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CERPET : Des valeurs nutritionnelles et technologiques d'intérêt pour une valorisation du Kernza (Thinopyrum intermedium) en alimentation humaine
No full textCe numéro traite de résultats de projets lauréats en 2019 l'appel à projet CASDAR (Compte d'Affectation Spéciale Développement Agricole et Rural), "Innovation et Partenariat" et "Recherche Technologique. Ces projets sont financés par le ministère de l'Agriculture et de la Souveraineté Alimentaire.National audienceThe perennial grass Thinopyrum intermedium, marketed under the name Kernza®, has been tested in France since 2017. Its use in human food is crucial to ensure its profitability. The aim of this work is to characterize grain composition and functional properties, as well as post-harvest seed processing. T. intermedium has a high protein, dietary fiber, fat and ash content, giving it a high nutritional value. Conversely, low levels of starch and high-molecular-weight glutenins affect baking quality. Kernza® flour has low breadmaking scores, due to a lack of dough strength. Optimizing the grain sorting and dehulling processes improves the technological and economic value of the finished product. It is therefore essential to adapt manufacturing and food uses to the specific characteristics of the grain.La graminée pérenne Thinopyrum intermedium, commercialisée sous le nom de Kernza®, est testée en France depuis 2017. Son utilisation en alimentation humaine est cruciale pour assurer sa rentabilité. Le but de ce travail est de caractériser la composition du grain et ses propriétés fonctionnelles mais aussi les processus de traitement de la graine post récolte. T. intermedium dispose d'une teneur élevée en protéines, fibres alimentaires, matières grasses et cendres ce qui lui confère une forte valeur nutritionnelle. A l'inverse, les faibles teneurs en amidon et en gluténines à haut poids moléculaire affectent la qualité boulangère. La farine de Kernza® dispose de faibles notes de panification expliquées par des pâtes manquant de résistance. L'optimisation des processus de triage et de décorticage du grain améliore les valeurs technologique et économique du produit fini. Il est alors indispensable d'adapter la fabrication et les usages alimentaires aux caractéristiques spécifiques de la graine
Améliorer la conduite des couverts en relais et leur réussite - Synthèse des travaux conduits dans le cadre du projet CASTOR : des Couverts Végétaux Au Service de la Transition agrOécologique et de la Réduction d’intrants
No full textCe document est le second d’une suite de trois documents sur la synthèse d’un projet de recherche intitulé CASTOR : des Couverts végétaux Au Service de la Transition agrOécologique et de la Réduction d’intrants. Ce livret retrace les résultats des d’expérimentations sur l’implantation de couvert de trèfles en relais d’une céréale sur 18 parcelles d’agriculteurs et durant 2 années (2021 et 2022). Les dispositifs visaient à tester plusieurs conduites techniques d’implantation avec trois modes de semis et des trois types de trèfles utilisés. Le type de trèfle ainsi que le mode de semis vont influencer fortement les différents indicateurs suivis de mise en place du peuplement et sur la présence d’un couvert à la récolte de la céréale. Le type de trèfle va également influencer le niveau de biomasse obtenu à la récolte de la céréale à paille, avec une biomasse plus importante avec l’utilisation d’un trèfle violet. Aucune différence de rendement sur les céréales d’hiver que ce soit selon le type de trèfle ou le mode de semis n’a été observée par rapport au témoin sans couvert
Application of the Original Agroecological Survey and Indicator System tool (OASIS) to organic and conventional farms in Belgium, France, and Italy
No full textInternational audienceEuropean agriculture faces major challenges in adapting and transforming current farming and food systems to become more sustainable. Agroecology is one transition pathway. However, what is lacking is assessing this transition with adequate tools and methodology. Here, we present the Original Agroecological Survey and Indicator System (OASIS) tool and apply it to farms in Belgium, France, and Italy as an illustration of its functionalities. In total, 53 conventional and organic farmers of three farming systems [crop production (CP); livestock production (LP), and mixed crop-livestock production (CLP)] were interviewed and data were collected for a large range of indicators (scoring from 1 to 5) across five dimensions: agroecological farming practices, economic viability, socio-political aspects, environment and biodiversity, and resilience. Overall, organic farms had slightly higher scores compared to conventional farms for the five dimensions. However, for the adoption of different agroecological practices, a clear difference was found, often with clearly higher scores for organic farms. There were also similar differences regarding most biodiversity and environment indicators and indicators for revenue and income sources. Farms that had higher overall farm scores also obtained a generally significantly higher mark for economic viability. Farmers described many parameters among the socio-political aspects dimension criteria, including several constraints that resulted in lower scores. Contrasting results for different criteria were found for the dimension of resilience, with some farms scoring higher for autonomy and independence from inputs and market, while others scored lower. As an operational result, overall, the OASIS tool proved applicable and useful in assessing agroecology at the farm level and some links beyond. However, further development could improve the tool
