThis article reports the clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic aspects of a rare case of cutaneous and subcutaneous scedosporiosis in a 16-year-old domestic cat. The animal presented with a painful, ulcerated nodule at the base of the tail. Histopathology and fungal culture confirmed a pyogranulomatous dermatitis with hyaline hyphae, and molecular analysis identified Scedosporium sphaerospermum, a soil-dwelling fungus newly described. Despite targeted antifungal treatment with itraconazole and topical ciclopirox olamine, the cat developed systemic complications and died. This case emphasizes the challenges associated with diagnosing and managing opportunistic fungal infections in companion animals. It is, to the authors’ knowledge, the first case of infection caused by S. sphaerospermum
Analyzing slaughter modalities and environmental factors to improve prediction of Campylobacter concentration in broiler carcasses
No full textInternational audienceCampylobacter, the most prevalent European bacterial foodborne pathogen, linked to poultry, poses challenges for French food manufacturers in meeting European regulatory hygiene limits for Campylobacter on broiler carcasses, highlighting the need to identify contamination sources to implement corrective measures.This study aimed to identify the factors influencing Campylobacter contamination on broiler neck skin after chilling, by comparing two automated slaughterhouses with different contamination levels. Several statistical regression approaches were applied to data collected in both slaughterhouses, i.e. Campylobacter contamination in the air at different locations of the slaughterhouses and in the scalding bath, as well as on broiler cecal contents and neck skin, and recorded variables associated with operational slaughter settings. Several key contributors were identified, in order of importance: slaughter line speed, chilling efficiency, air contamination in the evisceration room, cecal contamination and air contamination at the hanging and plucking steps. Among these, cecal contamination and slaughter line speed were strong predictors of neck skin contamination after chilling.This study highlighted the importance of both environmental factors and slaughter process in determining Campylobacter levels on broiler neck skin after chilling. A better understanding of these influences can support improved control strategies such as adjusting line speed and optimizing chilling, to reduce contamination and comply with regulatory limits
Screening of exoenzymes for guar gum biodegradation in activated sludge and soil
No full textInternational audienceOriginally standardized biodegradation tests, designed for small molecules, are often considered inadequate for evaluating polymers, as they do not account for the crucial fragmentation step catalyzed by exoenzymes, which is essential for initiating the microbial degradation of polymers. In this study, the presence of EEs in the environment and their role in the biodegradation of guar gum, a WSP, were evaluated. A metagenomic shotgun approach assessed the abundance of genes encoding α-galactosidase and β-mannosidase in the Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP) and soil. Secondly, we employed sonication to release EEs, measured their activity, and evaluated the impact of their release on guar degradation using biodegradation tests. These findings indicated that genes encoding α-galactosidase and β-mannosidase were more abundant in the WWTP than in soil. A sonication protocol with a power density of 1 W/mL and a frequency of 20 kHz for 1 min (WWTP) and 2 min (soil) released EEs without significant cell lysis and significantly reduced the lag phase of guar-grafted acrylamide biodegradation from 8 to 5 days and decreased variability in native guar biodegradation by 10%. Our findings highlight the potential of WWTP and soil microbial communities to degrade guar gum by screening EEs and propose a new method for preparing the inoculum for WSPs biodegradation tests
Therapeutic management of primary molar infraocclusion: a systematic review
No full textInternational audiencePurpose: Infraocclusion is an occlusal anomaly characterised by an abnormally low position of the occlusal surface of a tooth relative to the occlusal plane. Although this condition can affect permanent teeth, it primarily involves the primary teeth. This pathology can impact adjacent teeth, occlusion, and in the presence of a permanent tooth germ, its development. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the clinical consequences of the early loss of infraoccluded primary molars and to compare different therapeutic strategies to optimise occlusal development and prevent complications.Materials and methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, a systematic search was conducted in MEDLINE/PubMed and SCOPUS databases, with registration on PROSPERO (CRD42023481712). Inclusion criteria targeted studies on patients with infraocclusion of primary molars, assessing various management options (monitoring, extraction, occlusal restoration, etc.). The risk of bias was evaluated using the JBI Critical Appraisal Tools.Results: Out of 246 identified studies, 37 met the inclusion criteria. The selected articles were classified and qualitatively analysed, and the results of the included studies were synthesised in a summary table. The review