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Bibliometric analysis of scientific articles related to ‘cultured meat’
No full textSession 58, Theatre 2International audience‘Cultured meat’ aims to produce large quantities of ‘meat’ from muscle cell culture to feed humanity while slaughteringfewer animals. It is a hot topic, but which is much less present in academic research. Indeed, a first study found a total of327 scientific publications only on this topic though the first cultured meat was approved in 2020 for commercialisationin Singapore. The purpose of this work was therefore to analyse the recent evolution of the scientific literature as ofFebruary 13, 2023. Thus, 826 scientific publications are present on the Web of Science (108 in 2020, 180 in 2021and 242 in 2022) including 159 reviews. Although the number of scientific papers on this topic has increased overthe last three years, the total number of scientific articles remains modest and mainly on technological aspects. Whilea bibliometric search was carried out with more than 20 keywords, it appears that ‘cultured meat’ is present in thetitle in about 30% of the articles from 2020. More than a third of scientific articles concern the ‘Food Science andTechnology’ section. The top three journals publishing articles on this subject are Foods (39 articles), Frontiers inSustainable Food Systems (two recent publishers) and Fleischwirtschaft (a technical international magazine for themeat industry) (24 articles each). Authors originate mainly from the USA (197 articles), UK (93 articles), China (73articles), Germany (59 articles) and The Netherlands (55 articles). The two authors who published the most are Prof.Mark Post from The Netherlands (16 articles), who trusts the technology, and JF Hocquette (15 articles) from Francewho has a more critical view. More generally, the network of authors is very fragmented with more than 15 groups ofauthors who do not publish together, which may reflect various approaches on this topic. In conclusion, the scientificliterature on cultured meat is limited but originates mainly from countries with an Anglo-Saxon or Germanic culture,and from China, which tend to support this innovation
Variability in consumer perception of meat and meat substitutes
No full textSession 58, Theatre 1International audienceThis study, conducted with more than 16,000 respondents in 5 countries (Brazil, Cameroon, China, France, SouthAfrica) was aimed at analysing the consumption of meat and meat substitutes according to sociodemographic factors.For this, we asked for the criteria to choose food products at purchase time and for the proportion of people consumingmeat substitutes and willing to consume ‘cultured meat’. The most important criteria when purchasing food productsare the following: sensory quality (67%), price (56%), food safety (47%), origin/traceability (45%), ethics (42%),nutritional value (35%), environmental impact (33%), and then appearance (24%) and presence of a label (22%). Menplace less importance on food safety (44 vs 50% for women, P<0.01). There is also an age effect (P<0.01), peopleover 51 years of age putting less importance on price (40 vs 52-69% than younger respondents). Respondents whorarely consume meat place price first, vegans/vegetarians place ethical and environmental concerns first, unlike meatconsumers who consider sensory quality to be the most important (P<0.01). These results also depend on countries(P<0.01): sensory quality, food safety, origin/traceability and price are more important in Brazil, China, France andthen two African countries respectively. On average, 45% of respondents eat meat substitutes. This result depends ongender (50% for women vs 39% for men), country (70% in China vs 29% in Brazil) and dietary habits, with flexitariansand vegetarians being 59-60% to consume meat substitutes. Thirty nine percent of the respondents would be regularlywilling to eat cultured meat (43% of women and 36% of men; 46% among 18-30 year-old respondents vs 33-36%for the oldest). This proportion is higher for flexitarians and vegetarians (47-49%). The French are the least ready toconsume ‘cultured meat’ (17%) vs 54% in Brazil. To conclude, perception of meat and meat substitutes depends onsociodemographic factors, mainly countries and dietary habits
Valorisation des biodéchets urbains par vermicompostage sur des sols de grandes cultures conduits en AB : une pratique agroécologique pour préserver la biodiversité des sols ?