Determinism of anatoxin-a production in Phormidium-dominated biofilms of a regulated river (Ain, France)
No full textInternational audienceBenthic cyanobacteria have been increasingly held responsible for bird and mammal deaths along riverbanks in the last decades. However, little is known about the environmental conditions that favor their development, spatiotemporal dynamics and associated toxins. In the summer of 2020, we monitored physical, chemical and biological variables, quantified benthic cyanobacteria and measured anatoxin-a concentration in the biofilms of four reaches of the dam-regulated Ain River, France. The main potential anatoxin producer was Phormidium, often associated with Oscillatoria mats in the same field campaigns. Anatoxin-a detectable concentrations ranged from 0.5 to 197µg/g of dry weight showing a high spatial heterogeneity. According to structural equation modelling, anatoxin-a concentrations increased with water depth in a range of 20 to 80 cm. In contrast, the chlorophyta biovolume and the flow velocity were the main factors negatively correlated with anatoxin-a concentrations. Although flow velocity did not limit the biovolume of potential anatoxin producers, it could induce stress to the cyanobacterial mats within the river, causing a limitation of anatoxin-a concentrations. Finally, the effects of these drivers on anatoxin-a production demonstrated a high variability over the summer. This high temporal variability of both benthic cyanobacteria biomass and anatoxin-a concentration makes risk assessment relatively challenging
Compost, digestate, and vermicompost from the recycling of urban biowaste have different impacts on earthworm behavior: a mesocosm study
No full textInternational audienceThe valorization of Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste (OFMSW) is mandatory in Europe since 2024. Composting, anaerobic digestion (AD), and vermicomposting are the techniques most commonly used for recycling OFMSW. When applied to soil, these products can have different effects on earthworms with either positive (food effect) or negative effects (toxic or repellent effect). We thus carried out a laboratory experiment to assess their influence on different facets of the earthworm behavior (bioturbation and cast production) for two earthworm species (Lumbricus terrestris and Aporrectodea caliginosa) currently found in arable lands. Mesocosms (30 cm depth and 16 cm diameter) were filled with soil from a field crop each product was mixed with soil at two doses: equivalent to 80 kg of N per hectare (normal practice for wheat crop) and 160 kg.N.ha -1 . Barium sulfate was also spread at 2.5 cm depth (i.e. between the two soil layers containing the products) as a contrast agent visible in X-ray tomography. After 2 months, the burrowing activity of earthworms within mesocosms was analyzed using X-ray tomography, surface casts were collected, and earthworms weighed.With compost, L. terrestris burrowed closer to the surface (in the 0-5 cm layer) compared to when in the presence of vermicompost and digestate (with 0.85, 0.55, and 0.29 cm 3 of burrows, respectively). Moreover, signs of avoidance were detected for this species when digestate was present with deeper burrows (in a 15-25 cm layer). With compost, A. caliginosa burrowed more compared to when in the presence of vermicompost and digestate (with 3.22, 2.64, and 0.97 cm 3 , in the totality of mesocosm respectively). Digestate has no negative impact on the behavior of A. caliginosa. Barium enables the characterization of the ingestion and displacement of the soil layer containing the products. The displaced volumes were in the following order Compost > Vermicompost > Digestate with larger effects for the 160 than for the 80 kg.N.ha -1 dose. Globally, compost had higher and positive effects for both species activities whereas digestate showed some negative impact on L. terrestris only. Vermicompost had positive effects but less marked than those of compost. These effects should however still be validated under field conditions.</p
The economic performance of agroecology: a comprehensive study in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France
No full textInternational audienc
Attitudes toward artificial meat in Arab countries
No full textInternational audienceIn development for almost 20 years, artificial meat (also known as “cell‐based meat,” “cell‐cultured meat,” “cultured meat,” “cultivated meat,” “in vitro meat” and “lab‐grown meat”) is the most striking example of cellular agriculture. This research aims to study Arab consumers' attitudes toward artificial meat, which is a topic of great interest to scientists and the media. An online survey was conducted with 1025 participants revealed that 17% consider artificial meat to be promising and acceptable. Over 40% would be willing to try this novel product, whereas 36% expressed reluctance and 22.7% were unsure. Among non‐hesitant respondents, about 60% of all participants would be willing to eat artificial meat on a regular basis, particularly in restaurants (16.2%), at home (27.6%), and/or in ready‐made meals (33.9%). Nevertheless, the majority of participants (55%) indicated a willingness to pay (WTP) less or much less (or even nothing at all) for artificial meat in comparison to conventional meat. A notable 27% of participants expressed a WTP the same price for artificial meat as for conventional meat. Conversely, only 14% of them indicated a WTP more for artificial meat. Income, gender, and age were the most important predictors of consumer acceptance. Young and middle‐aged men and those with the highest monthly income are most likely to accept artificial meat. These are the consumers most likely to be targeted by those marketing artificial meat in Arabic‐speaking countries. Practical Application The demographic groups most likely to accept artificial or cell‐based meat in Arab countries are young and middle‐aged men and those with the highest monthly incomes. These are the consumers most likely to be targeted by those attempting to market artificial meat in Arabic‐speaking countries. Consequently, the results of our study are directly relevant to understanding the potential approaches (and challenges) to selling artificial meat in this context
The Challenges of Lab grown Meat
No full textInternational audienceThere are numerous technological and social challenges to that must be overcome before Lab grown meat is available on a large scale. Technical issues ex animal free medium, high edible quality. Food safety need to assess the health long term effetcs of consuming Lab grown meat on health.Consumer acceptance low willingness to pay, moderate acceptance with a high country effect.The Regulatory scenario is evolving slowly
Cell-based food: Promises, hopes and reality
No full textSession 88. How the dairy sector copes with EU-Green dealInternational audienceWhile there is consensus on the challenges facing agriculture, food and the environment, the innovations beingdeveloped to address them are diverse. Among these, cell-based food is a subject that poses significant technical,ethical, regulatory and commercial challenges to bringing these products to market. Although the culture ofmuscle cells is well known, many technical and economic obstacles still need to be overcome before large-scaleproduction can be achieved. Although costs are falling, they are still too high to be competitive. Scientists inacademic research are calling for precise information to be shared in the interests of transparency, especially onthe characteristics of culture media and products. It is argued that these products cannot be called “meat” from abiological, semantic and legal point of view. When it comes to product characteristics and sustainability, few academicresearch studies are available or conclusive. The issue of animal welfare is also central, as is the potentialconsumer acceptance of cell-based foods, which is complex due to the interaction of many factors. To become acredible alternative, cell-based food must offer a real and proven added value over meat. This is not (yet) the case.One scenario would be the failure of its development due to unfulfilled promises by private companies, lack ofsupport from public authorities and from consumers. Another scenario is the opposite, based on more investments,technological progress and support. It is likely that cultural factors (such as the culinary history of each country)will be among the key factors of choices between these scenarios
German consumers’ attitudes toward artificial meat
No full textInternational audienceThe aim of this study was to analyze the impact of sociodemographic characteristics on willingness to try (WTT), regularly eat (WTE), or pay (WTP) for artificial meat, its expected societal challenges and general acceptance as well as its future potential development in Germany. Answers to an online questionnaire by 3,558 potential German adult consumers were evaluated. About 63% of the respondents thought this novel food was promising/acceptable. The vast majority (70%) stated that they would be willing to try it, with the most important drivers being ethics, curiosity and eco-friendliness. Around 57% of the participants said they would be willing to eat artificial meat regularly. Most of the respondents (40%) were willing to pay the same price for artificial as for conventional meat. In terms of its future potential, almost 75% of respondents believed that this new product would become commercialized in more than five years and that it was perceived as a solution that is both more ethical (67%) and more environmentally friendly (58%) than traditional meat. In addition, there were significant impacts of demographic factors on the willingness to engage with artificial meat. For example, high WTT and WTE were found among young male respondents (18–30 years of age), males that rarely consumed meat or had a low income (< €1,500). This also applied to the female respondents, who, however, belonged to higher income classes. Young German consumers with a high level of education or income up to €3,000 as well as consumers who did not eat meat had a high WTP for this novel food. In addition, respondents’ positive opinion and acceptance of artificial meat had a positive influence on WTT and WTP. These results are important for the discussion of a paradigm shift in global meat production with respect to sustainability, demand for meat and the adoption of new food products