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Quel système d’innovation responsable les membres de l’association FILEG construisent-ils ?
No full textInternational audienc
Eco-schemes in EU member states could benefit from more agroecology (Policy brief)
No full textThe new Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) entered into force at the beginning of 2023, which includes the new form of direct payment schemes for environmental, climate and animal welfare. AE4EU aimed to analyse each member state’s strategic plan to determine which eco-schemes they have adopted and then identify which practices are truly agroecological and represent real progress to reach EU Green Deal targets.Although the EC did not explicitly mention the need for member states to adopt agroecological practices (AEP), all the member states except Cyprus have included at least one AEP in one or more of their eco-schemes, accounting for more than 68% of the total eco-schemes (111). Nevertheless, it remains clear that many Eco-schemes have not been created with robust funding, clear targets or proven benefits, and risk to fall short of further Green Deal goals and not deliver environmental benefits. Therefore, the AE4EU project suggests recommendations for the future implementation of the Eco-schemes
Consumer perception of “artificial meat” in the educated young and urban population of Africa
No full textInternational audienceAfrican’s population is expected to grow especially in cities to reach about 2.5 billion in 2050. This will create an unprecedented boom in the demand for animal products over the coming years which will need to be managed properly. Industry stakeholders worldwide have been touting the potential benefits of “artificial meat” in recent years as a more sustainable way of producing animal protein. “Artificial meat” is therefore moving into the global spotlight and this study aimed to investigate how African meat consumers of the coming generations perceive it, i.e., the urban, more educated and younger consumers. Three surveys were conducted with more than 12,000 respondents in total. The respondents came from 12 different countries (Cameroon, Congo, -DRC Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Morocco, Nigeria, Senegal South Africa, Tanzania and Tunisia). Respondents in this survey prefered the term “artificial meat”. This term was therefore used throughout the survey. “Artificial meat” proved to be fairly well known in the surveyed countries as about 64% the respondents had already heard of “artificial meat.” Only 8.9% were definitely willing to try “artificial meat” (score of 5 on a scale of 1–5) mostly males between 31 and 50 years of age. Furthermore, 31.2% strongly agreed that “artificial meat” will have a negative impact on the rural life (score of 5 on a scale of 1–5) and 32.9% were not prepared to accept “artificial meat” as a viable alternative in the future but were still prepared to eat meat alternatives. Of all the results, we observed significant differences in responses between respondents’ countries of origin, age and education level with interactions between these factors for willingness to try. For instance, the richest and most educated countries that were surveyed tended to be more willing to try “artificial meat.” A similar pattern was observed for willingness to pay, except that gender had no significant effect and age had only a small effect. One major observation is that a large majority of respondents are not willing to pay more for “artificial meat” than for meat from livestock
Learning about the growing habits and reproductive strategy of Thinopyrum intermedium through the establishment of its critical nitrogen dilution curve
No full textInternational audienceContextThe perennial grain crop Thinopyrum intermedium can provide various ecosystem services and a dual production of grains and forage. Yet, to improve crop management, better knowledges of its physiological behavior and growing habits are required.ObjectiveThe goal of this study was to characterize Th. intermedium nitrogen (N) requirements through the evaluation of its response to N fertilization and the subsequent determination of its critical nitrogen dilution curve (CNDC).MethodsA field experiment was implemented in Belgium during three growing seasons with various N fertilization schemes. Biomass of the different organs and their N contents were measured at specific phenological stages. To estimate the CNDC, a Bayesian hierarchical model was applied on the assembled dataset. The validity of the curve was assessed on an independent dataset including contrasted N situations.ResultsGlobally, N fertilization had a positive impact on the dry matter (DM) of leaves, stems and ears (p-value<0.05). The aboveground biomass and N uptake were found maximum with fertilization comprised between 100 and 150 kg N/ha applied over the entire growing year. At grain harvest, total DM ranged from 7.0 to 16.4 t DM/ha for a fertilization strategy of 100 kg N/ha, depending upon the growing season. The N amount of the aboveground biomass was found to decrease during the second phase of the growing cycle. As observed with the proposed CNDC, the aerial N content tended to decrease with the evolution of growing stages and biomass accumulation. Through the low a-coefficient determined for the CNDC, it was confirmed that the crop had reduced need in terms of N nutrition.ConclusionsThe reduced N requirements can be linked to the high N use efficiency and a potential resource-conservative strategy of the crop. This, combined with the observed decrease of the N uptake by the aboveground biomass during the second phase of growth, can be related to the long-term survival strategy of the crop. The latter requires substantial investments in perennial belowground structures coupled with reduced resource allocations to seeds.ImplicationsOur study has highlighted that Th. intermedium is able to reach a high shoot DM production with low N needs. Our proposed CNDC will be highly helpful to help define N requirements in various pedo-climatic environments and adjust accordingly the soil-crop management, among which the N fertilization. Ultimately, the low N requirements of Th. intermedium coupled with a high N use efficiency demonstrated that it could enhance agronomic and environmental benefits