No full textVermicomposting of biowaste was poorly studied up to now despite the benefits associated to the use of earthworms to transform waste into vermicompost. The objectives of this research were to (1) evaluate, in a qualitative and quantitative way, the benefits of vermicompost from urban biowaste, (2) assess the effects, when applied to soil, on the physico-chemical fertility and the biological quality of the soil, and (3) assess the agronomic benefits in a cropping systems conducted under Organic Farming (OF). For this purpose, vermicompost was compared to two other organic products (OP) from urban biowaste treatment systems, a "classical" compost and a digestate from a digester.The characterization of the organic products was carried out with a new approach associating two traditional analyses (elementary chemistry and IROC) with two innovative analyses (Rock-Eval® and transmission electron microscopy: TEM). In parallel, a field trial was conducted in a farm in transition to OF to assess the effects of repeated applications of different OP (compost, digestate and vermicompost) on a 2-year field crop cycle (barley, winter wheat). Low-dose nitrogen applications (60 and 80 kg.N.ha-1 depending on crop needs) were used for all the OP and as well high doses (120 and 160 kg.N.ha-1) for compost and vermicompost. The soil biological quality was studied in depth by monitoring earthworm communities, soil mesofauna (including springtails) and soil enzyme activities. A laboratory experiment was also carried out to characterize the effect of the different OP on the burrowing behavior of two earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris and Aporrectodea caliginosa).Vermicompost from biowaste has both amending (IROC: 88% and Rock-Eval® R-index: 0.54) and fertilizing (MET: available colloidal OM) properties. It has reached the most advanced level of decomposition among the studied OP (as proved using TEM: highly decomposed organic residues where the lignolytic activity of the microorganisms has degraded the majority of the woody fragments). This methodological study highlighted a good linear correlation between the R-index of Rock-eval® and the IROC (R: 0.97). The high dose of vermicompost increased barley yields in the first year compared to the control (+16.5%) albeit not in the second year probably due to unfavorable climatic conditions (drought). The high dose of vermicompost also significantly increased the abundance and biomass of adult earthworms (+100% for abundance and + 260% for adult biomass) with the highest effect compared to other OP. Regarding soil chemistry, vermicompost significantly increased soil Caech and Mgech compared to the control. Overall, compost had no effect on yield at any dose but significantly increased soil Ptot and Kech at high dose and significantly increased phosphatase activity and adult earthworm biomass at low dose. Under laboratory conditions, compost stimulated the most the bioturbation activity of the two earthworm species tested, with a greater effect at high doses. The digestate had mainly positive impacts on crop yields compared to the control in both years of experimentation (+13 and 36%). Globally, the use of vermicompost from urban biowaste in OF represents the best compromise in terms of ecosystem services. Vermicomposting is an underestimated process for the recycling of biowaste and would deserve less regulatory barriers to allow its development as a quality OM for soil application.Le vermicompostage des biodéchets est une filière peu étudiée mais potentiellement intéressante car elle repose sur l'utilisation de vers de terre pour transformer ces déchets en vermicompost. Les objectifs de ce travail de recherche sont d'évaluer (1) de manière qualitative et quantitative la qualité du vermicompost issus des biodéchets urbains, (2) ses effets sur la fertilité physico-chimique et la qualité biologique du sol, et (3) son intérêt agronomique sur des systèmes conduits en Agriculture Biologique (AB). Dans ce but, le vermicompost est comparé à deux autres produits organiques (PRO) issus de filières de traitement des biodéchets urbains, un compost "classique" et un digestat de méthaniseur.La caractérisation des PRO a été réalisée en laboratoire avec une nouvelle approche associant deux analyses classiques (chimie élémentaire et ISMO) à deux analyses innovantes (Rock-Eval® et microscopie électronique à transmission : MET). En parallèle, un essai au champ a été conduit dans une ferme en transition vers l'AB afin d'observer les effets des apports répétés des différents PRO (compost, digestat et vermicompost) sur un cycle de grande culture de 2 ans (orge, blé). Des apports à faible dose d'azote par rapport aux besoins des cultures (60 et 80 kg.N.ha-1) ont été réalisés pour tous les PRO et à forte dose pour le compost et le vermicompost (120 et 160 kg.N.ha-1). La qualité biologique du sol a fait l'objet d'une étude approfondie avec le suivi des