highlighted that management strategies depended largely on the presence or absence of a permanent successor, the severity of infraocclusion, and patient-specific factors. Monitoring was preferred in mild cases with a permanent successor, whereas extraction or restoration may be necessary in severe cases or in the absence of a successor. Preservation of infraoccluded molars without successors could maintain alveolar bone volume and facilitate future prosthetic rehabilitation.Discussion: Management of infraoccluded primary molars requires an early, personalised, and multidisciplinary approach. Conservative treatment is often favoured in mild infraocclusions, whilst severe cases may require surgical or restorative solutions. However, evidence is limited by the predominance of case reports and the lack of long-term follow-up studies. The review emphasises the need for individualised treatment plans and highlights the absence of a clear consensus in the literature
Characterization of immune cells in periodontitis using a new histological immunologic gingival (IG) score
No full textInternational audiencePeriodontitis is a prevalent chronic inflammatory disease due to the host response to dysbiotic biofilm. Immunohistochemistry is often used for a better and more functional tissue characterization. The main objective of this study was to create a semi-quantitative Immunologic Gingival (IG) score for characterizing immune cells in periodontitis based on five immunohistochemical stainings. The study included 11 healthy controls and 11 periodontitis patients. To determine the IG score, an atlas was drawn up with five immunohistochemical stainings (CD138, CD3, CD20, CD68, CD66b). The mean IG score was higher for periodontitis patients than for healthy controls. For each marker of the IG score, a positive correlation was found between the semi-quantitative score and the respective percentage of positive cells. An IG score of 4 out of 15 was the best cut-off for discrimination between healthy controls and periodontitis patients, with a specificity and a sensitivity exceeding 90%. The IG score provides standardized information on the immune cell signature in gingival samples from patients with periodontitis. This score could be applied in translational research but also in clinical practice, particularly for the development of personalized therapies for patients with recurrent periodontitis
Activating GCN2 and subsequently the Unfolded Protein Response with the small oral molecule NXP800 delays tumor growth in osteosarcoma
No full textInternational audienceOsteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary malignant bone tumor mainly affecting children and young adults. Despite current treatments combining polychemotherapy and surgery, survival rates have remained unchanged for decades, highlighting the need to identify novel therapeutic approaches. NXP800, a newly developed orally available molecule, represents a promising therapeutic option. The therapeutic efficacy of NXP800 was evaluated in vitro and in a preclinical murine xenograft model of OS. RNA-seq analysis and functional assays were conducted to investigate the mechanisms of action and molecular target of NXP800. NXP800 decreases the viability of OS cell lines by blocking proliferation and inducing apoptosis. Mechanistically, NXP800 activates the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR), as demonstrated by eIF2α phosphorylation and ATF4 upregulation. This effect is mediated through the engagement of the Integrated Stress Response (ISR) via the activation of GCN2 kinase. Inhibition of GCN2, either through molecular or pharmacological approaches, abolishes NXP800-induced eIF2α phosphorylation and partially restores OS cell viability. Furthermore, NXP800 activates the IRE1α/JNK/c-Jun pathway while increasing the expression of the pro-apoptotic protein Puma. Finally, NXP800 delays tumor growth in preclinical OS model by promoting apoptosis. This study is a preclinical proof-of-principle of therapeutic efficacy of NXP800 both in vitro and in vivo, highlighting the relevance of targeting GCN2, and consequently activating the ISR and UPR, to induce apoptosis and inhibit tumor progression in OS
Mapping the Human Chemical Exposome for Public Health
No full textInternational audienceExcitons in the weakly interacting regime can be well-described by many-body perturbation theo-ries such as the Bethe-Salpeter equation formalism. However, for materials such as transition metaldichalcogenides moir´e heterostructures under strong illumination, with the emergence of dense ex-citonic states, the strong correlation and entanglement between electrons and holes may cause themany-body perturbation method to fail, and excitons may not be treated in the bosonic picture,but exhibit fermionic behaviors. In our work, we investigate the phase space where excitons, andthe electrons and holes which constitute them, are weakly or strongly entangled, as well as theirbinding for different interaction profiles and the degree of localization of the electrons and holes. Wecorroborate the validity of using many-body perturbation theory in the exciton with interactions.Our work provides a general way to analyze the correlation and entanglement of multi-particle ex-citations in many-body systems, and gives a more comprehensive understanding of different phasesfor exciton entanglement and interactions in 1D systems
