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Towards agroecology territory: the challenge of enrolling multiple stakeholders
No full textInternational audienc
Securing sustainable livestock production systems in an uncertain economic climate: Nurturing flexibility and resilience
No full textResilience is one of the three core properties of social‐ecological systems, mixing adaptability and transformability. Flexibility can be defined in terms of diversity of procedures and the speed at which they can be mobilized by one organization. The analyses performed are presented in terms of levers that farmers can deploy to protect their management systems against market uncertainty. These levers differ depending on farmer standpoints, objectives, lessons learned, the collective organizations they work with, the standards and specifications they work to, etc. It is equally important to identify the interplays between overarching and underlying scale levels for the system studied and to hone in on the dynamics at work during periods of transition. Adaptive capacities of farm systems are closely linked to how the farmer perceives the situations to manage, according to his aims, to his behaviour face to risk and to his idea of what is his job. We propose to use different words to describe the properties of farming systems to cope with changes, according to the level within the system: “adaptive capacity” or “plasticity” for the animal level, “resilience” for the biotechnical level and “flexibility” for the whole system, including the manager. We think there is a real challenge working at each level on transition periods and processes, as farming systems will have more and more to adapt face to unpredic events
Les enjeux d’une perspective géographique dans l’analyse des transitions écologiques
No full textInternational audienc
Des fromages locaux « oubliés » ou maintenus dans des réseaux locaux (1950-2015) Analyse de la trajectoire de deux fromages de moyenne montagne : le Bargkass et le fromage aux artisous
No full textInternational audienc
Écologie et économie des interactions entre filières agricoles et territoire : quels concepts et cadre d'analyse ?
No full text[Departement_IRSTEA]Territoires [TR1_IRSTEA]DTAMInternational audienceThe agricultural value chains are facing an important restructuring, which translates in a more and more important disconnection between operators of the supply chains and those of the territories, and between places of production and uses of the local resources. Supply chains use local resources, but often operate only a part of their activity there, and do not always care about their local impact, either environmental or socioeconomic. Actors of territories, as environmental and socioeconomic stakeholders, are worried about incidences of these transformations and question the possibility to re-localize parts of the value chains. To feed the reflections of local actors, we seek to better understand the interactions between agricultural value chains and territories, in particular the interactions between the generated flows, the ecosystems, and the systems of actors, which pilot them. Territorial ecology, an interdisciplinary research field, aims at understanding modalities of interactions between societies and environment, and especially relations and correlations between flows (materials and energy) and the social, political, and economic organization at territorial scale, building upon the notion of metabolism. We present here an exploration of this research field by researchers in agronomy, in dialogue with a researcher in territorial ecology. We clarify the notions, and we present what we held to develop an analytical framework of the interactions between supply chains and territories, building on the notions of embeddedness, dependency, and footprint. We discuss the interests and limits of such an approach in the fields of agronomy and at a territorial level.Les filières agricoles connaissent une importante restructuration, se traduisant par une déconnexion de plus en plus forte entre opérateurs des filières et ceux des territoires, et entre lieux de production et usages des ressources locales. Les filières utilisent des ressources des territoires, mais n'y opèrent souvent qu'une partie de leur activité, et ne se soucient pas toujours de leur impact local, environnemental comme socioéconomique. Des acteurs de territoires, porteurs quant à eux d'enjeux de développement socioéconomique et environnementaux, sont inquiets des incidences de ces transformations et s'interrogent sur la possibilité de re-territorialiser certaines filières. Pour alimenter les réflexions de ces acteurs, nous cherchons à mieux comprendre les interactions entre filières agricoles et territoires, notamment les interactions entre les flux générés, les écosystèmes, et les systèmes d'acteurs qui les pilotent. L'écologie territoriale, champ de recherche interdisciplinaire, vise à mieux comprendre les modalités des interactions entre sociétés et environnement, notamment les relations entre la structuration des flux (matériels et énergétiques) et l'organisation sociale, politique, économique à l'échelle de territoires, à partir de la notion de métabolisme. Nous présentons ici une exploration de ce champ de recherche, ainsi que des champs de recherche affiliés, par des chercheurs en agronomie, en dialogue avec un chercheur en écologie territoriale. Nous explicitons les notions et présentons ce que nous en avons retenu pour élaborer un cadre d'analyse des interactions entre filières et territoires, s'appuyant sur les notions d'ancrage, de dépendance et d'empreinte. Nous discutons des intérêts et limites de l'approche dans le champ de l'agronomie et à l'échelle des territoires
Converging and diverging principles and practices of organic agriculture regulations and agroecology. A review