communautés de lombriciens, de la mésofaune du sol (totale et collemboles) et des activités enzymatiques du sol. Une expérimentation de laboratoire a également été réalisée pour caractériser l'effet des différents PRO sur le comportement de deux lombriciens (L. terrestris et A. caliginosa).Le vermicompost issu des biodéchets est un produit qui possède à la fois des propriétés amendantes (ISMO : 88% et R-index du Rock-Eval® : 0,54) et fertilisantes (MET : MO colloïdale disponible). Il a atteint le stade de décomposition le plus évolué parmi les PRO étudiés (MET : résidus organiques très décomposés où l'activité lignolytique des microorganismes a dégradé la majorité des fragments ligneux). Notre étude méthodologique a permis de mettre en évidence une corrélation entre le R-index du Rock-eval® et l'ISMO (R : 0,97). L'apport à forte dose de vermicompost a permis d'augmenter les rendements de l'orge dès la première année par rapport au témoin (16,5%) mais pas la seconde année où les conditions climatiques ont été défavorables (sécheresse). Le vermicompost à forte dose a également permis d'augmenter significativement l'abondances et la biomasse des lombriciens adultes avec la plus forte augmentation (+100% pour l'abondance et + 260 % pour la biomasse des adultes). Le vermicompost a permis d'augmenter significativement le Caech et Mgech du sol par rapport au témoin. Le compost n'a eu que peu d'effets sur le rendement quelle que soit la dose. La forte dose a permis d'augmenter significativement le Ptot et Kech du sol et la faible dose a permis d'augmenter significativement l'activité phosphatase et la biomasse des lombriciens adultes. En laboratoire, le compost stimule le plus l'activité de bioturbation des 2 lombriciens testés avec un effet plus important à forte dose. Le digestat quant à lui a eu essentiellement des impacts positifs sur les rendements des cultures par rapport au témoin les deux années d'expérimentations (+13 et 36 % respectivement). In fine, le vermicompost issu des biodéchets urbains est le PRO qui réalise le meilleur compromis en termes de services écosystémiques en grande culture en AB. Le vermicompostage est une filière sous-estimée pour le recyclage des biodéchets, il est ainsi nécessaire de lever des freins réglementaires pour permettre son développement et un retour au sol d'une MO de qualité
Disturbance and resilience of aquatic plant communities in fish ponds after temporary dry periods
No full textInternational audienceFish pond systems are managed with different practices. Among them, a dry period with one year without water is applied in some cases to promote mineralization of the sediments and control the development of pathogenic bacteria. This dry period induces a drastic disturbance on the plant communities. The objective of this work was to study the influence of a one-year dry period applied every five to seven years on aquatic plant diversity and abundance. For this, we studied the aquatic plant community of 149 fish ponds during the first year after a dried period (Y1), and ponds with a dried period dating back two years (Y2), three years (Y3), four years (Y4) and five to seven years (Ysup5). According to Jackknife index, mean species richness was highest for Y1, with 29 species compared to the other years (24 species for Y2; 19 for Y3; 15 for Y4 and 17 for Ysup5). A total of 15 species were identified as species unique to Y1 and were competitive, fast colonizer and disturbance-tolerant species. Most of these Y1 species developed during the dry year and remain only one year after refilling. After Y1, the evolution of communities was linked to the phenomenon of nestedness based on a loss of several species but not on a complete turnover, with most of species present independently of time. We conclude that a periodic dry period maintains a cycle in plant succession and accommodates highest species richness at the beginning of the cycle
Agroecology research in Europe funded by European and transnational programmes: current status and perspectives [version 2; peer review: 2 approved]
No full textInternational audienceBackground: Redesigning the agri-food system through agroecology represents a common ambition among practitioners, activists and scholars to achieve environmental and socioeconomic sustainability. Research can have a main role to support this path. Although it seems that there is a gradual increasing body of agroecology research, it clearly lacks good knowledge about this. The main objective of this study was therefore to map research projects related to agroecology in Europe with the aim to characterize European research in terms of implementation of agroecology elements, identify needs for future cross collaboration between countries and networks, and support the setting up of appropriate research agendas fostering agroecology research in Europe. Methods: A desktop research with different databases related to European and transnational funding