Effect of the interaction of nisin Z with various polysaccharides on its antibacterial activity
No full textInternational audienceThe effect of various polysaccharides commonly used as thickening or gelling agents in foods on the antibacterial activity of nisin Z was investigated. Addition of 1 g.L−1 sodium alginate in tryptic soy broth resulted in a four-fold increase of minimal inhibitory (MIC) and bactericidal (MBC) concentrations of nisin Z against Listeria innocua ATCC 33090 and Kocuria rhizophila ATCC 9341, while the addition of citrus pectin or various exopolysaccharides (Leuconostoc mesenteroides P35 exopolysaccharides, low (9–11 kDa) or medium (60–76 kDa) molecular weight dextran from Ln. mesenteroides and 2 kefirans (extracted from kefir grains provided by Crokfun or Kefiralia)) did not increase MIC and MBC of nisin Z against these bacteria. Zeta potential determination at pH 7 of the nisin Z, bacteria and polysaccharides allowed us to observe that only nisin Z had a slightly positive zeta potential, while the bacteria, sodium alginate and highly methoxylated citrus pectin zeta potentials were lower than −20 mV and zeta potentials of all exopolysaccharides were between 0 and - 10 mV. It was thus proposed that anionic sodium alginate, which is the only polysaccharide having a lower zeta potential than both bacteria, forms complexes stabilized by electrostatic interactions with oppositely charged nisin Z, thereby limiting the quantity of “free” nisin Z interacting with nisin-susceptible bacteria. This hypothesis was substantiated by the observation of nisin Z - sodium alginate aggregation at pH 7 and the estimation of the apparent affinity of sodium alginate for “free” nisin Z and immobilized nisin Z by partition experiments and by surface plasmon resonance analysis, respectively. This study thus provides useful information for food formulation regarding the effect of different polysaccharides on nisin Z antibacterial activity and some understanding of how interactions between nisin Z, polysaccharides, and nisin Z - sensitive bacteria are explanatory
Le pommier en agroforesterie : analyse des composantes du rendement
No full textEngineering schoolThe experimental agroforestry orchard at Domaine de Restinclières is composed of a high stratum of walnut trees, with which are placed apple trees in three different modalities : some apple trees serve as the agricultural control, some are placed between the rows of walnut trees, and some are positioned within the rows of walnut trees. The objective of this study is to understand the effect of agroforestry on apple trees, within the context of climate change, where orchards are susceptible to damage from excessive temperatures. More specifically, this internship focused on the yield components of the system, comparing the three modalities from 2018 to 2023.To achieve this, we collected datas for 2023, and we also drew upon data collected in previous years.. The results indicate that agroforestry apple trees, when compared to the control, have a finer structure but have the same height, fewer inflorescences but a similar rate of flowering, fruit set and flower load. They have the same fruit size, and the same number of fruit falls in summer. Apple aphids (Dysaphis plantaginae) are less prevalent in agroforestry apple trees, while codling moths (Cydia pomonella) do not appear to be influenced by this factor. The presence of walnut trees above the apple trees predominantly affects the vegetative growth of the trees, which in turn has an impact on the final yield. Further studies on different arrangements and varieties are required draw conclusions regarding the suitability of this system.Le verger expérimental agroforestier du Domaine de Restinclières est composé d’une strate haute de noyers, avec laquelle sont placés des pommiers selon trois modalités différentes : en témoin agricole, en inter-rang des noyers et sur le rang des noyers. L’objectif de l’étude menée est de comprendre quel est l’effet de l’agroforesterie sur le pommier, dans un contexte de changement climatique où les vergers subissent des dégâts dus aux excès de températures. Plus précisément, ce stage se concentrait sur l’analyse des composantes du rendement de ce système, en comparant les trois modalités de 2018 à 2023. Cela nécessitait donc de réaliser une collecte de données de terrain pour l’année 2023, et des analyses statistiques sur les données déjà collectées les années précédentes. Les résultats montrent que les pommiers en agroforesterie, par rapport au témoin, présentent une structure plus fine mais sont de même hauteur, ont moins d’inflorescences mais un taux de floraison, de nouaison et une charge florale similaires. Ils ont des fruits de même taille, et le même nombre de chutes de fruit en été. Les pucerons cendrés (Dysaphis plantaginae) s’attaquent moins aux pommiers en agroforesterie, les carpocapses (Cydia pomonella) ne semblent pas affectés par ce paramètre. La présence de noyers au-dessus des pommiers affecte donc le pommier principalement dans sa croissance végétative, ce qui a un impact sur le rendement final. Des études sur différents aménagements et variétés doivent être menées afin de conclure sur la pertinence de ce système
