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Agroecology supports sustainable development in Africa. A review
No full textInternational audienceIn African countries with high levels of food insecurity, food system transitions are key avenues for sustainable development but could also lead to serious trade-offs, depending on factors such as climatic conditions and socio-economic context. Here we review evidence of agroecology's impact on economic, social, environmental, and food security outcomes in 17 African countries with high food insecurity to assess how agroecology might contribute to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The major findings are as follows: (1) agroecological practices positively affected multiple SDGs across semi-arid, sub-humid and humid agro-climatic zones for 94% of outcomes measured; (2) agroecological practices positively influenced two or more SDGs at the same time in 79% of articles. Crop diversification and agroecosystem diversity, for example, simultaneously lowered production costs (SDG1) and boosted yields (SDG2) through better soil health or agroecosystem resilience to climate events (SDG13/15), while reducing agrochemical pollution (SDG6) and improving biodiversity (SDG15). ( 3) Tradeoffs between SDGs were documented in 14% of papers, and a negative feedback was observed between SDG8 (economic growth) and SDG5 (gender equity), with women disproportionately affected by the labour requirements of agroecological practices. Results from the review suggest that practical implementation of agroecology has the potential to reinforce interdependencies between SDGs, recommending this approach as an integral component of food system transformations for sustainable development
French vision for agriculture and food: an extensive debate due to the unmet agri-environmental goals
No full textInternational audienceThe objective is to present the French context in agriculture in order to study the ambivalences between objectives, discourses and what actually happens
The Youth Fitness International Test (YFIT) battery for monitoring and surveillance among children and adolescents: A modified Delphi consensus project with 169 experts from 50 countries and territories
No full textInternational audienc
The projected effects of climate change on the management of agricultural insect pests
No full textInternational audienceCrop losses are expected to increase due to the positive impact of rising temperatures on pest populations. Adapting pest control strategies to climate change is thus crucial for sustainable food production. This review examines the influence of climate, particularly temperature, on four common pest control tactics: chemical insecticides, pheromone-based matingdisruption, entomopathogens, and biological control using entomophagous arthropods. The use of insecticides is likely to increase because of higher pest populations, but the effect of temperature on their toxicity is complex and varies between insecticides and pest species. Entomopathogens and their derivatives may also see improved efficacy, as higher temperaturesenhance infectivity and pathogenicity, though the influence of climate on insect immune systems remains unpredictable. The effect of warming on insect biological control with entomophagous organisms is highly context-dependent because the outcomes depend on the relative thermal range of interacting species. Furthermore, the efficiency of biological control agents would be determined by changes in their physiology and behaviour, by the composition of their communities, and by cascading trophic effects. Potential improvements in pest management strategies would help to cope with climate change. For example, combining two or more biological control agents that have different thermal preferences, selecting strains adaptedto harsh climatic conditions, or genetically improving them through selection have the potential to mitigate the overall positive influence of climate change on insect pests
Insect-based food as alternative protein source: an analysis from the islamic perspective
No full textInternational audienceThe global demand for sustainable and ethical food sources has intensified the exploration of alternative proteins, including insect-based products, as a solution to environmental degradation and food insecurity. Within this context, Islamic jurisprudence offers a unique framework to evaluate the permissibility and ethical implications of such dietary practices. This paper explores the Islamic perspective on insect-based proteins through the lens of Halal principles and maqasid al-shariah (the higher objectives of Islamic law), with a particular focus on environmental sustainability and ethical food consumption. By examining classical Islamic scholarship and contemporary fatwas, the study investigates the permissibility of insect consumption, addressing divergent interpretations of insects as khabith (impure) and their implications for modern dietary practices. The research highlights a spectrum of scholarly opinions, ranging from prohibition to conditional permissibility, with some contemporary fatwas endorsing insect consumption. The study identifies a critical intersection between Islamic jurisprudence and global sustainability challenges, emphasizing the potential of insect-based proteins as a viable solution to food security and ecological conservation. However, the research acknowledges limitations in the availability of region-specific fatwas and contemporary scholarly discourse on the subject, reflecting the diverse interpretations across the Islamic world. The findings have significant implications for the development of Halal certification standards for insect-based proteins, offering a framework for integrating sustainable practices within the food industry. By situating insect-based protein consumption within the broader objectives of maqasid al-shariah , this paper contributes to the evolving discourse on ethical and sustainable food choices, fostering environmental consciousness among Muslim communities
How AKIS players deal with the idea that farmers know best: attempts to redefine modes of knowledge production and dissemination in France
No full textInternational audienceThe transfer-of-technology model which has served industrial and green revolution agriculture misfits the transition towards agroecology. Starting in 2012, the French government began promoting agroecology. This political shift aimed to reform the Agricultural Knowledge and Innovation System (AKIS) in France. It encouraged a “farmer first” approach, valuing farmers' knowledge. This new direction led to a redistribution of epistemic authority, which had previously been concentrated in historical institutions such as the Chambers of Agriculture. As agricultural advisory services became increasingly subject to competition (market and project-based logics), the Chambers repositioned themselves. They reinvested in back-office functions to ensure the reliability of knowledge produced through bottom-up approaches. They also sought to update the skills of front-office staff, represented by agricultural advisors. The roles of agricultural development professionals began to change. They now included tasks such as networking, formalizing practices, and disseminating knowledge. This strategic repositioning partly revived diffusionist logics based on centralization. However, it also generated operational tensions, especially regarding the meaning of work, professional recognition, and the match between required skills and the demands of agroecological transitions