Évaluation échographique des noeuds lymphatiques abdominaux et de la rate chez le chat en croissance : étude rétrospective de 2012 à 2025
No full textThe ultrasound and physiological appearance of the abdominal lymph nodes and spleen is poorly documented in growing cats. To date, one study has focused on the ultrasound appearance of the spleen in kittens, and very little data is available concerning the lymph nodes. In dogs, the literature shows that the ultrasound characteristics of lymphoid organs vary significantly with age. The objective of this retrospective study is therefore to precisely describe the ultrasound appearance of the abdominal lymph nodes and spleen, using qualitative and quantitative criteria, in healthy kittens. It is based on two cohorts of kittens that underwent abdominal ultrasound, selected according to criteria strongly suggesting the healthy nature of the structures studied. The ileocecocolic lymph nodes are the only ones in growing kittens to exhibit significantly larger dimensions than those described in adults, associated with an elongation of the main axis of these structures during growth and marked hypoechogenicity. The other lymph node groups show length and thickness measurements that are proportionally high to the kittens' height and weight profile. Splenic thickness measured in kittens aged 6 to 12 months appears similar to values reported in adults. Only kittens aged 3 to 6 months show significantly less splenic thickness. Following a previous study on kittens, a reticulonodular pattern of the splenic parenchyma is predominantly identified in kittens, with a higher frequency in vaccinated animals, suggesting reactive lymphoid hyperplasia. This study provides physiological ultrasound references in kittens, facilitating the distinction between specific physiological variations and pathological abnormalities.L’aspect échographique et physiologique des nœuds lymphatiques abdominaux et de la rate est peu documenté chez le chat en croissance. A ce jour, une étude s’est intéressée à l’aspect échographique de la rate chez le chaton et très peu de données sont disponibles concernant les nœuds lymphatiques. Chez le chien, la littérature montre que les caractéristiques échographiques des organes lymphoïdes varient significativement avec l’âge. L’objectif de cette étude rétrospective est donc de décrire précisément l’aspect échographique des nœuds lymphatiques abdominaux et de la rate, à l’aide de critères qualitatifs et quantitatifs, chez le chaton sain. Elle s’appuie sur deux cohortes de chatons ayant reçu une échographie abdominale, sélectionnés selon des critères laissant fortement suspecter un caractère sain des structures étudiées. Les nœuds lymphatiques iléo-cæco-coliques sont les seuls à présenter, chez le chaton en croissance, des dimensions significativement supérieures à celles décrites chez l’adulte, associées à un allongement de l’axe principal de ces structures au cours de la croissance et une hypoéchogénicité marquée. Les autres groupes de nœuds lymphatiques présentent des mesures de longueur et d’épaisseur élevées proportionnellement au profil staturo-pondéral des chatons. L’épaisseur splénique mesurée chez les chatons de 6 à 12 mois semble similaire aux valeurs rapportées chez l’adulte. Seuls les chatons de 3 à 6 mois présentent une épaisseur splénique significativement inférieure. Dans la continuité d’une précédente étude sur le chaton, un motif réticulo-nodulaire du parenchyme splénique est majoritairement identifié chez le chaton, avec une fréquence plus élevée chez les animaux vaccinés, suggérant une hyperplasie lymphoïde réactive. Cette étude fournit des références échographiques physiologiques chez le chaton, facilitant la distinction entre variations physiologiques spécifiques et anomalies pathologiques
Evaluation of a Biobased Activated Carbon for the Removal of Two Representative Pharmaceuticals from Urban Wastewater Effluents: Assessing Matrix and Multi-Component Effects
No full textInternational audienceAdsorption on activated carbon (AC) can be used in the wastewater sector to improve treated effluent quality. This study evaluates the performance of a biobased AC relative to that of a coal-based AC, which is more widely used industrially despite its higher environmental impact. These adsorption performances are influenced by both the complexity of the water matrix and the physicochemical characteristics of AC. For these reasons, the adsorption of two representative pharmaceuticals (carbamazepine and sulfamethoxazole) in three different matrices, deionized water (DW), synthetic water with ions (SW), and wastewater secondary effluents (SEs), by two ACs (from wood and from coal), was investigated. The effects of the matrix and competition adsorption between both pharmaceuticals were studied. Adsorption kinetics and isotherms in the three matrices and breakthrough curves in a fixed-bed study were performed. Complexification of the matrix leads to a decrease in adsorption, especially in SE, where dissolved organic matter inhibits the adsorption rate and diffusion of the pharmaceuticals. Competition between pharmaceuticals was observed in SW in batch and fixed-bed studies, and showed that CBZ adsorption is favored over SMX because of the higher affinity of CBZ. Performances of biobased AC are slightly lower, but remain promising for a sustainable treatment process