Quel système d’innovation responsable les membres de l’association FILEG construisent-ils ?: Synthèse issue des résultats d’une étude conduite de janvier à juin 2023
No full textPlaquette 7 pages.Encadrement de l’étude : M-B. Magrini (Resp. Scientifique), P. Labarthe (AGIR) et M. Gineste (CISALI).L’étude visait à apprécier comment les actions conduites par les adhérents de l’association FILEG répondent à ces grandes fonctions. L’enjeu est d’apprécier comme la démarche FILEG opère comme un SIR autour de l’affirmation commune de la charte des adhérents : développer une filière légumineuse durable et équitable
Volonté de consommer des aliments à base d'insectes en France : Déterminants et perspectives des consommateurs
No full textInternational audienceDespite having an appealing nutritional profile and lower environmental impacts compared to traditional meat products, edible insects face challenges in gaining consumer acceptance, especially in western societies. No consumer study on edible insects has been conducted in France. Hence, this study aims to evaluate French consumers' willingness to adopt insect-based food (IBF) and identify factors influencing entomophagy (the consumption of insects as food). A 46-question online questionnaire was administered to 617 subjects to assess how various explanatory variables impact IBF acceptance through difference tests, correlation analysis, and multiple correspondence analysis. The results revealed that 69% of respondents were introduced to entomophagy, and 53% had consumed IBF before the survey. Environmental sustainability and nutritional value were identified as major motivators for entomophagy, which could inform promotional strategies for IBF in France. Unfamiliarity and disgust emerged as primary barriers to entomophagy. However, the study suggested that these challenges could be overcome by repeated exposure to entomophagy, which reduced food neophobia and food disgust sensitivity, increased familiarity with entomophagy, and improved insect-eating experiences and willingness to consume IBF. Overall, the study highlights the potential for entomophagy in France and emphasizes the need to address consumer perceptions to foster broader acceptance of IBF.Malgré un profil nutritionnel attrayant et un impact environnemental moindre par rapport aux produits carnés traditionnels, les insectes comestibles ont du mal à être acceptés par les consommateurs, en particulier dans les sociétés occidentales. Aucune étude de consommation sur les insectes comestibles n'a été menée en France. Cette étude vise donc à évaluer la volonté des consommateurs français d'adopter des aliments à base d'insectes (IBF) et à identifier les facteurs influençant l'entomophagie (la consommation d'insectes en tant qu'aliments). Un questionnaire en ligne de 46 questions a été administré à 617 sujets afin d'évaluer l'impact de diverses variables explicatives sur l'acceptation des aliments à base d'insectes au moyen de tests de différence, d'une analyse de corrélation et d'une analyse des correspondances multiples. Les résultats ont révélé que 69 % des personnes interrogées avaient été initiées à l'entomophagie et que 53 % d'entre elles avaient consommé des IBF avant l'enquête. La durabilité environnementale et la valeur nutritionnelle ont été identifiées comme les principales motivations de l'entomophagie, ce qui pourrait éclairer les stratégies de promotion des IBF en France. La méconnaissance et le dégoût sont apparus comme les principaux obstacles à l'entomophagie. Cependant, l'étude suggère que ces défis peuvent être surmontés par une exposition répétée à l'entomophagie, qui réduit la néophobie alimentaire et la sensibilité au dégoût alimentaire, augmente la familiarité avec l'entomophagie, améliore les expériences de consommation d'insectes et la volonté de consommer des IBF. Dans l'ensemble, l'étude met en évidence le potentiel de l'entomophagie en France et souligne la nécessité de s'attaquer aux perceptions des consommateurs pour favoriser une acceptation plus large des IBF
De PubliChercheurs à HAL Isara, une mission de stage pour valoriser la littérature scientifique de l'Isara
No full textNational audienceLe Centre de documentation de l'Isara (école d'ingénieurs lyonnaise) a mis en place en 2022 un portail institutionnel dans l'archive ouverte HAL qui se substitue à une base de données interne de gestion des publications scientifiques des chercheurs et chercheuses de l'école. La base « PubliChercheurs » contenait en effet plusieurs centaines de publications (articles, ouvrages, thèses, communications...) que l'Isara souhaitait rendre disponibles en libre accès pour la communauté scientifique française et internationale. La mission de stage de Loïc en mai et juin 2023 a été de réaliser le traitement rétrospectif des publications de PubliChercheurs vers HAL Isara : état des lieux des documents présents dans la base interne, comparaison avec les ressources déjà présentes dans HAL, et signalement des documents manquants par la création de notices et le dépôt de fichiers de texte intégral, dans le respect du cadre légal français
L'agroécologie peut-elle contribuer à satisfaire nos besoins en protéines d’ici 2050 ?