Unveiling the effects of diversified prairies on wheat nutrition, phenology and growth in strip intercropping
No full textCrop diversification is a promising strategy to improve agroecosystem sustainability in terms of plant nutrition and production, but it is frequently too restricted to reach its full potential. Insufficient diversity prevents agroecosystems from using nitrogen (N) efficiently enough to maintain enough yield without strongly relying on external inputs that are damaging to the environment. We advocate that combining annual crops like winter wheat with perennial and diversified prairies would be a major step toward enhancing cereal system sustainability, by promoting plant-soil interactions that improve long-term plant nutrition and growth. Yet, managing highly diversified agroecosystems requires a better understanding of complex and dynamic plant-plant interactions that can either boost or hinder crop development. We conducted a field experiment in which we associated four varieties of wheat with four functionally different prairies, in fine scale strips intercropping systems called "agroprairies". We assessed the effects of prairie strips on wheat nutrition, phenology, and growth under two N-fertilization conditions, with a focus on the influence of prairie functional traits.The analysis of the interactions between prairie functional trait syndromes, N fertilization, and wheat varieties uncovered key parameters that favor beneficial outcomes. Notably, we showed that plant resource-acquisitive trait syndrome known to shape N release from soil resources and a higher proportion of legumes in prairie strips significantly improved wheat nutrition, earliness, growth and biomass production. Our study reveals an existing avenue for developing cropping systems that incorporate high species richness, with synergistic benefits based on the mobilization of N from the soil and the atmosphere.</div
Évaluer les services éco-systémiques fournis par les couverts de trèfles semés en relais - Synthèse des travaux conduits dans le cadre du projet CASTOR : des Couverts Végétaux Au Service de la Transition agrOécologique et de la Réduction d’intrants
No full textCe document est le troisième d’une suite de trois documents sur la synthèse d’un projet de recherche intitulé CASTOR : des Couverts végétaux Au Service de la Transition agrOécologique et de la Réduction d’intrants. Ce livret retrace les résultats mesurés sur les couverts de trèfles en relais après la récolte de la céréale d’hiver sur 8 parcelles permettant le suivi. Basé sur les attentes formulées par les agriculteurs autour des services écosystémiques fournis par ces couverts de légumineuses, les indicateurs mesurés ce sont centrés sur la concurrence du couvert sur les adventices pendant l’interculture, le cycle de l’azote avec la présence d’un couvert et la restitution de l’azote capté à la culture suivante et sur la structure du sol en présence d’un couvert. Ainsi, une biomasse seuil a été mise en évidence autour des 2TMS/ha en septembre pour garantir un bon contrôle de la biomasse adventices sur la parcelle, dans les autres cas un broyage du couvert est souvent nécessaire pour éviter les montées à graines des adventices estivales. La restitution d’azote mesurée dans le sol lors des premiers stades de la culture de printemps suivante est importante et rapide, de l’ordre de 80 kgN/ha pour un couvert de 2TMS/ha en entrée d’hiver et laisse envisager une adaptation de la fertilisation sur la culture suivant le couvert. Enfin, la structure du sol lors de la destruction des couverts (mi-mars) est plus ouverte/friable en présence de couvert sur les parcelles. Sur ce dernier point, les différences sont peu importantes entre les parcelles témoin et les couverts
From concept to crop: Kernza perennial grain is a work in progress
No full textInternational audienceIntermediate wheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium [Host] Barkworth & D.R. Dewey) is a perennial grass that has been explored for use as a perennial grain since the 1980s. With growing recognition of the potential for perennial grains to improve soil quality, sequester carbon, and reduce nitrate leaching, research with the species has expanded rapidly since 2010. However, introducing a new crop requires coordination across a wide array of research fronts and commercial development activities. The grain, sold under the registered trade name Kernza, has been used to develop commercial products, but high prices for the grain and intermittent supply have limited use. Market growth depends on increased yields through breeding and agronomic improvements, combined with development of cost-effective regional processing. Therefore, we reviewed the current knowledge base surrounding intermediate wheatgrass as a grain crop to summarize available information and suggest future directions. Evidence for the environmental benefits of Kernza on water quality and soil health is growing. While perennial grasses generally increase stored soil carbon, long-term cropping system experiments are required to accurately predict landscape-scale impacts of this new crop on soil carbon stocks, in interaction with crop rotation and pedoclimatic parameters. Studies have revealed the importance of soil nitrate availability in determining grain yield, and fertilizer recommendations are available for some regions. However, the role of other nutrients and the potential for legume intercropping to supply nitrogen remains uncertain. Improved techniques are urgently needed to sustain seed yields in aging stands across diverse environments. Expanding markets will be essential for success
De la nécessité d'évaluer les performances des systèmes agroforestiers (SAF)
No full textNational audienceLes performances des systèmes agroécologiques sont aujourd’hui à démontrer. Pour en assurer une acceptation accrue par un public agricole toujours plus attentif, comme un déploiement nécessaire en territoires pour de nombreux services écosystémiques. Les agroforesteries n’y dérogent pas ! Aussi au sein du réseau des fermes CasDAR MOCA / GoPEI SAFARRI (n=63), nous avons (1) évalué la durabilité globale de systèmes agroforestiers et sa variabilité, (2) analysé les origines des niveaux obtenus de performance et identifié les marges de progrès lors de l’idéation et de leur conception, (3) établi un premier plan de formation en « co-conception outillée » (CoCOSAF) mobilisable en situation de conseil au porteur de projet, en formation initiale comme en formation continue à destination des techniciens agroforestiers, des futurs exploitants agricoles. L’ensemble faisant appel à l’outil d’évaluation multicritère de la durabilité des agroforesteries DEXiAF (Alaphilippe et al., 2024