No full textInternational audienceAbstractThere is ongoing debate among stakeholders about the future development of agricultural and food systems to meet the global challenges of food supply, biological and cultural diversity, climate change, and social justice. Among other options, agroecology and organic agriculture are discussed. Both have similar goals and use a systems approach; however, they are recognised and received differently by stakeholders. Here we review and compare principles and practices defined and described in EU organic agriculture regulations, International Federation of Organic Agricultural Movement (IFOAM) norms, and agroecology scientific literature. The main finding are as follows: (1) Regarding principles, EU organic regulations mainly focus on appropriate design and management of biological processes based on ecological systems, restriction of external inputs, and strict limitation of chemical inputs. IFOAM principles are very broad and more complete, and include a holistic and systemic vision of sustainability. Agroecology has a defined set of principles for the ecological management of agri-food systems, which also includes some socio-economic principles. (2) Many proposed cropping practices are similar for EU organic, IFOAM, and agroecology, e.g. soil tillage, soil fertility and fertilisation, crop and cultivar choice, crop rotation, as well as pest, disease and weed management. In contrast, the origin and quantity of products potentially used for soil fertilisation and pest, disease, and weed management are different. Additionally, some practices are only mentioned for one of the three sources. (3) In animal production, only a few proposed practices are similar for EU organic, IFOAM, and agroecology. These include integration of cropping and animal systems and breed choice. In contrast, practices for animal management, prevention methods in animal health, animal housing, animal welfare, animal nutrition, and veterinary management are defined or described differently. (4) Related to food systems, organic agriculture focusses on technical aspects, such as food processing, while in agroecology there is a prominent debate between a transformative and conformative agenda. Both agroecology and organic agriculture offer promising contributions for the future development of sustainable agricultural production and food systems, especially if their principles and practices converge to a transformative approach and that impedes the conventionalisation of agro-food systems
Le pâturage mixte bovins-équins: de nouvelles données comportementales à la disposition des éleveurs et des détenteurs
No full textNational audienc
La résilience des Systèmes Alimentaires de qualité différenciée : approche pour la compréhension des dynamiques de protection de la qualité de l'eau en agriculture
No full textIn 2009, The Grenelle de l'Environnement (French environmental pact) introduced environmental clauses within Geographical Indications (GI) specifications. French Water agencies (agences de l’eau) perceive it as a good opportunity to address the issue of agricultural pollution, by takings actions at the upstream level. In this context, this study examines how certainfood quality processes are proactively setting targets for conserving water. This question led to develop a global approach in order to look at the issues of water quality from the wider angle of environmental preservation. It requires not only to focus on regulation tools of food quality products but also to take into account a larger set of environmental actions. Along the same lines, the theoretical framework of the resilience of food system of differentiated quality has also been developed. It allows to study proactive environmental dynamics set up by stakeholders to deal with perturbations linked to natural resources degradation, such as water. Those perturbations can be factual (measured) or represented, when stakeholders consider a potential risk. This analytical framework has been applied on case studies in viticulture and fruit production in the South-East of France. The results underscore the complexity of environmental dynamics: they are based on a set of complementary actions and require the mobilization of key players, able to engage in a collective dynamics but also to have a wider vision of food systems, both by looking at the vertical dimension (market oriented) and horizontal dimension (link with the local territory).En 2009, le Grenelle de l’environnement a ouvert en France la possibilité d’intégrer des clauses environnementales au sein des cahiers des charges d’Indications Géographiques (IG). Cette opportunité nouvelle intéresse fortement les Agences de l’eau qui cherchent de plus en plus à agir en amont à la source des pollutions agricoles. Dans ce contexte, cette étude interroge la manière dont certaines démarches de qualité alimentaire intègrent dans leur dynamique des objectifs de préservation de l’eau. Pour y répondre, nous avons développé une approche globale permettant de resituer les enjeux de qualité de l’eau dans ceux plus larges d’environnement. Nous avons également dépassé la seule analyse des cahiers des charges des IG pour considérer l’ensemble des actions en faveur de l’environnement dans lesquelles elles s’impliquent. Le cadre d’analyse développé, celui de la résilience des Systèmes Alimentaires (SA) de qualité différenciée répond à ce besoin d’élargissement. Il nous permet d’étudier les dynamiques environnementales engagées pour faire face à des perturbations liées à la dégradation des ressources naturelles dont l’eau. Il s’agit autant de perturbations factuelles, mesurées, que de perturbations représentées lorsque les acteurs envisagent un risque potentiel. Ce cadre d’analyse a été appliqué à la viticulture et à l’arboriculture dans le Sud-Est de la France. Les résultats montrent la complexité des dynamiques environnementales engagées : elles reposent toutes sur plusieurs actions complémentaires et supposent la présence d’acteurs clés ayant la capacité à engager une dynamique collective et à envisager les SA à la fois dans leur dimension verticale les liant au marché et dans leur dimension horizontale les insérant dans le territoire
Long term phosphorus dynamics in a French organic cropping system network
No full textLong term phosphorus dynamics in a French organic cropping system network. Congrès annuel de la société Canadienne de science du so