No full textNational audienceGiven the global demand of proteins predicted for 2050, a transition of our current agricultural model is required. An agroecological model proposes to meet these needs while producing with ecological foresight, but also considering social and economic issues. Livestock rearing in order to meet protein needs is where agroecological principles and the more industrial accepted term of sustainable intensification overlap in certain areas. Multiple definitions of sustainable intensification have been proposed, however, many have a focus on an increase in productivity on already cultivated land while reducing environmental degradation and sparing natural habitats from agricultural expansion. Animal products, as demonstrated within this review, can contribute to a global diet within a limitation of 11–23 g of protein/person/day through agroecological practices. Animal protein can be included if livestock are fed only on pasture, waste or by-products; no scenario exists in which livestock could continue to be fed on human-edible crops. Agroecological practices are already being used by smallholders globally, however, barriers exist to scaling up and out these practices, which require a shift in the policy framework to value and transfer the knowledge of agroecological farmers and increase their access to public resources such as infrastructures. As currently both large-scale agri-industry and smallholders provide for the global population, a strategy that includes both could be favoured. Coupling the upscaling of agroecological practices used by smallholders and transitioning intensive agriculture towards an agroecological model using sustainable intensification as a bridge to implement agroecological practices could help ensure global protein requirements in 2050.Compte tenu de la demande mondiale en protéines prévue à l’horizon 2050, une transition de notre modèle agricole actuel est nécessaire.Avec un modèle respectueux de l’environnement et des contraintes sociales et économiques, l’agroécologie propose des logiques de productionalternatives permettant de répondre à cette demande. Pour répondre aux besoins en protéines, l'élevage est un domaine où les principesagroécologiques et le terme d'intensification durable, davantage accepté par l'industrie, se chevauchent dans certains domaines. De multiplesdéfinitions de l'intensification durable ont été proposées, mais nombre d'entre elles mettent l'accent sur l'augmentation de la productivité desterres déjà cultivées tout en réduisant la dégradation de l'environnement et en préservant les habitats naturels de l'expansion agricole. La miseen œuvre de pratiques agroécologiques en élevage permettrait une production de protéines animales à hauteur de 11 à 23 g/personne/jour. Lesscénarios relevant des pratiques agroécologiques documentés dans la littérature scientifique envisagent une alimentation animale à base defourrages (notamment au pâturage) et de sous-produits ; aucun scénario ne considère une alimentation à base de cultures destinées à l’Hommeet donc directement en concurrence avec l’alimentation humaine. Les pratiques agroécologiques sont déjà mises en œuvre par les petitsexploitants dans le monde entier, mais il existe des freins à l'extension et à la généralisation de ces pratiques, qui nécessitent une modificationdu cadre politique afin de valoriser et de transférer les connaissances de ces acteurs de l’agroécologie et d'accroître leur accès aux ressourcespubliques telles que les infrastructures. Étant donné qu'à l'heure actuelle, l'agro-industrie à grande échelle et les petits exploitants produisentsuffisamment pour potentiellement nourrir la population mondiale, une stratégie incluant ces deux groupes d’acteurs pourrait être privilégiée.Sous réserve d’associer les décideurs politiques, et de manière plus générale la société civile à ces évolutions, la combinaison de la diffusiondes pratiques agroécologiques utilisées par les petits exploitants d’une part et de la transition de l'agriculture intensive vers un modèleagroécologique en utilisant l'intensification durable comme passerelle d’autre part, pourrait contribuer à garantir la satisfaction des besoins enprotéines en 2050, à l’échelle mondiale