programmes was carried out to identify funded research projects involved in agroecology. The obtained projects were used to perform a social network analysis. Furthermore, two surveys were conducted, one with coordinators of identified projects and a second one for researchers engaged in agroecology. Results: Our study highlighted a predominant trajectory of agroecology research prone to the transformation of the agri-food system. France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, and United Kingdom were the most active countries engaged in agroecology research. In all surveys, issues related to efficiency improvement, synergies strengthening, local economy development, and co-creation and sharing of knowledge were the most implemented to support agri-food transformation. Transdisciplinary approaches were mainly addressed by European projects. Surveys reported a limited participation of value chain actors, while researchers, farmers, and their associations were the most involved. Survey respondents suggested to increase project duration and introduce flexibility methods to modulate research actions according to dynamic of the contexts.Conclusion: On the basis of the results, some policy recommendations were provided to fostering agroecology research in Europe and its contribution for transformation of agri-foods systems
The Digital Agricultural Knowledge and Information System (DAKIS): Employing digitalisation to encourage diversified and multifunctional agricultural systems
No full textInternational audienceMultifunctional and diversified agriculture can address diverging pressures and demands by simultaneously enhancing productivity, biodiversity, and the provision of ecosystem services. The use of digital technologies can support this by designing and managing resource-efficient and context-specific agricultural systems. We present the Digital Agricultural Knowledge and Information System (DAKIS) to demonstrate an approach that employs digital technologies to enable decision-making towards diversified and sustainable agriculture. To develop the DAKIS, we specified, together with stakeholders, requirements for a knowledge-based decision-support tool and reviewed the literature to identify limitations in the current generation of tools. The results of the review point towards recurring challenges regarding the consideration of ecosystem services and biodiversity, the capacity to foster communication and cooperation between farmers and other actors, and the ability to link multiple spatiotemporal scales and sustainability levels. To overcome these challenges, the DAKIS provides a digital platform to support farmers' decision-making on land use and management via an integrative spatiotemporally explicit approach that analyses a wide range of data from various sources. The approach integrates remote and in situ sensors, artificial intelligence, modelling, stakeholder-stated demand for biodiversity and ecosystem services, and participatory sustainability impact assessment to address the diverse drivers affecting agricultural land use and management design, including natural and agronomic factors, economic and policy considerations, and socio-cultural preferences and settings. Ultimately, the DAKIS embeds the consideration of ecosystem services, biodiversity, and sustainability into farmers' decision-making and enables learning and progress towards site-adapted small-scale multifunctional and diversified agriculture while simultaneously supporting farmers' objectives and societal demands
Understanding the future and evolution of agri-food systems: A combination of qualitative scenarios with agent-based modelling
No full textInternational audienceThe agri-food system is a vital and complex social-ecological system characterized by interactions between humans and the environment. For such systems, qualitative scenarios (QS) can generate pictures of possible futures, which combined with quantitative modelling allow identifying pathways towards improved resilience and exploring system uncertainties. However, the interpretation of qualitative narratives into quantitative simulation parameters remains challenging due to system complexity. In this study, we translate QS into quantitative agent-based model (ABM) parameters and estimate the likelihood of each scenario in the evolved agri-food system in response to individual actions. We implement a five-step approach consisting of: i) the generation of the QS, ii) the parameterization of the ABM iii) the translation of scenario assumptions into ABM parameters, iv) the validation of our results via an expert workshop, v) the assessment of the scenarios in the evolved system. The results of an illustrative example reveal that, with the implementation of cropping diversification, the system will evolve to a combination of scenario 1, 2, 3 and 4 at probabilities of 9 %, 35 %, 30 % and 26 %, respectively, which change under different management options. Overall, we conclude that QS-ABM combination is a promising approach to provide robust quantitative projections of the agri-food system future
Cattle breeding in the Massif Central at the centre of a research swaying between standardization and adaptation to mountainous environment (1960s-1990s)
No full textInternational audienceIn 1964, that is to say two years before the Law on Cattle Breeding, Robert Jarrige, then a zootechnician at the Centre of Jouy-en-Josas (Yvelines) of the Institut de la recherche agronomique (Agronomic research Institute), takes over the management of the new Centre de recherche zootechnique et vétérinaire (Zootechnical and Veterinary Research Centre) in Theix, near Clermont-Ferrand. In 1967, an experimental breeding station is set up in Marcenat (Cantal), a mountain village perched at an altitude of 1000m within the mountain pastures. From then on, the Institute agents build up close contacts with the local professional world for the purpose of increasing the profitability of livestock farms in the northern Massif Central. Grass quickly becomes the central element of the work, from the improvement of forage yields and the appropriate protein balance, to the capacity of valorization by various cattle breeds (local or not, dairy or suckling). Early links also develop with another INRA cheese research laboratory in Aurillac (Cantal), based on the effects of silage on raw milk cheese quality. Thus, there is reason to question this important and continuous deployment of financial means towards the "margins" of French livestock farming, but also on these "Highlands" as a laboratory for a multidisciplinary, systemic and constructivist approach to a mountain cattle farming adapted to its mountainous environment
L'avenir des produits animaux : davantage d'alternatives ou d'alternatives ou une meilleure gestion de la qualité ?
No full textInternational audienceThe agricultural sector faces many challenges, not least population growth and the resulting increase in demand for food (around 70%), while natural resources and arable land are limited. Against this backdrop, livestock production is highly criticized, particularly with regard to respect for the environment and animal life and welfare, but also with regard to the competition between animal feed and human food and the risks associated with excessive consumption of animal products, especially red meat and sausages. Criticism of animal agriculture and animal products has never been stronger, which explains the enthusiasm for alternative solutions such as plant proteins, insects and cell-cultured products. The first part of the session focused on cultured meat, examining a bibliometric analysis of scientific articles and consumer acceptance. The second part of the session focused on alternatives to animal products, including plant proteins, fermentation products, processed eggs and dairy products. The final part of the session focused on the quality management of conventionally farmed meat, underlining the importance of meat quality in meeting consumer expectations. This session therefore provided an opportunity to jointly examine the evolution of research into alternatives to animal products and the management of conventional meat quality, while highlighting the challenges and opportunities associated with these areas.Le secteur de l'agriculture est confronté à de nombreux défis, notamment la croissance de la population et l'augmentation de la demande alimentaire qui en découle (environ 70 %), tandis que les ressources naturelles et les terres arables sont limitées. Dans ce contexte, l'élevage est soumis à diverses critiques, en particulier concernant le respect de l'environnement, de la vie et du bien-être des animaux, mais aussi concernant la concurrence entre l’alimentation animale et humaine, et les risques liés à la surconsommation des produits animaux, notamment viande rouge et charcuterie. Ces critiques atteignent un niveau sans précédent, d’où l’engouement pour des solutions alternatives telles que les protéines végétales, les insectes et les produits issus de la culture cellulaire. La première partie de la session a porté sur la viande cultivée (analyse bibliométrique des articles scientifiques et acceptation par les consommateurs). La deuxième partie a abordé les alternatives aux produits d'origine animale, notamment les protéines végétales, les produits de fermentation et les oeufs et produits laitiers fabriqués. La dernière partie de la session a concerné la gestion de la qualité de la viande issue de l'élevage conventionnel en soulignant l'importance de la qualité de la viande pour satisfaire les attentes des consommateurs. Cette session a ainsi permis d’examiner conjointement l'évolution de la recherche sur les alternatives aux produits d'origine animale et la gestion de la qualité de la viande conventionnelle, tout en mettant en évidence les défis et opportunités associés à ces domaines
